, Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS)/Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) measurements
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1 , Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS)/Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) measurements Robert B. Lee III a and Robert S. Wilson b a Atmospheric Sciences, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia b Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), One Enterprise Pkwy, Suite 300, Hampton, Virginia R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 1
2 , Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS)/Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) measurements - THE ERBS/ERBE SOLAR MONITOR IS OPERATING NOMINALLY, AND PRODUCING EXCELLENT TSI MEASUREMENTS. - The ERBS SPACECRAFT & ERBE SOLAR MONITOR IS EXPECTED TO BE OPERATIONAL THROUGH 2009, SUNSPOT MAXIMUM. R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 2
3 , Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS)/Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) measurements HOWEVER, THE ERBS/ERBE SOLAR MONITOR TSI PROCESSING HAS BEEN STOPPED DUE TO THE LOST OF FUNDING. R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 3
4 SUMMARY 1365 Wm -2 IS MEAN VALUE OF TSI DURING PERIODS OF MINIMUM SOLAR MAGNETIC ACTIVITIY. 1.4 Wm -2 [0.1 %] IS THE MAGNITUDE OF THE 11-YEAR SUNSPOT CYCLE], LONG-TERM TSI VARIABILITY COMPONENT. R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 4
5 . OUTLINE TSI CHARACTERIZATIONS USING SOLAR MAGNETIC INDICES. PRESENTATION OF LONG-TERM SPACECRAFT TSI DATA SETS. ANALYSES OF TSI DATA SETS. R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 5
6 DATA REDUCTION - LOW FREQUENCY OF ERBS/ERBE SOLAR MONITOR TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE [TSI] MEASUREMENTS ARE IDEAL FOR LONG-TERM CLIMATE STUDIES BECAUSE OF THE ABSENCE OF LONG-TERM SENSOR DEGRADATION. - EACH TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE VALUE IS A 3 MINUTE AVERAGE OF 2-3 MEASUREMENTS. - TSI MEASUREMENTS ARE OBTAINED AT LEAST EVERY 14 DAYS ON A WEDNESDAY. R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 6
7 ERBS/ERBE SOLAR MONITOR RAW TSI DATA CALENDAR TIME TSI TSI TSI TSI TSI TSI ANGLE BAFFLE BAFFLE YEAR/ HOURS/ MEASUREMENT SUN MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT BETWEEN TEMP TEMP MONTH/ MINUTES/ SUN SHUTTER BEFORE BEFORE AFTER AFTER SUN & CELSIUS CELSIUS DAY SECONDS OPENED REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE REFERENCE ACR SHUTTER SHUTTER SHUTTER SHUTTER SHUTTER OPTICAL OPENED CLOSED CLOSED CLOSED CLOSED AXIS YY:MM:DD HH:MM:SS STD STD STD Y/M/D H:MI:S COUNTS COUNTS COUNTS COUNTS COUNTS COUNTS DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES Y/M/D H:MI:S CX SDCX RC1 SDRC1 RC2 SDRC2 AG0 TB TA R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 7
8 SENSOR-LEVEL, ACTIVE CAVITY RADIOMETER DATA REDUCTION EQUATION TSI ins = (r E-S ) 2 {(R)(α)(A PA )} -1 x {(V C2 -V O2 ) + σ(cf)(t C4 -T O4 ) + ΣP i } WHERE: r E-S = EARTH-SUN DISTANCE, AU R = ACTIVE CAVITY HEATER RESISTANCE, OHMS α = ACTIVE CAVITY ABSORPTANCE A PA = PRIMARY APERTURE (PA) AREA V C = ACTIVE CAVITY HEATER VOLTAGE, CLOSED SHUTTER V O = ACTIVE CAVITY HEATER VOLTAGE, OPENED SHUTTER σ = x 10-8 Wm -2 K -1 CF = PA TO SECONDARY APERTURE CONFIG. FACTOR T C = PRIMARY CAVITY TEMPERATURE, CLOSED SHUTTER T O = PRIMARY CAVITY TEMPERATURE, OPENED SHUTTER P i = POWER EXCHANGES OF CAVITY WITH SURROUNDINGS R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 8
9 PRIMARY TSI CORRECTIONS - NOMALIZATION TO MEAN EARTH- SUN DISTANCE [1AU], +3.34%. - LW FLUX LOSSES OUT OF SECONDARY APERTURE WHEN SHUTTER IS OPENED, 0.44%. - ΣP ; +0.02%. i; R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 9
10 ERBE SOLAR MONITOR TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE (TSI) MEASUREMENTS FROM THE ERBS SPACECRAFT Measurements Meas. Std. Dev. Total solar irradiance (TSI), Wm Wm TSI standard deviations, Wm Calendar Year R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 10
11 1365 Wm -2 APPEARS TO BE THE BEST VALUE OF TSI DURING PERIODS OF MINIMUM SOLAR MAGNETIC ACTIVITIY. R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 11
12 - 1.4 Wm -2 [0.1 %] IS THE MAGNITUDE OF THE 11-YEAR SUNSPOT CYCLE], LONG- TERM TSI VARIABILITY COMPONENT. R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 12
13 ERBS/ERBE SOLAR MONITOR TSI DATA SET - AFTER 1 ST 6 MONTHS IN ORBIT, NO INSTRUMENT DRIFTS OR SHIFTS. - LONGEST CONTINUOUS TSI DATA SET [19 YEARS, 2 COMPLETE SUNSPOT CYCLES] AVAILABLE FOR LONG-TERM TSI VARIABILITY STUDIES. - ONLY DATA SET THAT CAN BE USED TO IDENTIFY TSI VARIABILITY COMPONENTS WITH PERIODS LONGER THAN 11 YEARS. - ONLY DATA SET THAT DID NOT REQUIRE CORRECTIONS FOR LONG-TERM INSTRUMENT DEGRADATION. R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 13
14 LONG-TERM, TSI BRIGHTENING IS ATTRIBUTED TO FACULAE. SHORT-TERM, TSI DARKENING IS ASSOCIATED WITH SUNSPOTS. R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 14
15 . INDICES OF SOLAR MAGNETIC ACTIVITY Prompt Photometric Sunspot Index (PPSI) F10.7-cm Solar Flux Sunspot Number cm Solar Flux, Wm -2 Hz Sunspot Number or PPSI Calendar Year R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 15
16 REGRESSION FIT MODEL THE MODEL IS DERIVED FROM MULTI-REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE MARCH 1985 TO AUGUST 1989 ERBS IRRADIANCE MEASUREMENTS, THE CORRESPONDING PHOTOMETRIC SUNSPOT INDEX (PSI, SUNSPOT DARKENING), AND THE 10.7-CM SOLAR RADIO FLUX (F10,FACULAE BRIGHTENING) VALUES. THE RESULTING IRRADIANCE REGRESSION FIT I*, ARE I ERBS = (705.3 x PPSI) + [ x (F10)] - [ x (F10) 2 ] WHERE F10 IS EXPRESSED IN SOLAR FLUX UNITS (1 sfu=10-22 Wm -2 Hz -1 ) AND PPSI IS EXPRESSED IN UNITS OF 10-5 Wm -2. R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 16
17 ERBE SOLAR MONITOR TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE (TSI) MEASUREMENTS FROM THE ERBS SPACECRAFT Measurements Empirical fit model Meas. Std. Dev. Total solar irradiance (TSI), Wm TSI standard deviations, Wm Calendar Year R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 17
18 PRESENTATIONS OF LONG-TERM SPACECRAFT TSI DATA SETS. R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 18
19 TABLE 1 TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE [TSI] SPACECRAFT MEASUREMENTS SPACECRAFT TSI (Wm -2 ) 1969 MARINER VI ??? 1969 MARINER VII ??? , NIMBUS ??? , NIMBUS , SOLAR MAXIMUM MISSION (SMM)/ACRIM I , EARTH RADIATION BUDGET SATELLITE (ERBS) , UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH SATELLITE ( UARS )/ACRIM II ,1993,1994,1996,1997,1998, ATLAS / SOLAR CONSTANT (SOLCON) ,EURECA / SOLAR VARIATIONS (SOVA-1) , SOHO / VARIATIONS OF SOLAR IRRADIANCE AND GRAVITY OSCILLATIONS (VIRGO) , ACRIMSAT/ACRIM III , Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 19
20 LONG-TERM SPACECRAFT TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE (TSI) MEASURING MISSIONS ERBS UARS VIRGO ACRIMSAT NIMBUS 7 EMPIRICAL FIT SMM SORCE 1374 TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE (TSI), Wm Wm -2 SORCE CALENDAR YEAR R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 20
21 ERBS/ERBE SOLAR MONITOR TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE (TSI) MEASUREMENTS COMPARED WITH THOSE FROM POST-1984 SPACECRAFT MISSIONS ERBE SOLAR MONITOR SOHO/VIRGO ACRIMSAT/ACRIM III SORCE UARS/ACRIM TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE, Wm SORCE CALENDAR YEAR 1359 R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 21
22 1365 Wm -2 APPEARS TO BE THE BEST VALUE OF TSI DURING PERIODS OF MINIMUM SOLAR MAGNETIC ACTIVITIY. R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 22
23 ERBS/ERBE SOLAR MONITOR TSI DATA SET - AFTER 1 ST 6 MONTHS IN ORBIT, NO INSTRUMENT DRIFTS OR SHIFTS. - LONGEST CONTINUOUS TSI DATA SET [19 YEARS, 2 COMPLETE SUNSPOT CYCLES] AVAILABLE FOR LONG-TERM TSI VARIABILITY STUDIES. - ONLY DATA SET THAT CAN IDENTIFY TSI VARIABILITY COMPONENTS WITH PERIODS LONGER THAN 11 YEARS. - ONLY DATA SET THAT DID NOT REQUIRE CORRECTIONS FOR LONG-TERM INSTRUMENT DEGRADATION. R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 23
24 ACTIVE SPACECRAFT TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE MISSIONS ERBE SOLAR MONITOR SOHO/VIRGO ACRIMSAT/ACRIM III SORCE TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE, Wm Wm -2 SORCE CALENDAR YEAR R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 24
25 , Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS)/Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) measurements - THE ERBS/ERBE SOLAR MONITOR IS OPERATING NOMINALLY, AND PRODUCING EXCELLENT TSI MEASUREMENTS. - The ERBS SPACECRAFT & ERBE SOLAR MONITOR IS EXPECTED TO BE OPERATIONAL THROUGH 2009, SUNSPOT MAXIMUM. -HOWEVER, THE ERBS/ERBE SOLAR MONITOR TSI PROCESSING HAS BEEN STOPPED DUE TO THE LOST OF FUNDING. R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 25
26 ACTIVE CAVITY RADIOMETER [ACR]: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE [TSI] EMPIRICAL MODEL FIT AND LONG-TERM SPACECRAFT MEASUREMENTS DIFERENCES BETWEEN EMPIRICAL MODEL FIT AND SPACECRAFT TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE (TSI) MEASUREMENTS MODEL-UARS MODEL-ERBS MODEL-SORCE MODEL-SOHO 2 2 TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE, Wm CALENDAR YEAR R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 26
27 TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE (TSI) VARIABILITY: RESULTS 1365 Wm -2 IS MEAN VALUE OF TSI DURING PERIODS OF MINIMUM SOLAR MAGNETIC ACTIVITIY. 1.4 Wm -2 [0.1 %] IS THE MAGNITUDE OF THE 11-YEAR SUNSPOT CYCLE], LONG-TERM TSI VARIABILITY COMPONENT. R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 27
28 Data Source References 1.ERBS: The measurements can be obtained from the Langley Distributed Active Archive Center [DAAC] by telnet eosdis.larc.nasa.gov, login name: ims, password: larcims or by NCSA Mosaic using the URL addresshttp://eosdis.larc.nasa.gov 2. UARS, SMM: The measurements can be obtained from the ACRMSAT web page acrim.com or the Langley Distributed Active Archive Center [DAAC] by telnet eosdis.larc.nasa.gov,login name: ims, password: larcims or by NCSA Mosaic using the URL address 3. NIMBUS 7 The measurements can be obtained from the Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center [DAAC] using the URL address 5. SOLCON/ SOVA 1/VIRGO: Dominique Crommelynck,Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium Avenue Circulaire, 3,1180 Bruxelles, Phone Number: (32 2) , Fax Number : (32 2) dcr@radio.oma.be R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 28
29 ERBE SOLAR MONITOR MEASUREMENT OF TSI DECREASES DUE SUNSPOT DARKENING: MARCH 23 THRU APRIL 3, 1992 TSI MEASUREMENT TSI EMPIRICAL FIT MEASUREMENT SIGMAS TSI FIT = (7053 x PPSI) TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE (TSI), Wm [ x (F10)] - [ x (F10) 2 ] TSI SIGMAS, Wm YEAR -2 R B Lee III & R S Wilson; SORCE ST Mtg. December 4-6, 2003, Sonoma, CA 29
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