66 Mohakhali C/A, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh

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1 2013 I Conference on ustainable Utilization and Development in ngineering and Technology Design of a olar Powered D treet ight: ffect of Panel s Mounting Angle and Traffic ensing anjana Ahmed #1, Ahmed Hosne Zenan *2, Nisat Tasneem #3, Mosaddequr Rahman #4 # Department of lectrical and lectronic ngineering, BRAC University 66 Mohakhali C/A, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh 1 sanj.ahmed@gmail.com 2 a.h.zenan@gmail.com 3 nisat.tasneem@gmail.com 4 mosaddeq@bracu.ac.bd Abstract In this work, the effect of mounting angle of solar panels and traffic sensing on the requirement of system size, i.e., panel size and battery capacity, for a solar powered street light system is investigated. treet lights need more energy in winter than in summer due to longer winter nights. However, for a solar powered system, less energy is available in winter with less intense sunlight and shorter days. The mounting angle of panels has a great impact on the cumulative energy output of the panels. Our investigation shows that w yields maximum energy collection in summer and minimum energy collection in winter, a mounting angl 46 5 increases the energy collection in winter and yields more or less uniform energy collection throughout the year. Assuming a panel efficiency of 16%, an average cumulative energy output of 950 Wh/m 2 /day with about 5 8% variation throughout the year has been found with This results in about 9% reduction in the panel size than that required with a. Moreover, installing a traffic sensor in the lighting system will allow detection of traffic density, thereby operating the lamps at different intensity levels as per requirements. This will save energy wastage in time of low or no traffic and will further relax the requirement on system size. Keywords olar nergy, treet ight, Mounting Angle, Panel ize, Battery Capacity I. INTRODUCTION Renewable energy has been emerging as the main source of energy in many applications because of its several environmental, social and economic benefits over other fuel types. Considering the merits of renewable energy, a solar powered street lighting system will provide unmatched reliability and convenience for the public. Unlike wired street lamps, solar powered street lights are easy to install at any location, have no daily operational or post-installation cost and can be functional even during load shedding. The street lighting system comprises of a solar panel mounted at an angle that charges the battery through the charge controlling circuit during daytime. During night time, the battery supplies power to the D lamp through an D driver circuit. D lamps are the preferred lighting source considering their photometrics such as efficacy, life span, cost, efficiency and power consumption. The system will employ a traffic sensor to sense the volume of traffic and adjust the light intensity accordingly which will lead to considerable savings in energy consumed specially during the long winter nights. A traffic sensor can be easily implemented using an ultrasonic or radio-frequency sensor. Given the miniature size of the sensors, energy consumed by the sensors will be minimal compared to the D lamps. Designing an efficient solar powered street light system requires determining the minimum system sizes for the panels and the battery that can collect enough energy during the day to light the lamps during the night all through the year. This is challenging since the longer daylight hours of summer can easily provide the energy for lighting the street lights during the shorter nights, but in winter, nights are longer, thus requiring the street lights to operate for longer hours with short days providing less sunlight energy. One factor that greatly influences the energy collected by the panel is the angle at which the panel is mounted. Mounting the panels at the same angle as the inclination angle of the sun will result in maximum energy collection. As the sun s position keeps changing throughout the year, determining a mounting angle that is optimum for all the seasons is important for the system to be efficient and cost-effective, and will be discussed in detail in this paper. A ounting angle of he e the panel is aligne ith the sun s position fo the sp ing/fall seasons, is well suited to applications like solar home system which tries to maximise the energy supply for the whole the year. However, for a street lighting system, this will not yield an efficient system as it will result in minimum energy collection in winter when energy demand is maximum, thus requiring a large system size to meet the demand. This paper discusses the determination of solar irradiation and the cumulative energy collected during a day and subsequent determination of system size for different panel mounting angles in order to find a mounting angle that would require minimum system size. Further, the effect of controlling the light intensity by sensing the traffic volume on system size is also investigated. The rest of the paper has been organized in the following way: section 2 describes the /13/$ I 74

2 2013 I Conference on ustainable Utilization and Development in ngineering and Technology methodology for the determination of cumulative energy output of a panel for a fixed mounting angle; section 3 introduces the formula and the associated meteorological terminologies to calculate solar irradiation and the cumulative output energy density of panels mounted at fixed angle for different seasons; section 4 introduces the formulae and the associated parameters to calculate the panel size and battery capacity for systems with and without traffic sensing; section 5 gives the calculated results and discussions on the cumulative energy output of a panel in different seasons, mounted at different angles, and the effects of mounting angle and traffic sensing on system size. ection 6 makes concluding remarks. II. MTHODOOGY For maximum energy collection, panels should be pe pen icula to the inci ent sola a iation But the sun s position changes with different seasons as shown in Fig. 1. Although a tracker would negotiate automatically with the optimum direction to get the most of sunlight, it is costly and would need regular maintenance which is difficult to implement for a street lighting system. Keeping this in mind, we have employed a fixed tilt angle to the mounted panel. Implementing a fixed type needs to have a calculated angle since one tilt angle throughout the year must satisfy the requirement for all the four seasons. In order to determine the appropriate mounting angle, it is necessary to calculate the energy density or irradiation for winter, summer, spring and fall with different mounting angles. Using the calculated energy density for different mounting angles, corresponding system size can be determined using standard procedure. From the results of these calculations, appropriate mounting angle can be ascertained that results in minimum system size. Then the main task is to find the solar irradiance at any time that epen s on the sun s position at that pa ticula ti e As the sun s bea oves th ough the at osphe e the path covered by it, also known as the air mass (AM), varies depending on its angle with the vertical of the earth, called the zenith angle. The complement of the zenith angle is called solar altitude and can be expressed as function of the hour angle (determined by the time of the day), the declination angle the angle that the sun akes ith the ea th at 0 latitu e which depends on the day of the year, and the latitude angle. Thus, with the knowledge of solar altitude, solar irradiance at any time can be calculated which when integrated over time, from sunrise to sunset, gives the cumulative energy density for any particular day. Panel s effective a ea hich epen s on the sun s position an the panel s ounting angle also affects the total energy collected by the panel and has to be taken into account in the calculation of cumulative energy. By comparing the effective irradiation i.e. the energy density in different seasons at different mounting angles, the optimum angle can be ascertained. III. CACUATION OF CUMUATIV OUTPUT NRGY A. olar Irradiance and the Altitude Angle As sunlight passes through the atmosphere, much of it is N ummer W un pring/fall un Winter un Figure 1: Position of sun in different seasons scattered or absorbed by the atmospheric layers themselves. Depending on the length of path sunlight traverses through the atmosphere, the amount of absorbed or scattered sunlight varies. This path length is minimum with a vertical path directly to sea level and is designated an air mass one, expressed as AM1. However, for non-vertical sun angles, the rays of sun have to traverse extra distance through the layers of atmosphere resulting in a higher loss of intensity, and lower availability of solar irradiance. To enable the calculation of solar irradiance at any sun angle, the following empirical formula has been proposed in [1] that relates solar irradiance with the air mass. AM I I0 (0.7) (1) where I 0 = 1367 W/m 2 is the solar irradiance in space outside the atmosphere and AM is expressed as 1 AM (2) cos o Z where o is the zenith path length (i.e. normal to the earth's surface) at sea level, Z is the zenith angle and is the path length for the position of the sun at zenith angle Z as shown in Fig. 2. Air mass is more conveniently expressed in terms of the solar altitude angle α, AM sec Z csc (3) where 90, and is given by [1] ( ) sin 1 Z (sin sin cos cos cos) where φ is the latitude, δ is the declination angle and ω is the hour angle. The angle of deviation of the sun from directly above the equator, i.e., 0 latitude, is called the declination angle and can be calculated by the equation given below [1], 360( 80) sin n (5) 365 where n = nth day of the year (i.e. January 1st means n = 1). (4) 75

3 2013 I Conference on ustainable Utilization and Development in ngineering and Technology Outer pace unlight unlight Atmospheric layer o θ θ Z α θ θ arth s urface Figure 2: Distance travelled by the sunlight through the atmospheric layers. In the solar system, the earth undergoes elliptical revolution around the sun in approximately every 365 days and a 360 rotation about its axis once per day. Therefore the position of the sun varies from day to day and from season to season. However the axis of the earth is inclined by an angle of to the plane of the a th s t ajecto y about the sun Because of this inclination the sun tends to be higher in the sky in the summer than in the winter which causes summer to have more sunlight hours and winter to have less sunlight hours. On the first day of summer, the sun positions itself vertically above the Tropic of Cancer, which is latitude north of the equator whereas on the first day of winter, the sun is vertically above the Tropic of Capricorn, which is latitude south of the equator. However on the first day of spring and the first day of fall, the sun is directly above the equator. The hour angle as in solar altitude equation is the number of hours elapsed during the day from sunrise time T sr to time t of the day on a 24-hour clock, expressed in degree and can be calculated as below [1], ( t T ), (6) s 15 sr where ω s is the sunrise angle. From the declination angle and the latitude discussed above, an expression for ω s can be determined as [1], cos 1 s ( tan tan ) (7) B. ffective Area and the Panel Mounting Angle Figure 3 shows how the total radiation received by the panel reduces when incident radiation is not perpendicular on the panel plane. nergy is maximum when incident radiation is perpendicular, for any other angle of incident radiation, the effective area of the panel that receives the energy reduces and so does the received energy. Thus the effective panel area depends on the angle between incident radiation and the normal of the panel plane which varies with the position of the sun and the panel mounting angle. Figure 4 shows the variation in the sun s position in the east-west i ection f o sun ise to sunset If γ is the angula position of the sun at any time of the day and A is the panel area, then the effective area of the panel can be given ffective Area A sinγ (8) (a) Incident Angle 0 o (b) Incident Angle θ o Figure 3: (a) angle of incidence of sunlight and effective area with incidence angle 0 (b) optimization of mounting angle of a fixed collector with incidence angle θ in Ɣ=in 90=1 W Figure 4: Variation in sun s position during the day. Ɣ in Ɣ=in 0=0 At sola noon γ = 90, sunlight falls vertically down and the effective area is equal to the original panel area, provided the panel is mounted flat on the surface. For countries in northern hemisphere such as in Bangladesh, panels are mounted at latitude angle facing south in order to optimize them to receive maximum solar energy for the whole year. With this panel orientation, sunrays fall vertically on panel in spring and fall, however, due to the seasonal variation in sun s inclination, an angle between the normal of the panel and the incident radiation is introduced in the north south direction for other times of the year which reaches its maximum in summer (June 21 st ) and in winter (Dec 21 st ) and thus e uces the panel s effective area, shown in Fig. 5(a). According to this figure, the effective area of the panel for both summer and winter can be given as, A eff A cosδ sin γ (9) m where m is the axi u eviation of sun s position in summer and winter from its position in spring/fall. With a panel ounting angle θ=46 5 the sun ays fall perpendicularly in winter (Dec 21 st ) as shown in Fig. 5b, and the panel will receive maximum energy during winter. However, effective area of the panel is least in summer with this mounting angle. C. Cumulative nergy/olar Irradiation Irradiation quantifies energy density of sunlight that is total energy per square meter per day. It is obtained by integrating total irradiance over daylight hours beginning from sunrise till sunset. If I is the solar irradiance as given by (1) and A eff is the effective area of the panel as given by (9), then the cumulative 76

4 2013 I Conference on ustainable Utilization and Development in ngineering and Technology Mar 21/ep 21 Dec 21 Jun 21 δ m δ m (a) the operational time, it will be on with 2/3rd power for 1/4th of opertaional time, and with 1/3 power for the remaining quarter of operational time, in any given night. Thus the total energy 2 required by the lamps per night with traffic sensor can be calculated by: ( W h) ( W h) ( W h) (13) o θ=23.1 o Mar 21/ep 21 Jun 21 Dec 21 2δ m δ m (b) N IV. CACUATION FOR YTM IZ Figure 6 shows a block diagram of solar powered street light system. The energy collected from the solar panel is stored in the battery through the charge controller during the day. The battery supplies the stored energy to the load at night, through the D driver circuit, which maintains a stable current through the D. All the system components have some internal losses and thereby they do not have 100% efficiency. There is also additional line loss in the electrical wires that connect the different components. 90 o θ= Figure 5: Angular position of the sun with respect to the panel for two different mounting angles (a) θ = 23.1 an (b) θ = 46 5, aligned for two different seasons spring/fall and winter, respectively. energy incident on the panel during a day, expressed in Wh/m 2 /day, is given by, TR Cumulative nergy A eff I dt (10) T where T R and T are the sun rise and sun set times, espectively If η is the efficiency of the panel then the panel output P will be, Cumulative nergy (11) P D. nergy Consumption by the D amp The energy that can be successfully extracted by the solar panel will then be used to power the D lamp at night. For its total operational hours, the total energy 1, consumed by the D lamp per night can be given by 1 W h (12) where W is the rated power of the D lamps and h is the number of hours the light remains on in a given night. With the traffic sensor installed, the lamps can be assumed to operate in full power for half of the operational time with high traffic volume. Traffic volume will decrease after midnight and will reduce significantly in the last quarter of the night. It is understood that there will be occasional increase in traffic volume sometimes late at night. However, the traffic sensor will be smart enough to sense such change and adjust the light intensity accordingly. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that while the lamps will be on with full power for half N A. Calculation of Battery Capacity As can be seen from Fig. 6, the output of the D driver circuit should be equal to energy required by a D lamp, as calculated according to (12) and (13), for systems without and with traffic sensor, respectively. Considering the losses in the driver circuit, the input to the driver circuit should be D, where D is the efficiency of the driver circuit. The battery needs to supply this energy plus the D line loss with the total amounting to D 1. However, to ensure the supply of energy during the cloudy and rainy days, battery should store more energy than this total energy. The maximum number of days that the battery should be able to drive the load without receiving energy from the source is called days of autonomy which is considered to be 3 days in our calculation. Thus the total energy the battery should be able to supply is given by: T 3 1 D (14) Due to the maximum limit of discharge allowed for a battery as indicated by the depth of discharge (DOD), the capacity of battery has to be even greater. Considering these factors, the maximum energy that should be stored in the battery is given by: 3 1 DOD D (15) The battery capacity in ampere-hour (Ah) can be calculated by dividing by the voltage rating of the battery as shown below: Battery Capacity Ah (16) Battery Voltage 77

5 2013 I Conference on ustainable Utilization and Development in ngineering and Technology p / m 2 (a) θ = 0 olar Panel η D Charge Controller η CC Driver Circuit η D Wh/night Battery Ah, DOD, η B Figure 6: Block diagram of a D based street lighting system showing relevant system parameters. B. Calculation of Panel ize The panel size can now be determined using the total energy required by the D and the cumulative energy output density of the panels, as calculated in the previous sections. The energy that the panel must supply to the battery is T as given by (14) that takes into account the days of autonomy, along with the line loss from panel to battery. This total energy must be divided by the battery efficiency η B that takes into account the losses in the battery during charging and discharging, by the efficiency of the charge controller η CC that takes into account the losses in the charge controller, and by the derating factor, η D, of the panel that results from the loss of panel efficiency due to long time of use, layers of dust and wear etc. Thus the total energy that should be supplied by the panel to the battery, P-B, is given by, PB D CC T 1 B (17) Then the panel size in m 2 can be calculated as, P B Panel ize (18) P Where P is the output energy in Wh of a one meter square panel in one day, calculated according to (11). V. RUT AND DICUION Cumulative energy outputs of panels in Wh/m 2 /day for different seasons for three different mounting angles, = an 46 5 e e calculate using (11) and are shown in Figures 7 (a), (b) and (c), respectively. In the calculation, an efficiency of 16% was assumed for the panels. It is very clear from the Figs.7 (a) and (b) that, while during summer we have the highest energy output exceeding 1000 W/m 2 when we actually need minimum energy to light the lamps, during winter we have the least energy output when we need the maximum energy. Therefore, it is obvious that mounting the panels at an angle that is optimized for spring or summer will not solve the basic challenge faced during winter. In Fig.7c however the scenario is better and well suited to a street lighting system. In winter, we are able to extract maximum energy at a mounting angle of 46.5 compared to those obtained with other mounting angles. Also, with this mounting angle the distribution of solar energy is fairly equal all throughout the year. Cumulative Output nergy (Wh/m 2 /day) pring March 21 st ummer June 21 st Fall ep 21 st (b) θ = 23.1 (c) θ = 46.5 Winter Dec 21 st Figure 7: Cumulative energy output of solar panel in W/m 2 /day in different seasons at three different mounting angles (θ): (a) 0, (b) 23.1 and (c) Figure 8 shows the total energy to be consumed or required by the D lamps to operate during night in different seasons at certain fixed days, calculated using (12) and (13), for systems without (olid line) and with (Dashed line) traffic sensor, respectively. Naturally the latter requires less energy to power the lights as the driver circuit is dependant on the output of a sensor which measures traffic volume. The energy required by the D lamps is proportional to the hours of operation with the energy consumption being the lowest in summer and highest in winter. As the energy requirement is maximum during winter, system size calculated based on the cumulative energy output and energy requirement in winter will also satisfy the requirements of all other seasons. Battery capacity and the panel size were determined for three different mounting angles, = 0 an 46 5 using ( 6) and (18), respectively, for the purpose of comparison. Table I shows the different system parameter values that are used in the calculation of the battery capacity and the panel size. The calculation is based on the cumulative energy output and energy requirement in winter season. 78

6 2013 I Conference on ustainable Utilization and Development in ngineering and Technology Required Watt-Hour per Night Number of Day Figure 8: nergy required to light D lamps per night in different seasons of the year, with (dashed line) and without (solid line) traffic sensor. In Table II, panel size and the battery capacity for the three different mounting angles are tabulated. ooking at the changes with respect to the mounting angles of an 46 5, it can be seen that the panel size is reduced from 3.55 to 3.27 m 2. This shows that about 8.6% reduction in panel size can be brought about by mounting the panel at 46.5, instead of the gene al p actice at. This reduction in size is even greater, about 45% if co pa e to a panel ounte at 0 The battery capacity has no change with respect to varying mounting angles, since it does not depend on the energy collected by the panel in different seasons. Table III shows the panel size and the battery capacity, for the street light system with and without traffic sensor, and percent difference between the corresponding values, calculated for a mounting angle of With traffic sensor, it can be seen that the panel size is reduced from 3.27 to 2.44 m 2, bringing about 34% reduction in panel size. The battery capacity is also reduced similarly by around 33.6%, From to Ah. VI. CONCUION Design of solar powered street light system is complicated by the fact that during summer when we get maximum sunlight, minimum energy is needed to operate the street lights due to shorter summer nights; whereas, during winter when sunlight is minimum, maximum energy is needed due to longer winter nights. In this work, the effect of mounting angle of solar panels and traffic sensing on the requirement of system size for a solar powered street light system is investigated. It has been found that while a mounting angle of 23. hich is well suited to applications like solar home system, yields maximum energy collection in summer and minimum energy collection in winte a ounting angle of 46 5 yields maximum energy collection in winter than those obtained at other mounting angles. Further, more or less uniform energy collection throughout the year is achieved with this mounting angle, which enables the system to be efficient enough to provide full-time operation of load at nights during all seasons of the year. The addition of a traffic sensor ensures that the lamp does not remain lit at its maximum intensity all throughout the night without purpose, thus reducing energy consumption at times of lower traffic volume, and consequently decreasing the system size. Table I: ystem parameter values used in the calculation ystem Parameters Parameter Values Depth of Discharge (DOD) 80% Batte y fficiency (η B ) 80% fficiency of D driver circuit (η D ) fficiency of the charge cont olle ci cuit (η CC ) 95% 95% ine loss ( ) 1% Table II: Panel ize and Battery Capacity for three different mounting angles Mounting Angle Panel ize (m 2 ) Battery Capacity (Ah) Table III: Panel ize and Battery Capacity with and without traffic sensor, and their percentage difference, calculated for a mounting angle of Panel ize (m 2 ) Battery Capacity (Ah) Without Traffic ensor With Traffic ensor %Difference RFRNC [1] Roger A Messenger and Jerry Ventre, Photovoltaic ystems ngineering. 2nd dition. CRC Press C, 2004, pp [2] Meinel, A. B. and Meinel, M. P., Applied olar nergy, an Introduction, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, [3] Markvart, T., d., olar lectricity, John Wiley & ons, Chichester, U.K., [4] Arthur David Olson* unrise and unset Ti e in Dhaka Inte net: [Date accessed: 21 October 2012]. [5] hahidul Islam Khan and Md. aifur Rahman. International hort Course on olar Photovoltaic ystem. Dhaka, Bangladesh University of ngineering and Technology, 2010 [6] Reinhard Muller and Andreas Rienar, An nergy fficient Pedestrian Aware mart treet ighting ystem International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications, Vol. 7, no. 2, 2011, pp [7] eccese, Fabio, and Zbigniew eonowicz. "Intelligent wireless street lighting system." nvironment and lectrical ngineering (IC), th International Conference on. I, 2012, pp

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