Our Material World 1 Write On Booklet. 1. Earth and the Solar System
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1 Our Material World 1 Write On Booklet 1. Earth and the Solar System Know the names of all the planets and their order from the sun Know what the nearest star is called Know that Earth is a planet with one moon Activity: 1. Watch: Eyewitness Planets DVD 2. Complete the following sentences:- 1. Planets were first called wandering stars because they can be seen m across a background of stars. 2. The age of the sun is billion years old 3. The Earth would fit into the Sun times. 4. List all the planets and Pluto in order from the Sun. M, Venus, E, Mars, J, Saturn, U Neptune, P. 5. Mercury is so hot, it has lost its atmosphere and is covered with craters because it is very near the S. 2
2 6. The brightest planet as seen from earth is V. 7. The first man in space was U G. 8. He was from the U. 9. The first person to stand on the moon was N A. 10. Only people have set foot on the moon. 11. Label this picture to show an eclipse (put the names in the boxes). Ans: 12. We use a t to see the stars and planets 13. Hubble telescope is in s. 14. The Hubble telescope works much better than any land based version because the atmosphere makes telescope images b. The Hubble is a the atmosphere. 3
3 15. The surface of Earth is covered with water. M is the other planet known to have water on its surface (mainly ice). 16. The colour of Mars appears to be red because surface has a lot of r. 17. The asteroid belt is made up of r left over from the formation of the solar system. 18. The biggest planet is called J. 19: The most obvious feature on the surface of Jupiter is a large red s. 20. S is the planet that has the most spectacular rings round it. 21. The Earth and N both appear to have a blue colour. They appear blue because they have liquid m on the surface. 22. The four planets from Jupiter outwards from the sun are giant planets made of g. 23. Up till 2006 Pluto was also called a planet. Now it has been reclassified as a minor planet. How many planets does it now mean are in our Solar System? Answer: 4
4 2. How Big is the Solar System Know where Earth is in the Solar system Understand the vast distances in the Solar System Know that Earth has one moon held in place by gravity Activity: 1. Read: Starting Science book 2 from p10 2. Use the information to complete the following sentences: Our solar system 1. The number of rocky planets is 2. The number of gas giants is 3. The planet which is roughly five times further from the sun than earth is J. 4. Pluto is no longer called a planet because it is very s and its o is in a different plane than the rest of the planets. 5. The number of moons the Earth has is. 6. The planet with the most moons is U. 5
5 The Moon 1. The force which holds the moon in orbit is called g. 2. People thought that animals and humans could lose their mind in the full moon and called them lunatics because luna means the m. 6
6 3. Model Solar System Know about the structure of the Earth Know about the inner core, the outer core, the mantle and the crust Activity: Label the following diagram of the Earth as shown in your work book. (Answer from Starting Science Book 1 p16) Activity: Complete the following sentences: 1. The inside of the Earth is made up of 4 main sections: the inner c, the o c, the m and the c. 2. The crust is the c part. It contains the least d rock. 7
7 4. Planet Earth Rocks 1 Know about igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and how each was formed. Be able to name some features of igneous rocks Be able to name some features of sedimentary rocks Be able to give some examples of both igneous and sedimentary rocks Activity: Complete the following sentence and tables: There are 3 main rock types. They are called i, s and m. Igneous Name of Rock Description Sedimentary Name of Rock Description 8
8 5. Planet Earth Rocks 2 Be able to describe how metamorphic rocks were formed Be able to give some examples of metamorphic rocks Activity: Complete the following table and sentences: Metamorphic Name of Rock Description Notes: Sample is a rock because it. Sample is a rock because it. 9
9 6. The States of Matter Know what the three states of matter are Be able to give three examples of substances which are found in each of the three states Be able to classify the substances as belonging to each of the three states Activity: Complete the following table: Fill in the names of the substances below:- Solids Liquids Gases 10
10 Activity: Use the States of Matter Set to complete the following 3 tables: Name of Solid Heavy or Light? Name of Solid Hard or Soft? Name of Solid Is it Opaque? 11
11 7. Liquids and Gases Be able to describe some properties of a solid, liquid and gas. Be able to identify a substance as solid, liquid or gas based on its properties. Activity: Complete the following table: Differences Between Liquids Name of Is It What Does It Thick or Liquid Clear? Colour? Flow? Thin? 12
12 Activity: Look at the following five statements. Only 3 are correct. Draw a line through the two statements which are not correct 1. Light can pass through all liquids. 2. A liquid keeps its volume. 3. Liquids change shape. A liquid takes the shape of the container it is in. 4. Liquids are clear. 5. Liquids flow. Think about: Do gases always keep the same shape? Are all gases colourless? Does a gas always take up the same amount of space? Can gases flow? How far will a gas spread? Activity: Complete the summary using the words Volume Shape Flow Summary Solids have a fixed and. Solids do not. Liquids have a fixed. Liquids do not have a fixed. Liquids. Gases do not have a fixed or. Gases. 13
13 8. Particles Be able to describe some properties of a solid, liquid and gas. Be able to identify a substance as solid, liquid or gas based on its properties. Activity: Complete the statements and diagrams below As the purple liquid was d more and more, the p spread and so the liquid got p. Even when the colour eventually d some purple particles must still have been there because they were in the purple liquid before it was diluted. The purple particles have s out until we can not s them any more. Mixing Solids Label and colour the 3 measuring cylinders to show the volumes in each cylinder Peas Rice Peas and Rice 14
14 the volume of rice = the volume of peas = the total volume of mixed rice and peas = Mixing Liquids Label and colour in the 3 measuring cylinders to show the volumes in each cylinder Alcohol Water Alcohol and Water the volume of alcohol = the volume of water = the total volume of mixed alcohol and water = Summary All materials are made of particles. When 2 materials mix, particles of one substance move through and into spaces between the particles of the other substance. 15
15 9. Particles in Motion 1 Know that particles of a gas are moving Know that the skin of a balloon must contain tiny holes Know that the particles of a gas will move till the container the gas is in is full of the gas Be able to draw and describe the speed of motion of gas particles Activity: Draw in the balloons after a few days Activity: Colour in the balloon 16
16 Activity: Complete the paragraph and diagrams below Gases are made up of very tiny p. These very tiny particles are always moving and escape through tiny h in the skin of the balloon. The particles in balloon A must be s than the particles in balloon B because m of them escape. Brown Gas Colour in the diagram below to show what happens when the lids are removed. Before After Complete the following: Particles of the b gas m to fill the container that they are in. This happens whether the gas is at the t of the container or the b of the container. 17
17 10. Particles in Motion 2 Know that the particles of a liquid are always moving Be able to draw or recognise a particle picture of a liquid Be able to draw or recognise a particle picture of a solid Be able to compare the speed of movement of particles in a solid and a liquid Particles Moving in Liquids Activity: Colour in and label the diagram below to show the dish after a few minutes. Petri dish with water crystals A crystals B Activity: Complete the sentences: The b colour appears where the 2 chemicals meet. The position of this line shows that both chemicals have m out from where they have started. This is caused by movement of the p. Activity: Copy the diagrams on page 26-7 of work book Particles in a Liquid Particles in a Solid 18
18 11. Diffusion Know that there are spaces between the particles of a solid Know what diffusion is in solids liquids and gases Activity: Fill in the missing word. When particles of one substance move through the particles of another substance we call this d. Diffusion in Solids Activity: Draw 4 test tubes below and colour to show the blue crystals before and after. Before After Complete: Particles of the blue s have diffused through the particles of the g. This happens whether the s is going up the way or d the way. Diffusion in Gases (from lesson 9) Activity: Complete the sentences: The scent from the c moved from the front to the b of the room. The room already contained a and so there must have been s between the air particles so the s particles could move through it. This process is called d. 19
19 Diffusion in liquids (from Lesson 10)' When the pale green solid and the orange solid were put at opposite sides of a container of water, their p diffused through the water until they met in the middle, where they reacted to form a b solution. 20
20 12. Expansion and contraction Be able to define expand and contract Be able to describe what effect heating and cooling will have on the volume of an object Be able to explain expansion and contraction in terms of particles and spaces Heating solids Activity: Complete the sentences: When the gauge is heated it. When something gets bigger we say it e. When something gets s we say it contracts. Heating Liquids Activity: Complete the sentence: When the liquid in the tube is put in hot water it. 21
21 Activity: Complete the sentences: When substances are heated, their particles move f and spread out more. The substance expands. When substances are cooled, their particles move s and move closer together. The substance contracts. Activity: Decide whether or not you think the following statements are true or false? Write True or False after each statement 1. Gases can expand roughly 3000 times more than solids. 2. The Forth railway bridge is 2.5 km long in the winter time, but in the summer time it is half a meter longer. 3. It would be a sensible idea to have power cables hanging tightly just before the start of winter months. 22
22 13. One Substance 3 States Know the correct words for the changes of state between a solid, a liquid and a gas Be able to draw the particle pictures for these changes of state Know what effect the changes of state have on the speed of motion of the particles and how tightly held together they are Solid and Liquid Activity: Draw a beaker of ice with a thermometer in it. Complete the following using the particle pictures from lesson 9: Ice Water Melting Freezing Heat from the room is needed to change ice into w. The particles are now held together less strongly and are moving f. 23
23 Liquid and Gas Water and Steam The change of state from liquid to gas is called evaporation and the reverse change of state is called condensation. Activity: Complete the Particle Diagram Water Steam or Water Vapour Evaporation Condensation Activity: Complete the sentences: The Bunsen b provides heat to change the liquid, w into the g, steam. The particles of water in steam are now held together l tightly than before and they are moving faster. 24
24 14. Pressure Understand what causes pressure in a container Be able to state what effect changing the temperature has on pressure Be able to explain why changing the temperature changes the pressure Be able to state two other ways of changing pressure Activity: Your teacher will demonstrate the effect of reducing the pressure inside a container. Bottle with equal pressure inside and out Bottle with some of the air removed from inside Greater pressure outside than in Activity: Complete the statement: When enough a is removed or the p is reduced inside the bottle the bottle will collapse. 25
25 Temperature and Pressure Activity: Complete the diagram and table below: Apparatus Table Volume of air (cm 3 ) At start In tap water In hot water In cold water Activity: Some of the statements below are true and some are false. Use the statements which you think are true to write an explanation for what happened in your experiments. For any false statements, you should be able to change one or two of the words to make them true. The syringe contained a gas When the gas was heated, it took up less space Heating a substance makes the particles move faster Heating a substance makes the particles get bigger Heating a substance makes the particles spread out more Heating a substance means that the spaces between the particles get smaller 26
26 Explanation of observations in experiment: Use your corrected statements above to complete these statements The syringe contained a. When the was heated, it took up space. Heating a substance makes the particles move. Heating a substance makes the particles get. Heating a substance makes the particles. Heating a substance means that the spaces between the particles get. Complete the following: Three ways to change the pressure inside a container are:
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