Using Solar Active Region Latitude Analysis to Monitor Solar Cycle Progress
|
|
- Loreen Barton
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Using Solar Active Region Latitude Analysis to Monitor Solar Cycle Progress A Study Commissioned by RyeBrook Space Science Services RyeBrook Space 2017 Abstract: This paper seeks to answer the question does solar active region latitude analysis (SARLA) have value as a means of tracking solar cycle progress? Whilst the SARLA data show the expected migration of solar active regions toward the solar equator as cycle 24 progresses toward maximum the effect is rather subtler than expected, and only becomes dramatically obvious when the data are presented in a certain manner. This research demonstrates that a single point of reference in the data gives little or no indication of solar cycle progression, and that SARLA is only useful as a retrospective tool for identifying solar cycle change-over. A coincidental finding of the research is a north-south hemisphere asymmetry of active region distribution that results in extended periods during the first five-year data sample, when solar activity was completely absent from one hemisphere or the other. Whether this is scientifically significant or not was uncertain, and a further, more extended study was designed, in which a further 12 months of data were collected to determine this. Background: Since the 11-year solar activity cycle was first recognised in 1843, records have shown a repeating pattern in which solar active regions occur closer to the solar equator as the solar cycle progresses. This is evident in the well-known Butterfly Diagram (Figure1) that plots active region latitudes over the last 130 years. Some time after solar maximum active regions peter-out in what is known as Solar Minimum, before eventually appearing again at much higher latitudes in the build-up to the next solar maximum. This abrupt migration of active regions away from the solar equator allows us to assess when one cycle has ended, and the next has begun. In this paper, the author has taken data for active region latitudes for the six years leading up to and beyond the accepted maximum of solar cycle 24 a weak maximum and has arranged these data in spread sheet form for analysis. The intention of this process has been both to confirm the value of solar active region latitude analysis (SARLA) as a means of tracking solar cycle progress, and also to look for any other patterns that might be hidden in the data. The project was begun while the author was Director of the Land s End Solar Observatory ( ). After the closure of the observatory in early 2015, he continued with the project independently.
2 Figure 1: The Butterfly Diagram. Source NASA Methodology: The capture of data for this study was time-consuming and laborious. For each day in the five-year sample period, there were four data-points. These were: the northerly extent and southerly extent of solar active regions in the northern solar hemisphere, and the northerly and southerly extent of solar active regions in the southern solar hemisphere. These extents had to be manually identified and extrapolated from the daily lists of latitude co-ordinates for all active regions. The resulting datasets comprise some 8,760 data-points. Because this large number of data is too cumbersome to use for analysis, and in order to smooth any errors, the average monthly values for the four extents of solar activity were calculated, reducing the number of data-points to just 288. These values, rounded to one decimal place were used to plot graphs for each individual year of the study, as well as a combined graph for all six years. A benefit of manually capturing all of these data was that any patterns hidden in the data became very apparent to the author. In the case of an apparent north-south hemisphere asymmetry of active region distribution, it was noted that there were a significant number of periods where solar activity was absent from one hemisphere or the other for several days at a time, and it was only by manually capturing all of the data that this became obvious. The need to analyse this phenomenon to ascertain its scientific significance, necessitated manipulation of the data to show a comparison between days when there were no active regions in the northern hemisphere, and those in the southern hemisphere during the six-year sample period. This meant changing the values of southern hemisphere episode to negatives in order to show both sets of data on the same graph in a meaningful way. When viewing this graph it is important to remember that values for northern and southern hemisphere are both actually positive.
3 It is important to understand that this study deals with active regions - not sunspots - and in many cases there were active regions present when no sunspots were visible. These active regions were detectable in wavelengths other than white light, such as by magnetogram or Hydrogen-alpha imaging. In this way, a study of sunspot latitudinal distribution over the same timescale would give a very different result. Results: In a number of ways, solar activity cycle 24 was peculiar (Basu, S. 2013). Its atypical doublepeaked maximum led to the frequently asked question have we reached solar maximum yet? to which there seemed to be a conflicting consensus of opinion. As such, this study has broken new ground. Rather than being a study of latitudinal distribution of active regions during a typical solar activity cycle, it has been a close analysis of the unfolding of an unusual solar cycle, and is as such an exploration of uncharted territory. There follows a chronological presentation of the findings with a brief commentary: Solar Active Region Latitude Analysis 2011 Monthly Averages January February March April May June July August September October November December Southerly Extent Southerly Exetent Figure 2: SARLA values for the year 2011 There is a marked trend toward the solar equator in the southerly extent of active regions in the northern hemisphere. The northern extent of active regions in the northern hemisphere does not appear to shadow the southern extent, with the overall effect of a widening of the band of activity in the northern hemisphere. The extent of active regions in the southern hemisphere shows no particular trend, though there is an apparent widening of the band of activity toward the end of the year. There were occasions when solar activity was absent in the southern hemisphere for several days at a time.
4 Solar Active Region Latitude Analysis 2012 Monthly Averages January February March April May June July August September October November December Southerly Extent Southerly Exetent Figure 3: SARLA values for the year 2012 There is a marked trend toward the solar equator in the northerly extent of active regions in the northern hemisphere, as well as in the northerly extent of active regions in the southern hemisphere. The southern extent of active regions in both hemispheres does not seem to show any marked trend, with the exception of a last-minute convergence of the southern extent in the southern hemisphere, There were a significant number of occasions when solar activity was absent in the southern hemisphere for several days. This occurs much less frequently in the northern hemisphere, though more so than in the previous year. Solar Active Region Latitude Analysis 2013 Monthly Averages January February March April May June July August September October November December Southerly Extent Southerly Exetent Figure 4: SARLA values for the year 2013
5 There is a subtle general trend toward the solar equator in both hemispheres. This is most noticeable in the northern extent of the southern hemisphere active regions, Once again there were short periods when solar active regions were absent from the southern hemisphere, but more noticeably there were a significant number of periods where there was an absence of activity in the northern hemisphere. This seems to represent a change in the dynamics. Solar Active Region Latitude Analysis 2014 Monthly Averages January February March April May June July August September October November December Southerly Extent Southerly Exetent Figure 5: SARLA values for the year 2014 There appears to be a levelling-out of active region latitudes during 2014, with a significant widening of the band of activity toward the end of the year. Some short periods of an absence of activity in the northern hemisphere were noted, though less than in the previous year, and there were no periods of absence of activity in the southern hemisphere.
6 Solar Active Region Latitude Analysis 2015 Monthly Averages January February March April May June July August September October November December Southerly Extent Southerly Exetent Figure 6: SARLA values for the year 2015 There is a much less marked trend in the data for 2015, and there is certainly no dramatic convergence or divergence in the activity latitudes that would suggest an obvious solar maximum. It is interesting to note though, that in the middle of January 2015, active region 2262 came so close to the solar equator that it actually wandered between the northern and southern hemispheres for a few days. Once again it was noticed that there were periods of several days at a time during the year, when solar activity was completely absent from one hemisphere or another. It is therefore likely that these occurrences are of scientific significance, and should be studied in more detail. From 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2016 an extension of the SARLA project recorded an additional 12 months worth of data for analysis:
7 Figure 7: SARLA values for the year 2016 Perhaps disappointingly; the data for 2016 showed a confusing pattern of trend, with a marked deviation of southern hemisphere active regions toward the solar equator during the period March to August, that seems to have been reciprocated by a deviation away from the solar equator by the northern extent of northern hemisphere active regions. There is a subtle migration of the southern extent of northern hemisphere active regions away from the solar equator throughout the year. The pattern in the southern hemisphere toward the end of the year is less clear, with a dramatic narrowing of the northern and southern extent of southern hemisphere active regions that is more of a refection of the petering-out of activity in the southern hemisphere than anything else. Figure 8: SARLA values for the period 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2016 Though there is a general trend in the six years data of a convergence of solar active regions toward the solar equator there is disappointingly no dramatic marker for the point of solar maximum. What does stand out very clearly is a marked widening of the latitudinal band of activity in the southern hemisphere before a dramatic narrowing toward the end of the data sample period. This is not reciprocated in the northern hemisphere, and indicates a north-south hemisphere asymmetry of activity. From Figure 1, it is apparent that convergence of the northerly extent of solar active regions in the northern hemisphere, and the southerly extent of active regions in the southern hemisphere, continues for some time after the point of solar maximum.
8 Periods of Days without Active Regions: The significance of periods of several days at a time where solar activity was completely absent from one hemisphere or the other is uncertain. In order to try to understand any scientific significance, days without active regions by hemisphere were plotted for each month of the entire sample period to produce a graph. Values for the southern hemisphere were made negative in order that they may be plotted in a meaningful way on the graph, but it must be remembered that these are in fact positive values. It is also important to note that these occasions are not the same as days without sunspots. This study takes into account active regions that did not necessarily contain sunspots. Figure 9: Days without active regions by hemisphere 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2016 A brief analysis of the resulting graph reveals a rough oscillation between days in which there were no active regions in the northern hemisphere, and those in the southern hemisphere, with no obvious regular pattern. However, the distribution changes also do not appear entirely random. A very dramatic asymmetry is revealed in the final 12 months of the study, when there is a marked increase in the number of days without active regions in the southern hemisphere, and is an illustration of the asymmetric nature of solar activity decline toward the end of solar cycle 24.
9 Conclusions: Using Solar Active Region Latitude Analysis to Monitor Solar Cycle Progress Figure 10: Progression of Solar Cycle 24 As can be seen in Figure 10, that the maximum of solar cycle 24 is far from distinct, with two main candidate peaks one in late 2011, and another in early In the SARLA data, these two points are not clearly defined by any significant convergence of active regions toward the equator. It is interesting that around the middle of January 2015 it was noticed from the SARLA daily data, that active region 2262 came so close to the solar equator, that for several days it wandered between the northern and southern hemispheres (Figure 11). This event shows as a dramatic, if brief convergence toward the solar equator, and if it were possible to identify the moment of solar maximum based solely upon SARLA data, this would probably be it; particularly as there was a reciprocal convergence in the northerly extent of activity in the northern hemisphere, and the southerly extent of activity in the southern hemisphere at the time. This represents the closest convergence during the entire six-year sample. Of course, this is seriously at odds with the sunspot count and radio flux definitions of the solar maximum. Unfortunately, the smoothing effect of monthly averaging of the data has rendered this event invisible in the yearly and six year plots. But to answer the question posed by the background of this project does SARLA analysis have value as a means of tracking solar cycle progress? is less easy than might at first have been thought. Although the SARLA data show a clear and marked migration of solar active regions toward the solar equator as the cycle proceeds, it is not until the point of abrupt divergence away from the equator again that we can clearly determine the end of one cycle,
10 and the beginning of the next. As such, this will always be a retrospective analysis, and has no value in real-time solar cycle progression tracking Southerly Extent Southerly Exetent Figure 11: January 2015 Daily SARLA Values Figure 12: Adjustment of the aspect ratio of the fiveyear graph of SARLA values, so that the data-points become squashed together reveals the more familiar pattern that we see in the Butterfly Diagram, confirming that the convergence effect is real and measurable. When the aspect ratio of the six-year graph of daily SARLA values is adjusted so that the data-points are squashed up together, we see the reassuringly familiar pattern of the Butterfly Diagram (Figure 12). But we do not see the abrupt divergence away from the solar equator that signals the end of one solar cycle and the beginning of the next. This leads to an impression that cycle 24 had not ended by 31 December Only a continued monitoring of SARLA data through the next 12 months would be likely to reveal the critical date of solar cycle change-over. The second objective of this research project was to look for any significant patterns that may be hidden in the data. During capture of the data it became very obvious that there were a significant number of periods of several days each year when solar activity was completely absent from one hemisphere or the other, and it was wondered whether this was scientifically significant. When considering this it was important to remember that the data were only being drawn from one view of the Sun that facing the Earth - and that the situation on the far side of the Sun
11 at any given time may have been completely different i.e. there may have been no active regions in the southern hemisphere on the Earth-facing side, but there may have been on the far-side. Nonetheless, the visible portion is all that we have data for, and so the observation is made that there were a significant number of days each year, when solar active regions were absent from one hemisphere or the other on the visible side of the Sun. In their paper Asymmetrical Distribution of Sunspot Groups in the Solar Hemispheres, Li, et al. (2002) identified a periodic north-south hemisphere asymmetry of sunspot distribution from historical data covering the period 1874 to 2000, and suggested that there is a genuine periodic fluctuation that could lead to solar maximum being reached at a different time in each hemisphere (out of phase). They further suggest that this periodic phasing is likely to mean that solar cycle 24 will be south dominated. From the data gathered here, it is clear that there is a genuine north-south hemisphere asymmetry, with the number of days in which there were no active regions in the southern hemisphere increasing dramatically toward the end of the data sample. The phasing of north-south asymmetry of active region distribution is poorly understood, and is the subject of on-going research. It is likely to be a complex process, and has not yet, to the author s knowledge; been examined at six-year resolution. It is possible that continued investigation might reveal a finer periodic sub-phase within the courser 8-year phase, but this is pure conjecture. It is also important to realise that previous studies in this area have been of sunspot numbers, rather than the absences of active regions used as a focus in this study. There is an inherent weakness in studying a single solar cycle in isolation. Many solar cycles, perhaps cycle 24 as well, show atypical characteristics, and so a clearer overview is to be found in studying several cycles in combination. Nonetheless, this study has revealed some important features, not least of which is the presence of a north-south asymmetry of active region distribution. In addition, it must be said that studying the distribution of active regions rather than white light sunspot distribution, leads to vastly differing results, and is a departure from the norm of this type of study. Choosing to study active region distribution, regardless of the presence or otherwise of sunspots, was driven by a limitation in the availability of data. Similarly, differences in the methods of smoothing data will lead to variations in results, particularly in defining the point of solar cycle maximum and cycle change-over. With all of these limitations and variations taken into account, this single isolated study is rather limited in its scientific value and merit. However, it has provided an opportunity for the author to acquire an in-depth experience of a solar activity cycle from a singular perspective of the distribution of active regions, and has provided a snapshot in time of this one parameter of this single solar activity cycle, which has value in terms of understanding the symptomatic manifestations of solar activity, if not the underlying mechanisms.
12 In summary, this project has shown very clearly that whilst SARLA data can be a valuable diagnostic tool after the event, they probably have no viable role in real-time monitoring of solar cycle progress, and this was the primary enquiry of the project. SARLA data would appear to have no value in determining the point of solar maximum, but may be of use in determining the point of solar cycle change-over. The results have however, indicated very clearly that a continued period of observation is required in order to identify the point of divergence of active regions away from the solar equator that will signal that the next solar cycle has begun. Such a study would also collect further data that will enable a refined evaluation of the north-south asymmetry of active region distribution. References: Basu, S. (2013) The peculiar solar cycle 24 where do we stand?, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 440 (2013) Li, K.J. (2002) Asymmetrical Distribution of Sunspot Groups in the Solar Hemispheres, Astronomical Society of Japan, vol. 54, pp
Using Solar Active Region Latitude Analysis to Monitor Solar Cycle Progress
Using Solar Active Region Latitude Analysis to Monitor Solar Cycle Progress Published by RyeBrook Space Science Services 216 Abstract: This paper seeks to answer the question does solar active region latitude
More informationLAB 2: Earth Sun Relations
LAB 2: Earth Sun Relations Name School The amount of solar energy striking the Earth s atmosphere is not uniform; distances, angles and seasons play a dominant role on this distribution of radiation. Needless
More informationExemplar for Internal Achievement Standard. Mathematics and Statistics Level 3
Exemplar for internal assessment resource Mathematics and Statistics for Achievement Standard 91580 Exemplar for Internal Achievement Standard Mathematics and Statistics Level 3 This exemplar supports
More informationMotions of the Sun Model Exploration
Name Date Bell Motions of the Sun Model Exploration 1. Go to the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Motions of the Sun Simulator: http://astro.unl.edu/naap/motion3/animations/sunmotions.swf 2. This is what
More informationFibonacci Numbers. November 7, Fibonacci's Task: Figure out how many pairs of rabbits there will be at the end of one year, following rules.
Fibonacci Numbers November 7, 2010 Fibonacci's Task: Figure out how many pairs of rabbits there will be at the end of one year, following rules. Rules: 1. Start with a pair of new rabbits, born in December.
More informationLab Activity: Climate Variables
Name: Date: Period: Water and Climate The Physical Setting: Earth Science Lab Activity: Climate Variables INTRODUCTION:! The state of the atmosphere continually changes over time in response to the uneven
More informationSentinel-1 Long Duration Mutual Interference
MPC-S1 Sentinel-1 Long Duration Mutual Interference Reference: Nomenclature: MPC-0432 DI-MPC-ARC Issue: 1. 0 Date: 2018,Dec.04 MPC-0432 DI-MPC-ARC V1.0 2018,Dec.04 i.1 Chronology Issues: Issue: Date: Reason
More informationWhich Earth latitude receives the greatest intensity of insolation when Earth is at the position shown in the diagram? A) 0 B) 23 N C) 55 N D) 90 N
1. In which list are the forms of electromagnetic energy arranged in order from longest to shortest wavelengths? A) gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light B) radio waves, infrared rays, visible
More informationC) the seasonal changes in constellations viewed in the night sky D) The duration of insolation will increase and the temperature will increase.
1. Which event is a direct result of Earth's revolution? A) the apparent deflection of winds B) the changing of the Moon phases C) the seasonal changes in constellations viewed in the night sky D) the
More informationASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements
ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements 1) Do the following: A) Sketch the face of the moon, indicating on it the locations of at least five seas and five craters. B) Within a single week, sketch the position
More informationMonthly Magnetic Bulletin
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Ascension Island Observatory Monthly Magnetic Bulletin December 2008 08/12/AS Crown copyright; Ordnance Survey ASCENSION ISLAND OBSERVATORY MAGNETIC DATA 1. Introduction Ascension
More informationThe Celestial Sphere. Chapter 1. Constellations. Models and Science. Constellations. Diurnal vs. Annular Motion 9/16/2010
The Celestial Sphere Chapter 1 Cycles of the Sky Vast distances to stars prevent us from sensing their true 3-D arrangement Naked eye observations treat all stars at the same distance, on a giant celestial
More information1.4j interpret simple shadow stick data to determine local noon and observer s longitude
1.4j interpret simple shadow stick data to determine local noon and observer s longitude There are many opportunities for making observations of shadows cast with a vertical stick and the Sun. Observations
More informationWeather to Climate Investigation: Maximum Temperature
Name: Date: Guiding Questions: Weather to Climate Investigation: Maximum Temperature What are the historical and current weather patterns or events for a location in the United States? What are the long-term
More informationAgricultural Science Climatology Semester 2, Anne Green / Richard Thompson
Agricultural Science Climatology Semester 2, 2006 Anne Green / Richard Thompson http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/ag/agschome.htm Course Coordinator: Mike Wheatland Course Goals Evaluate & interpret information,
More informationPrincipal Component Analysis of Sea Surface Temperature via Singular Value Decomposition
Principal Component Analysis of Sea Surface Temperature via Singular Value Decomposition SYDE 312 Final Project Ziyad Mir, 20333385 Jennifer Blight, 20347163 Faculty of Engineering Department of Systems
More informationA Preliminary Climatology of Extratropical Transitions in the Southwest Indian Ocean
A Preliminary Climatology of Extratropical Transitions in the Southwest Indian Ocean Kyle S. Griffin Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New
More informationA. Windnagel M. Savoie NSIDC
National Snow and Ice Data Center ADVANCING KNOWLEDGE OF EARTH'S FROZEN REGIONS Special Report #18 06 July 2016 A. Windnagel M. Savoie NSIDC W. Meier NASA GSFC i 2 Contents List of Figures... 4 List of
More informationWhat's Up, Earth? Header Insert Image 1 here, right justified to wrap. Grade Level. 3rd. Time Required: 60 minutes
What's Up, Earth? Header Insert Image 1 here, right justified to wrap Image 1 ADA Description:? Caption:? Image file path:? Source/Rights: Copyright? Grade Level 3rd Time Required: 60 minutes Group Size:
More information5. In which diagram is the observer experiencing the greatest intensity of insolation? A) B)
1. Which factor has the greatest influence on the number of daylight hours that a particular Earth surface location receives? A) longitude B) latitude C) diameter of Earth D) distance from the Sun 2. In
More informationCTU Presents. The Fitful Rise of Solar Cycle 24 What it Means in the Coming Year. Frank Donovan W3LPL
CTU Presents The Fitful Rise of Solar Cycle 24 What it Means in the Coming Year Frank Donovan W3LPL Introduction This presentation focuses on: The four major fall and winter DX contests: CQ WW SSB and
More information3. If a forecast is too high when compared to an actual outcome, will that forecast error be positive or negative?
1. Does a moving average forecast become more or less responsive to changes in a data series when more data points are included in the average? 2. Does an exponential smoothing forecast become more or
More informationLAB 3: THE SUN AND CLIMATE NAME: LAB PARTNER(S):
GEOG 101L PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LAB SAN DIEGO CITY COLLEGE SELKIN 1 LAB 3: THE SUN AND CLIMATE NAME: LAB PARTNER(S): The main objective of today s lab is for you to be able to visualize the sun s position
More informationWorksheet: The Climate in Numbers and Graphs
Worksheet: The Climate in Numbers and Graphs Purpose of this activity You will determine the climatic conditions of a city using a graphical tool called a climate chart. It represents the long-term climatic
More informationPractice Seasons Moon Quiz
1. Which diagram represents the tilt of Earth's axis relative to the Sun's rays on December 15? A) B) C) D) 2. The diagram below represents Earth in space on the first day of a season. 5. Base your answer
More informationGlobal Temperature Is Continuing to Rise: A Primer on Climate Baseline Instability. G. Bothun and S. Ostrander Dept of Physics, University of Oregon
Global Temperature Is Continuing to Rise: A Primer on Climate Baseline Instability G. Bothun and S. Ostrander Dept of Physics, University of Oregon The issue of whether or not humans are inducing significant
More informationData Science Unit. Global DTM Support Team, HQ Geneva
NET FLUX VISUALISATION FOR FLOW MONITORING DATA Data Science Unit Global DTM Support Team, HQ Geneva March 2018 Summary This annex seeks to explain the way in which Flow Monitoring data collected by the
More informationAnalysis of the 500 mb height fields and waves: testing Rossby wave theory
Analysis of the 500 mb height fields and waves: testing Rossby wave theory Jeffrey D. Duda, Suzanne Morris, Michelle Werness, and Benjamin H. McNeill Department of Geologic and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa
More informationINFLUENCE OF THE AVERAGING PERIOD IN AIR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
INFLUENCE OF THE AVERAGING PERIOD IN AIR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT Hristomir Branzov 1, Valentina Pencheva 2 1 National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Sofia, Bulgaria, Hristomir.Branzov@meteo.bg
More informationAstronomy 10 Introduction to the Solar System
Astronomy 10 Introduction to the Solar System http://lpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us/lpc/murray/astro10/a10intro.htm This is your source for all things in this class: 1. Grading policies. 2. What topics we ll covering.
More informationTIME SERIES COMPARISONS OF MIPAS LEVEL 2 NEAR REAL TIME PRODUCTS WITH CLIMATOLOGY
TIME SERIES COMPARISONS OF MIPAS LEVEL 2 NEAR REAL TIME PRODUCTS WITH CLIMATOLOGY Vivienne Payne, Anu Dudhia, and Chiara Piccolo Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University
More informationAn ENSO-Neutral Winter
An ENSO-Neutral Winter This issue of the Blue Water Outlook newsletter is devoted towards my thoughts on the long range outlook for winter. You will see that I take a comprehensive approach to this outlook
More informationTools of Astronomy Tools of Astronomy
Tools of Astronomy Tools of Astronomy The light that comes to Earth from distant objects is the best tool that astronomers can use to learn about the universe. In most cases, there is no other way to study
More informationAN ANALYSIS OF THE TORNADO COOL SEASON
AN ANALYSIS OF THE 27-28 TORNADO COOL SEASON Madison Burnett National Weather Center Research Experience for Undergraduates Norman, OK University of Missouri Columbia, MO Greg Carbin Storm Prediction Center
More informationEssential Maths Skills. for AS/A-level. Geography. Helen Harris. Series Editor Heather Davis Educational Consultant with Cornwall Learning
Essential Maths Skills for AS/A-level Geography Helen Harris Series Editor Heather Davis Educational Consultant with Cornwall Learning Contents Introduction... 5 1 Understanding data Nominal, ordinal and
More informationTHE WHYS AND WHEREFORES OF GLOBAL WARMING 1
Biblical Astronomer, number 115 9 THE WHYS AND WHEREFORES OF GLOBAL WARMING 1 In January 1999, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) announced that 1998 was the warmest year on record.
More informationYou have learned that Earth s 24-hour day night cycle is caused
76 A Year Viewed from Space C O M P U T E R S I M U L AT I O N You have learned that Earth s 24-hour day night cycle is caused by Earth s rotation around its axis. The year is another cycle caused by Earth
More information2012 Assessment Report. Mathematics with Calculus Level 3 Statistics and Modelling Level 3
National Certificate of Educational Achievement 2012 Assessment Report Mathematics with Calculus Level 3 Statistics and Modelling Level 3 90635 Differentiate functions and use derivatives to solve problems
More informationGLOBAL SOLAR ACTIVITY IN CYCLE 24
GLOBAL SOLAR ACTIVITY IN CYCLE 24 Kiyoto Shibasaki (Solar Physics Research Inc.) SCOSTEP WDS@NiCT 1 Outline 1. Status of solar activity in Cycle 24 shown by total radio flux 2. Status of global solar activity
More informationENSO: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions. Update prepared by: Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 30 October 2017
ENSO: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions Update prepared by: Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 30 October 2017 Outline Summary Recent Evolution and Current Conditions Oceanic Niño Index (ONI)
More informationPREPARED DIRECT TESTIMONY OF GREGORY TEPLOW SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA GAS COMPANY AND SAN DIEGO GAS & ELECTRIC COMPANY
Application No: A.1-0- Exhibit No.: Witness: Gregory Teplow Application of Southern California Gas Company (U 0 G) and San Diego Gas & Electric Company (U 0 G) for Authority to Revise their Natural Gas
More informationWhat s the longest single-shot exposure ever recorded of any object or area of space by Hubble?
Hubblecast Episode 50: Q&A with Dr J 00:00 Have you ever wondered why Hubble can make detailed images of of galaxies, but stars appear as featureless blobs? What the most distant object ever observed is?
More informationGravitational Fields
Gravitational Fields Examples 00 Currently, the space probe, Cassini, is between Jupiter and Saturn. Cassini s mission is to deliver a probe to one of Saturn s moons, Titan, and then orbit Saturn collecting
More informationMars Opposition Friday 27 th July 2018
Mars Opposition Friday 27 th July 2018 Mars is about 6,780 kilometres in diameter or roughly half the size of the Earth whose diameter is 12,742km. As they orbit the Sun, the minimum distance between the
More informationTime, coordinates and how the Sun and Moon move in the sky
Time, coordinates and how the Sun and Moon move in the sky Using the colors and magnitudes of quasars drawn from the SDSS Catalog Archive Server to distinguish quasars from stars using the light they emit
More informationSolar Activity during the Rising Phase of Solar Cycle 24
International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 213, 3, 212-216 http://dx.doi.org/1.4236/ijaa.213.3325 Published Online September 213 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ijaa) Solar Activity during the
More informationHigh Wind and Energy Specific Models for Global. Production Forecast
High Wind and Energy Specific Models for Global Production Forecast Carlos Alaíz, Álvaro Barbero, Ángela Fernández, José R. Dorronsoro Dpto. de Ingeniería Informática and Instituto de Ingeniería del Conocimiento
More information1-4-1A. Sun Structure
Sun Structure A cross section of the Sun reveals its various layers. The Core is the hottest part of the internal sun and is the location of nuclear fusion. The heat and energy produced in the core is
More informationMeteorology. Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer
Chapter 3 Worksheet 1 Meteorology Name: Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer 1) If the maximum temperature for a particular day is 26 C and the minimum temperature is 14 C, the daily
More information2018 YEARLY FORECAST
2018 YEARLY FORECAST CUSTOMIZED FOR: Your Name soulshineastrology.com Inside this Forecast Chart Information...4 2018 Yearly Forecast at a Glance...6 2018 Yearly Overview...7 JANUARY 2018...8 FEBRUARY
More informationAstronomy A BEGINNER S GUIDE TO THE UNIVERSE EIGHTH EDITION
Astronomy A BEGINNER S GUIDE TO THE UNIVERSE EIGHTH EDITION CHAPTER 0 Charting the Heavens Lecture Presentation 0.0 Astronmy a why is that subject! Q. What rare astronomical event happened in late summer
More informationC1: From Weather to Climate Looking at Air Temperature Data
C1: From Weather to Climate Looking at Air Temperature Data Purpose Students will work with short- and longterm air temperature data in order to better understand the differences between weather and climate.
More informationUnusual Migration of Prominence Activities in the Southern Hemisphere during Cycles 23 24
PASJ: Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 65, S16, 213 December 5 c 213. Astronomical Society of Japan. Unusual Migration of Prominence Activities in the Southern Hemisphere during Cycles 23 24 Masumi SHIMOJO National
More informationPRELIMINARY DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES
Memorandum To: David Thompson From: John Haapala CC: Dan McDonald Bob Montgomery Date: February 24, 2003 File #: 1003551 Re: Lake Wenatchee Historic Water Levels, Operation Model, and Flood Operation This
More informationL.O: THE ANGLE OF INSOLATION ANGLE INSOLATION: THE ANGLE SUNLIGHT HITS THE EARTH
L.O: THE ANGLE OF INSOLATION ANGLE INSOLATION: THE ANGLE SUNLIGHT HITS THE EARTH 1. The graph below shows air temperatures on a clear summer day from 7 a.m. to 12 noon at two locations, one in Florida
More informationLesson: Why We Have Seasons
Drexel-SDP GK-12 LESSON Lesson: Why We Have Seasons Subject Area(s) Earth and Space Associated Unit Astronomy, module 2 Lesson Title Lesson: Why We Have Seasons Grade Level 6 (3-7) Lesson # 4 of 4 Lesson
More informationWhich graph best shows the relationship between intensity of insolation and position on the Earth's surface? A) B) C) D)
1. The hottest climates on Earth are located near the Equator because this region A) is usually closest to the Sun B) reflects the greatest amount of insolation C) receives the most hours of daylight D)
More informationGeographic Information Systems (GIS) and inland fishery management
THEMATIC REPORT Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and inland fishery management Stratified inland fisheries monitoring using GIS Gertjan DE GRAAF Nefisco, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Felix MARTTIN and
More informationCurrent Status of COMS AMV in NMSC/KMA
Current Status of COMS AMV in NMSC/KMA Eunha Sohn, Sung-Rae Chung, Jong-Seo Park Satellite Analysis Division, NMSC/KMA soneh0431@korea.kr COMS AMV of KMA/NMSC has been produced hourly since April 1, 2011.
More information13.7 ANOTHER TEST FOR TREND: KENDALL S TAU
13.7 ANOTHER TEST FOR TREND: KENDALL S TAU In 1969 the U.S. government instituted a draft lottery for choosing young men to be drafted into the military. Numbers from 1 to 366 were randomly assigned to
More informationStudent s guide CESAR Science Case The differential rotation of the Sun and its Chromosphere
Student s guide CESAR Science Case The differential rotation of the Sun and its Chromosphere Name Date Introduction The Sun as you may already know, is not a solid body. It is a massive body of gas constantly
More informationWhat causes the seasons? 2/11/09
2/11/09 We can recognize solstices and equinoxes by Sun s path across sky: Summer solstice: Highest path, rise and set at most extreme north of due east. Winter solstice: Lowest path, rise and set at most
More informationLETTER TO FAMILY. Science News. Cut here and paste onto school letterhead before making copies. Dear Family,
LETTER TO FAMILY Cut here and paste onto school letterhead before making copies. Dear Family, Science News We are about to begin a study of objects in the sky the Sun, Moon, and planets. We ll start with
More informationExperimental Design, Data, and Data Summary
Chapter Six Experimental Design, Data, and Data Summary Tests of Hypotheses Because science advances by tests of hypotheses, scientists spend much of their time devising ways to test hypotheses. There
More informationRAINFALL AVERAGES AND SELECTED EXTREMES FOR CENTRAL AND SOUTH FLORIDA. Thomas K. MacVicar
TECHNICAL PUBLICATION #83-2 March 1983 RAINFALL AVERAGES AND SELECTED EXTREMES FOR CENTRAL AND SOUTH FLORIDA by Thomas K. MacVicar "This public document was promulgated at an annual cost of $136.74, or
More informationarxiv:astro-ph/ v1 2 Jun 2006
Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. Forgacs etal AA424 June 5, 2006 (DOI: will be inserted by hand later) Long-term variation in distribution of sunspot groups E. Forgács-Dajka 1,2, B. Major 1, and
More informationA Tall Tower Study of the Impact of the Low-Level Jet on Wind Speed and Shear at Turbine Heights
JP2.11 A Tall Tower Study of the Impact of the Low-Level Jet on Wind Speed and Shear at Turbine Heights Ali Koleiny Keith E. Cooley Neil I. Fox University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 1. INTRODUCTION
More informationSOLAR FORCING. Variations in Solar Emissivity
SOLAR FORCING Solar forcing is the hypothesis that variations in solar emissivity can bring about global climate changes. This hypothesis is undeniable in principle, since virtually all of the Earth s
More informationMonthly Magnetic Bulletin
BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Port Stanley Observatory Monthly Magnetic Bulletin December 2007 07/12/PS Jason Islands a ar C West Falkland Kin gg eor ge B Port Salavador ay Weddell Island Mount Osborne So
More information2013 Tide Newsletter and occasionally by much more. What's more,
The Official Newsletter for the Nor easters Metal Detecting Club! Tide s Ed it io n HTTP://WWW.NOR EASTER S.NET Year ly Ti des for 2013 The Metal Detecting Creed By Jessie Thompson We are Metal Detectorists.
More informationSKYTRACK. Diary of Astronomical Events (All times listed are UT); Singapore Standard (Local) Time = UT + 8 h. January d h.
SKYTRACK Diary of Astronomical Events 2012 (All times listed are UT); Singapore Standard (Local) Time = UT + 8 h January 01 06 FIRST QUARTER 03 03 Jupiter 5ºS of Moon 09 08 FULL MOON 14 07 Mars 9ºN of
More informationAnswer Key for Exam C
Answer Key for Exam C 1 point each Choose the answer that best completes the question. Read each problem carefully and read through all the answers. Take your time. If a question is unclear, ask for clarification
More informationAnswer Key for Exam B
Answer Key for Exam B 1 point each Choose the answer that best completes the question. Read each problem carefully and read through all the answers. Take your time. If a question is unclear, ask for clarification
More informationCorrelative Study of Solar Activity and Cosmic Ray Intensity Variations during Present Solar Cycle 24 in Comparison to Previous Solar Cycles
Correlative Study of Solar Activity and Cosmic Ray Intensity Variations during Present Solar Cycle 24 in Comparison to Previous Solar Cycles ABSTRACT Meera Gupta 1, S.R. Narang 1, V. K. Mishra* 2 & A.
More informationMeasuring Keepers S E S S I O N 1. 5 A
S E S S I O N 1. 5 A Measuring Keepers Math Focus Points Naming, notating, and telling time to the hour on a digital and an analog clock Understanding the meaning of at least in the context of linear measurement
More informationLecture 8 CORRELATION AND LINEAR REGRESSION
Announcements CBA5 open in exam mode - deadline midnight Friday! Question 2 on this week s exercises is a prize question. The first good attempt handed in to me by 12 midday this Friday will merit a prize...
More informationCelestial Sphere. Altitude [of a celestial object] Zenith. Meridian. Celestial Equator
Earth Science Regents Interactive Path of the Sun University of Nebraska Resources Copyright 2011 by Z. Miller Name Period COMPANION WEBSITES: http://www.analemma.com/ http://www.stellarium.org/ INTRODUCTION:
More informationP7: Limiting Factors in Ecosystems
P7: Limiting Factors in Ecosystems Purpose To understand that physical factors temperature and precipitation limit the growth of vegetative ecosystems Overview Students correlate graphs of vegetation vigor
More informationCritical Density of Spacecraft in Low Earth Orbit: Using Fragmentation Data to Evaluate the Stability of the Orbital Debris Environment
Critical Density of Spacecraft in Low Earth Orbit: Using Fragmentation Data to Evaluate the Stability of the Orbital Debris Environment Lockheed Martin Space Operations Company 2400 NASA Rd 1, Houston,
More informationBugs in JRA-55 snow depth analysis
14 December 2015 Climate Prediction Division, Japan Meteorological Agency Bugs in JRA-55 snow depth analysis Bugs were recently found in the snow depth analysis (i.e., the snow depth data generation process)
More informationStockmarket Cycles Report for Wednesday, January 21, 2015
Stockmarket Cycles Report for Wednesday, January 21, 2015 Welcome to 2015! As those of you who have been reading these reports over the past year or longer know, 2015 is set up in so many different ways
More informationSeasonal Variations of the Urban Heat Island Effect:
Seasonal Variations of the Urban Heat Island Effect: Examining the Differences in Temperature Between the City of Philadelphia and its Outlying Suburbs By: Frank Vecchio 1 P a g e We re calling for a high
More informationProduced by Canadian Ice Service of. 2 December Seasonal Outlook Gulf of St Lawrence and East Newfoundland Waters Winter
Environment Canada Environnement Canada Produced by Canadian Ice Service of Environment Canada 2 December 2010 Seasonal Outlook Gulf of St Lawrence and East Newfoundland Waters Winter 2010-2011 2010 Canadian
More information2011 Year in Review TORNADOES
2011 Year in Review The year 2011 had weather events that will be remembered for a long time. Two significant tornado outbreaks in April, widespread damage and power outages from Hurricane Irene in August
More informationPractice Questions: Seasons #1
1. Seasonal changes on Earth are primarily caused by the A) parallelism of the Sun's axis as the Sun revolves around Earth B) changes in distance between Earth and the Sun C) elliptical shape of Earth's
More informationUNST 232 Mentor Section Assignment 5 Historical Climate Data
UNST 232 Mentor Section Assignment 5 Historical Climate Data 1 introduction Informally, we can define climate as the typical weather experienced in a particular region. More rigorously, it is the statistical
More informationDiscrete distribution. Fitting probability models to frequency data. Hypotheses for! 2 test. ! 2 Goodness-of-fit test
Discrete distribution Fitting probability models to frequency data A probability distribution describing a discrete numerical random variable For example,! Number of heads from 10 flips of a coin! Number
More informationIn Search of GLOBE Data Teacher Answer Sheet
In Search of GLOBE Data Teacher Answer Sheet These answer sheets provide a number of possible answers for the open questions within the In Search of GLOBE Data Student Worksheets. These answers are by
More information2. Descriptive Astronomy ( Astronomy Without a Telescope )
How do we locate stars in the heavens? 2. Descriptive Astronomy ( Astronomy Without a Telescope ) What stars are visible from a given location? Where is the sun in the sky at any given time? Where are
More informationBoy Scout Badge Workshop ASTRONOMY
Boy Scout Badge Workshop ASTRONOMY Welcome to the Schenectady Museum & Suits-Bueche Planetarium! During this workshop, you will explore the museum, see a show in the planetarium, and try out some other
More informationSolar photovoltaic energy production comparison of east, west, south-facing and tracked arrays
The Canadian Society for Bioengineering The Canadian society for engineering in agricultural, food, environmental, and biological systems. La Société Canadienne de Génie Agroalimentaire et de Bioingénierie
More informationDrought in Southeast Colorado
Drought in Southeast Colorado Nolan Doesken and Roger Pielke, Sr. Colorado Climate Center Prepared by Tara Green and Odie Bliss http://climate.atmos.colostate.edu 1 Historical Perspective on Drought Tourism
More informationOperation and Supply Chain Management Prof. G. Srinivasan Department of Management Studies Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
Operation and Supply Chain Management Prof. G. Srinivasan Department of Management Studies Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Lecture - 3 Forecasting Linear Models, Regression, Holt s, Seasonality
More informationDigitized Global Monthly Mean Ocean Surface Temperatures
NCAR-TN-54 Digitized Global Monthly Mean Ocean Surface Temperatures W. M. WASHINGTON L. G. THIEL December 1970 NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH Boulder, Colorado I iii PREFACE Monthly means of
More information3. Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )
3. Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Basic information on CO 2 with regard to environmental issues Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a significant greenhouse gas that has strong absorption bands in the infrared region and
More informationPhys Lab #1: The Sun and the Constellations
Phys 10293 Lab #1: The Sun and the Constellations Introduction Astronomers use a coordinate system that is fixed to Earth s latitude and longitude. This way, the coordinates of a star or planet are the
More informationInvestigation IV: Seasonal Precipitation and Seasonal Surface Runoff in the US
Investigation IV: Seasonal Precipitation and Seasonal Surface Runoff in the US Purpose Students will consider the seasonality of precipitation and surface runoff and think about how the time of year can
More informationEarth Moon Motions A B1
Earth Moon Motions A B1 1. The Coriolis effect provides evidence that Earth (1) rotates on its axis (2) revolves around the Sun (3) undergoes cyclic tidal changes (4) has a slightly eccentric orbit 9.
More informationCoordinates on the Sphere
Survey Observations Coordinates on the Sphere Any position on the surface of a sphere (such as the Earth or the night sky) can be expressed in terms of the angular coordinates latitude and longitude Latitude
More informationTrends in policing effort and the number of confiscations for West Coast rock lobster
Trends in policing effort and the number of confiscations for West Coast rock lobster A. Brandão, S. Johnston and D.S. Butterworth Marine Resource Assessment & Management Group (MARAM) Department of Mathematics
More information