Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes

Transcription

1 Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes Josh Webster 4/21/2014 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 1

2 A Look Ahead 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 2

3 A Look Ahead Galaxy Classification Hubble Sequence De Vaucoulers System 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 2

4 A Look Ahead Galaxy Classification Hubble Sequence De Vaucoulers System Examples of Galaxy Types 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 2

5 A Look Ahead Galaxy Classification Hubble Sequence De Vaucoulers System Examples of Galaxy Types Active Galactic Nuclei Supermassive Black Holes The center of the Milky Way Gas cloud approaches SGR A* 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 2

6 Galaxy Classification The Hubble Sequence (1936) 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 6

7 Galaxy Classification The Hubble Sequence (1936) E featureless ovals, ranging from circular to flattened 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 6

8 Galaxy Classification The Hubble Sequence (1936) E featureless ovals, ranging from circular to flattened S0 lenticular galaxies w/o spiral structure 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 6

9 Galaxy Classification The Hubble Sequence (1936) E featureless ovals, ranging from circular to flattened S0 lenticular galaxies w/o spiral structure S[a-c]- tight spiral structure, bright central bulge 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 6

10 Galaxy Classification The Hubble Sequence (1936) E featureless ovals, ranging from circular to flattened S0 lenticular galaxies w/o spiral structure S[a-c]- tight spiral structure, bright central bulge SB[a-c] same as S[a-c], but has central bar 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 6

11 Galaxy Classification Continued The De Vaucoulers System (1959) 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 12

12 Galaxy Classification Continued 4 Main Types: Ellipticals: E Lenticulars: S0 Spirals: S Irregulars: I The De Vaucoulers System (1959) 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 12

13 Galaxy Classification Continued 4 Main Types: Ellipticals: E Lenticulars: S0 Spirals: S Irregulars: I 4 main stages: From early to late (a, b, c, d) Can also be intermediate (ab, bc, cd) Lenticulars (S0 -, S0 0, S0 + ) E + for late E transitioning to S0 The De Vaucoulers System (1959) 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 12

14 Galaxy Classification Continued 4 Main Types: Ellipticals: E Lenticulars: S0 Spirals: S Irregulars: I 4 main stages: From early to late (a, b, c, d) Can also be intermediate (ab, bc, cd) Lenticulars (S0 -, S0 0, S0 + ) E + for late E transitioning to S0 The De Vaucoulers System (1959) Irregulars Usually denoted Im Magellanic (m) Transition or spiral type (Sm) Non-magellanic w/ structure related to S0 (I0) 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 12

15 Galaxy Classification Continued The De Vaucoulers System (1959) 4 Main Types: Ellipticals: E Lenticulars: S0 Spirals: S Irregulars: I Spirals and lenticulars have 2 families: True nonbarred (SA, SA0) True barred (SB, SB0) Intermediate barred (SAB, SAB0) 4 main stages: From early to late (a, b, c, d) Can also be intermediate (ab, bc, cd) Lenticulars (S0 -, S0 0, S0 + ) E + for late E transitioning to S0 Irregulars Usually denoted Im Magellanic (m) Transition or spiral type (Sm) Non-magellanic w/ structure related to S0 (I0) 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 12

16 Galaxy Classification Continued 4 Main Types: Ellipticals: E Lenticulars: S0 Spirals: S Irregulars: I 4 main stages: From early to late (a, b, c, d) Can also be intermediate (ab, bc, cd) Lenticulars (S0 -, S0 0, S0 + ) E + for late E transitioning to S0 The De Vaucoulers System (1959) Irregulars Usually denoted Im Magellanic (m) Transition or spiral type (Sm) Non-magellanic w/ structure related to S0 (I0) Spirals and lenticulars have 2 families: True nonbarred (SA, SA0) True barred (SB, SB0) Intermediate barred (SAB, SAB0) Spirals and lenticulars have 2 varieties: Ringed (r) Pure spiral (s) Transition (rs) Complete outer ring structure (R) Psuedo-ring from spiral arms, such as in S(s) type, (R ) 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 12

17 Rings 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 17

18 An Example of Spiral Varieties True Spiral Transition Ringed True Nonbarred (SA) Intermediate (SAB) True Barred (SB) 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 18

19 Galaxy Classification Continued 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 19

20 A Closer Look at Galaxies 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 20

21 Elliptical Galaxies M87 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 26

22 Elliptical Galaxies M87 Galaxy type: E1 pec E1: elliptical Pec: peculiar 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 26

23 Lenticular Galaxies NGC 524 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 28

24 Lenticular Galaxies NGC 524 Galaxy Type: S0 D S0: lenticular type D: rotationally symmetric w/o pronounced spiral 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 28

25 M51 Spiral Galaxies NGC /21/2014 Josh Webster 30

26 M51 Spiral Galaxies NGC 5195 Galaxy Type: SA(s)bc pec SA: spiral w/o bars (s): w/o rings bc: intermediate stage Pec: peculiar 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 30

27 M51 Spiral Galaxies NGC 5195 Galaxy Type: SA(s)bc pec SA: spiral w/o bars (s): w/o rings bc: intermediate stage Pec: peculiar HII region 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 30

28 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 33 Barred Spiral Galaxies NGC 1300

29 Barred Spiral Galaxies NGC 1300 Galaxy Type: SB(rs)bc SB: barred spiral (rs): transition bc: intermediate stage 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 33

30 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 35 Irregular Galaxies NGC 4449

31 Irregular Galaxies Galaxy Type: IBm I: Irregular B: Barred m: magellanic NGC /21/2014 Josh Webster 35

32 What s at the center of a galaxy? 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 33

33 What s at the center of a galaxy? 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 33

34 What s at the center of a galaxy? From what we observe, it appears nearly every galaxy contains a supermassive black hole at its center, and it can be active or inactive. 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 33

35 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 38

36 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) An active core of a galaxy Emits radiation 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 38

37 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) An active core of a galaxy Emits radiation Very high luminosity over a large range of EM spectrum, based on type. 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 38

38 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) An active core of a galaxy Emits radiation Very high luminosity over a large range of EM spectrum, based on type. Radiation believed to be originating from supermassive black hole at center accreting mass. 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 38

39 Galactic Nuclei Types 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 39

40 Supermassive Black Holes M87 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 40

41 Supermassive Black Holes 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 41

42 Supermassive Black Holes 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 45

43 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 45 Supermassive Black Holes Jet of emitted sub-atomic particles from a source of mass 2 billion times that of the sun.

44 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 45 Supermassive Black Holes Jet of emitted sub-atomic particles from a source of mass 2 billion times that of the sun.

45 Center of the Milky Way 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 45

46 Center of the Milky Way Chandra X-Ray Observatory SGR A* using VLA (radio) 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 46

47 T 10 8 K 2 day period Center of the Milky Way: SGR A* NuSTAR 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51

48 T 10 8 K 2 day period Center of the Milky Way: SGR A* Black hole at the center: NuSTAR 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51

49 T 10 8 K 2 day period Center of the Milky Way: SGR A* Black hole at the center: 4 million times the mass of the sun NuSTAR 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51

50 T 10 8 K 2 day period Center of the Milky Way: SGR A* Black hole at the center: 4 million times the mass of the sun 26,000 Ly from Earth NuSTAR 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51

51 T 10 8 K 2 day period Center of the Milky Way: SGR A* Black hole at the center: 4 million times the mass of the sun 26,000 Ly from Earth Faint X-ray emission NuSTAR 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51

52 T 10 8 K 2 day period Center of the Milky Way: SGR A* Black hole at the center: 4 million times the mass of the sun 26,000 Ly from Earth Faint X-ray emission Only 1% of material in vicinity reaches event horizon NuSTAR 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51

53 Stellar Orbits Near SGR A* S2 orbit years Sedna 11,400 years S2 velocity 5000 km/s 1.67% speed of light That s 166x Earth s orbit speed! 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 53

54 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 54 Gas Cloud (G2) Near SGR A* Cloud roughly 10 times the mass of Earth

55 Conclusion 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 55

56 Conclusion Classifying galaxies and their evolution stages proved to be quite difficult. 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 55

57 Conclusion Classifying galaxies and their evolution stages proved to be quite difficult. There are many varieties of galaxies. Their classification can give an idea of what stage of evolution they are in. 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 55

58 Conclusion Classifying galaxies and their evolution stages proved to be quite difficult. There are many varieties of galaxies. Their classification can give an idea of what stage of evolution they are in. The De Vaucoulers system is an extension of the Hubble sequence, and is the most commonly used. 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 55

59 Conclusion Classifying galaxies and their evolution stages proved to be quite difficult. There are many varieties of galaxies. Their classification can give an idea of what stage of evolution they are in. The De Vaucoulers system is an extension of the Hubble sequence, and is the most commonly used. Astrophysics is a rapidly developing field of science. There is still much that we don t understand about galaxies. The technology to observe certain phenomena has only recently become available. Everything prior to the early-mid 1900 s was theory or just speculation. 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 55

60 References De Vaucoulers, G. (1962). Revised Classification of 1500 Bright Galaxies. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: =YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf Ciardullo, R. (2009). Galaxy Classification. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: Torres, Diego F. & Anchordoqui, Luis A. (2004). Astrophysical Origins of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: NASA & The Hubble Heritage Team (2000). A Cosmic Searchlight. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: Boen, Brooke. (2013). Supermassive Black Hole Sagittarius A*. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: SagittariusA.html Murdin, P. & Buta, Ronald (2006). Encyclodpedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 60

61 Questions? 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 61