2. The diagram below represents the apparent path of the Sun as seen by an observer at 65 N on March 21.

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1 1. Which diagram best represents the regions of Earth in sunlight on June 21 and December 21? [NP indicates the North Pole and the shading represents Earth's night side. Diagrams are not drawn to scale.] A) 3. Positions 1, 2, and 3 in the diagram below represent the noon Sun above the horizon on three different days during the year, as viewed from Binghamton, New York. B) C) D) At which position was the noon Sun on January 21, as viewed from Binghamton? A) above position 1 B) below position 3 C) between position 1 and position 2 D) between position 2 and position 3 2. The diagram below represents the apparent path of the Sun as seen by an observer at 65 N on March 21. The Sun's position shown in the diagram was observed closest to which time of day? A) 9 a.m. B) 11 a.m. C) 3 p.m. D) 6 p.m.

2 4. The map below shows four locations, A, B, C, and D, on the continent of South America. Which location is the first to experience sunset on September 23? A) A B) B C) C D) D

3 5. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents the Moon at different positions, labeled A, B, C, and D, in its orbit around Earth. At which two Moon positions would an observer on Earth most likely experience the highest high tides and the lowest low tides? A) A and B B) B and C C) C and A D) D and B Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents eight numbered positions of the Moon in its orbit around Earth. 6. A solar eclipse might be observed from Earth when the Moon is at which position? A) 1 B) 5 C) 3 D) 7

4 7. Which phase of the Moon will be observed in New York State when the Moon is at position 8? A) B) C) D) Base your answers to questions 8 through 10 on the graph below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The graph shows the tidal range (the difference between the highest tide and the lowest tide) recorded in Minas Basin, Nova Scotia, during November The phase of the Moon on selected days is shown above the graph. The dates that the Moon was farthest from Earth (apogee) and closest to Earth (perigee) are indicated under the graph. 8. The next first-quarter Moon after November 17 occurred closest to A) December 9 B) December 14 C) December 17 D) December The highest high tides and the lowest low tides occurred when the Moon was near A) apogee and a new-moon phase B) apogee and a full-moon phase C) perigee and a new-moon phase D) perigee and a full-moon phase 10. The tidal range on November 8 was approximately A) 11 m B) 2 m C) 13 m D) 15 m

5 11. The diagram below represents positions of Earth in its orbit around the Sun and twelve constellations that can be seen in the midnight sky by an observer in New York State at different times of the year. The approximate locations of the constellations in relation to Earth's orbit are shown. Which date is correctly paired with two constellations that can be seen in the sky at midnight? A) May 21: Scorpius and Taurus B) August 21: Libra and Virgo C) November 21: Gemini and Capricorn D) February 21: Leo and Cancer 12. Which sequence of stars is listed in order of increasing luminosity? A) Spica, Rigel, Deneb, Betelgeuse B) Polaris, Deneb, 40 Eridani B, Proxima Centauri C) Barnards Star, Alpha Centauri, Rigel, Spica D) Procyon B, Sun, Sirius, Betelgeus

6 13. A camera was placed outside at night and pointed directly at Polaris and several other stars. The lens was kept open and a time-exposure photograph was taken. The diagram below represents that photograph of Polaris and star trails, with an angular protractor to measure apparent motion. How many hours was the lens kept open to create the star trails in this photograph? A) 1 hour B) 6 hours C) 3 hours D) 4 hours 14. The best evidence of Earth's rotation is provided by the A) shape of Earth's orbit B) shape of the Milky Way galaxy C) changes in the total yearly duration of insolation at a location on Earth D) apparent changes in the direction of swing of a Foucault pendulum

7 15. The arrows in the diagram below show changes in the direction of surface winds at four lettered locations, A, B, C, and D, on Earth. The arrow at which location correctly shows a deflection of the wind that could be due to the Coriolis effect? A) A B) B C) C D) D 16. If Earth's rate of rotation increases, the length of one Earth day will be A) shorter than 24 hours B) longers than 24 hours C) 24 hours, with a shorter nighttime period D) 24 hours, with a longer nighttime period 17. Which object orbits Earth in both the Earth-centered (geocentric) and Sun-centered (heliocentric) models of our solar system? A) the Moon B) the Sun C) Venus D) Polaris

8 18. The graph below shows the varying amount of gravitational attraction between the Sun and an asteroid in our solar system. Letters A, B, C, and D indicate four positions in the asteroid's orbit. Which diagram best represents the positions of the asteroid in its orbit around the Sun? [Note: The diagrams are not drawn to scale.] A) B) C) D)

9 19. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows positions of the Moon in its orbit and phases of the Moon as viewed from New York State. What is the eccentricity of the Moon's orbit? A) B) C) D) 0.723

10 20. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents the orbital paths of the four Jovian planets and Halley's comet around the Sun. Halley's comet has a revolution period of 76 years. In 1986, Halley's comet was at perihelion, its closest point to the Sun. Letters A, B, C, and D represent locations of Halley's comet in its orbit. Location D represents Halley's comet at aphelion, its farthest point from the Sun. The comet's tail is shown at perihelion and at locations B and C. Compared to the velocity of Jupiter in its orbit, the velocity of Halley's comet is A) always less B) always greater C) always the same D) sometimes less and sometimes greater 21. Which planet has completed less than one orbit of the Sun in the last 100 years? A) Mars B) Mercury C) Neptune D) Uranus

11 Base your answers to questions 22 and 23 on the diagrams below. The diagrams represent the events that occur when a large meteor, such as the one believed to have caused the extinction of many organisms, impacts Earth's surface. Diagram A shows the meteor just before impact. Diagram B represents the crater forming, along with the vapor and ejecta (the fragmented rock and dust) thrown into the atmosphere. 22. Which statement best explains how global climate would most likely be affected after this large meteor impact? A) Large quantities of ejecta in the atmosphere would block insolation and lower global temperatures. B) An increase in vapor and ejecta would allow radiation to escape Earth's atmosphere and lower global temperatures. C) Ejecta settling in thick layers would increase the absorption of insolation by Earth's surface and raise global temperatures. D) Forest fires produced from the vapor and ejecta would raise global temperatures. 23. Many meteors are believed to be fragments of celestial objects normally found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. These objects are classified as A) stars B) asteroids C) planets D) moons

12 Base your answers to questions 24 through 27 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents Earth's revolution around the Sun. Points A, B, C, and D represent Earth's positions in its orbit on the first day of each of the four seasons. The major axis and the foci (the center of the Sun and the other focus) of Earth's orbit are shown. 24. At which two positions will an observer in New York State experience approximately 12 hours of daylight during one rotation of Earth? A) A and B B) A and C C) B and C D) B and D 25. At positions A, B, C, and D, the north end of Earth's axis of rotation is pointing toward A) Betelgeuse B) Polaris C) the center of the Milky Way D) the center of our solar system 26. Since Earth has an elliptical orbit, the A) distance between the Sun and Earth varies B) distance between the Sun and the other focus varies C) length of Earth's major axis varies D) length of Earth's period of revolution varies 27. Approximately how many days (d) does it take Earth to travel from position A to position C? A) 91 d B) 182 d C) 274 d D) 365 d 28. Fourteen billion years represents the approximate age of A) Earth B) Earth's Moon C) our solar system D) the universe

13 29. According to the Big Bang theory, which graph best represents the relationship between time and the size of the universe from the beginning of the universe to the present? A) B) C) D)

14 30. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents the inferred changes to the luminosity and color of the Sun throughout its life cycle. The diagonal dashed line represents the main sequence stars. The numbers 1 through 5 represent stages in the life cycle of the Sun. The Sun is inferred to be the most luminous when it is classified as a A) white dwarf star B) gas cloud (nebula) C) main sequence star D) giant star 31. The diagrams below represent the compass direction and altitude of the Sun's rays at noon for a location on Earth on four different dates. What is the latitude of this location? A) 0 B) 23.5 N C) 23.5 S D) 90 N

15 32. The diagram below represents Earth and the Sun's incoming rays. Letters A, B, C, and D represent locations on Earth's surface. Which two locations are receiving the same intensity of insolation? A) A and B B) B and C C) C and D D) D and B 33. The diagram below represents a model of the size of the Sun and indicates the color of the Sun. Which diagram best represents the relative size and indicates the color of Polaris compared to the Sun? A) B) C) D) 34. The reaction below represents an energy-producing process. The reaction represents how energy is produced A) in the Sun by fusion B) when water condenses in Earth's atmosphere C) from the movement of crustal plates D) during nuclear decay

16 35. The shaded portion of the map below indicates areas of night and the unshaded portion indicates areas of daylight. What day of the year is best represented by the map? A) March 21 B) June 21 C) September 21 D) December The diagram below represents Earth and the Moon as viewed from above the North Pole. Points A, B, C, and D are locations on Earth's surface. According to the diagram, where will high ocean tides and low ocean tides most likely be located? A) High tides at A and B; low tides at C and D B) high tides at B and D; low tides at A and C C) high tides at A and C; low tides at B and D D) high tides at C and D; low tides at A and B

17 37. The graph below shows ocean tide height in feet (ft) over a 44-hour period for a coastal location in the northeastern United States. The dots represent either high or low tides. If the pattern shown continued, the next low tide occurred on Day 3 at approximately A) 12 midnight B) 1:30 a.m. C) 1:00 p.m. D) 6:00 p.m.

18 38. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents a model of the Earth-Moon system as viewed from above the North Pole. The numbers 1 through 8 represent positions of the Moon as it revolves around Earth. The parts of the diagram lettered A through D show how the Moon's phases appear to an observer in New Jersey. As the Moon's phase changes from first quarter to last quarter, the visible portion of the Moon as observed from Earth will A) decrease, only B) increase, only C) decrease, then increase D) increase, then decrease 39. The new-moon phase occurs when the Moon is positioned between the Earth and the Sun. However, these positions do not always cause an eclipse (blocking) of the Sun because the A) Moon's orbit is tilted relative to the Earth's orbit B) new-moon phase is visible only at night C) night side of the Moon faces toward the Earth D) apparent diameter of the Moon is greatest during the new-moon phase 40. Compared to terrestrial planets, Jovian planets have A) smaller equatorial diameters and shorter periods of revolution B) smaller equatorial diameters and longer periods of revolution C) larger equatorial diameters and shorter periods of revolution D) larger equatorial diameters and longer periods of revolution

19 Answer Key Extra Astronomy Review C 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. A 11. D 12. D 13. D 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. A 18. A 19. B 20. D 21. C 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. B 26. A 27. B 28. D 29. A 30. D 31. A 32. D 33. D 34. A 35. D 36. B 37. B 38. D 39. A 40. D