Observations vs. Inferences. Density. Rate of Change / Gradient
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1 Observations vs. Inferences Observations: perceptions/facts that can be seen or measured with senses or instruments In addition to this review, study ALL previous TESTS, Quizzes, labs, handouts and notes. Use the questions from tests, quizzes, and your workbook as practice. On the day of your exam, you must have pens, pencils, your ESRT, a calculator, and a ruler. : assumption/conclusion based on observations/facts Measurements: use the ESRT for equations and conversions Page 13: Temperature conversions o Fscale is in s, o Cand K by s Density ESRT pg. D = mass/volume High density Low density Density of water (ESRT pg. 1) = 1.0g/mL Warm air/liquid has density; Cool air/liquid has density; EXCEPTION: WATER IS MOST DENSE IN LIQUID FORM (4 O C) Pressure, Density Temp., Density Rate of Change / Gradient ESRT pg. RoC or Gradient = Change in Values (subtract) distance or time Steep Slope/Gradient when isolines are close together 1
2 Earth s Changes Most of Earth s changes are: Predictable Ex: moon phases, sun rise/set, seasons, tides, rocks, etc. Measuring Earth Earth s shape is an In a diagram it looks like a sphere/circle Don t confuse Earth s shape with the shape of its orbit/revolution a slightly eccentric. ESRT pg. 15 mass, density, & diameter Evidence of shape: sinking ships, ALTITUDE OF POLARIS = LATITUDE OF OBSERVER Measuring Earth Earth s composition by mass/volume ESRT page (also pg. 10) Spheres of Earth lithosphere (crust), hydrosphere (water), & atmosphere (air) Properties of Earth s atmosphere: ESRT page ESRT pg. 15 mass, density, & diameter Spheres of Earth Atmosphere air; ESRT pages 1 & 14 Lithosphere crust; ESRT pages 1, 5, & 10 Hydrosphere water; ESRT page 1 & 4 (currents) 2
3 Latitude / Longitude ALTITUDE OF POLARIS (North Star) = LATITUDE OF OBSERVER (in N. Hemisphere) Latitude drawn left to rt.; measures above/below equator ; read up & down Equator s latitude = o North Pole = o N NY Latitude ESRT page (40 o 45 o N); you can locate NY cities latitude using this map Latitude / Longitude Longitude (drawn up & down) is read right & left ESRT page 3: NY s longitude 72 o 79 o Prime Meridian = o International Date Line = o Every o Longitude = 1 hour time difference (West Less, East Increase) Rotation Earth rotates (spins) on axis from West to East Rotation causes apparent changes. 24 hours ESRT pg. 15 Night/day; DAILY path of stars FOUCAULT PENDULUM = ROTATION CORIOLIS EFFECT = ROTATION Field/Topographic Maps Take Notes on the following Isolines lines connection points of equal value Isotherm (temp.) Isobar (pressure) Contour lines (elevation) You will be asked to connect the dots & calculate the gradient (ESRT pg. 1) 3
4 Field Map Symbols Streams flow from to elevations a V shape will bend around and point in its direction Circles around each other represent hills/mountains Depression lines at the top of a hill, show a decrease in elevation (volcano hole) The the lines, the steeper the slope, faster the winds, etc. Use the contour interval & distance keys on the bottom Calculate gradient ESRT page ; measure using a RULER, convert using the key Big Bang Theory Galaxies/planets formed by an explosion Proof: Radiation/ Shift (moving FURTHER away) & the Doppler Effect Blue shift means moving closer Wavelengths: ESRT page Stars Energy comes from ESRT pg. 15; luminosity, size, color, temp. Group forms a constellation Space Universe Galaxy Solar System Planets/Stars We are in the Milky Way Galaxy Sun is the ONLY STAR in our solar system Star Data: ESRT pg. (note: temp. decreases from left to right) Planet Data: ESRT pg. 4
5 Models of the Solar System Geocentric: is the center Heliocentric: the is the center Ellipse Shape of our orbit ESRT pg. 1 Eccentricity = dist. Btwn foci/length axis Use a in cm and answer to the nearest thousandth (3 # s after the decimal) Eccentricity should be BETWEEN & 1.0; if it s greater than 1, your answer is WRONG! ESRT pg. 15 (eccentricity of orbit) Ecc. Close to 0 = circle Ecc. Close to 1 = line The SUN is always one in our solar system Revolution Orbit around sun ESRT pg. 15 Counterclockwise days Causes SEASONS & seasonal constellations, along with the 23.5 o tilt DO NOT CONFUSE ROTATION & REVOLUTION KNOW THIS North Pole is tilted towards the sun in northern hemisphere (June 21) North Pole is tilted away from the sun in northern hemisphere (December 21) Equinoxes equal day/night (March 21 & September 23) 5
6 Seasons KNOW THIS Equinoxes: March 21 st & Sept. 23 rd sun rises to equal day/night Summer Solstice: June 21 st sun rises to ; longest day Winter Solstice: December 21 st sun rises SE to SW; shortest day; closest to sun Equator always has 12 hrs. daylight Shadows Lower altitude of sun = longer shadow Longest shadows in WINTER Moon Phases Moon phases: the lit part of the moon seen from Earth; caused by the moon s revolution around Earth Moon phases are CYCLIC &. 6
7 Tides Due to pull of gravity (earth/moon) Occur about every 6 hours Greatest tides (Spring tides) are when the sun, Earth, & moon are aligned Lowest tides are when the Earth, moon, and sun form right angles Eclipses Lunar sun, Earth, moon Solar sun, moon, earth New Moon: eclipse Full Moon: eclipse Energy Wavelengths: ESRT page 14 Conduction: heat transfer in due to molecules colliding (ex: touching a hot pan) Convection: circular movement of liquids and gases due to Warm density rises, cool density sinks ESRT page 14 shows convection currents in the troposphere Radiation Radiation: heat transfer through EM waves (sunlight) Most radiation is by dark & rough/textured surfaces Radiation is by light & smooth surfaces 7
8 Specific Heat Specific Heat: ESRT page 1; water has the specific heat; takes longer to heat and longer to cool ESRT page 1: Properties of Water how many joules required to melt, evaporate, condense, vaporize Insolation Insolation short wavelengths of incoming solar radiation You MUST KNOW the diagrams that depict Earth s tilt/orbit & the seasons (pages 106 & 118) Greenhouse Effect: Earth s greenhouse gases insulate the Earth An increase in carbon emissions (from burning fossil fuels) causes an increase in the amount of heat kept in Earth s atmosphere (reflected long waves on infrared radiation are kept in) Layer: acts as a filter of UV rays Changes Daily changes in weather are affected by our seasons ESRT page 13 temperature (thermometer) conversions; use a ruler ESRT page 14 Troposphere shows planetary winds; named for the direction from which they originate from (ex: NW winds come from the ) Measurements: thermometer temperature, barometer pressure Windward / Leeward Windward: cool, wet air rises, expands, cools, condenses, forms clouds & precipitation Dry, Warmer Leeward air sinks & compresses 8
9 Winds Coriolis Effect: winds curve to in Northern Hemisphere Winds to in Southern Hemisphere Heat Budget between the energy Earth gains & loses Earth gets energy from the sun s radiation (short waves) & interior heat Energy is lost when it is released (bounced) back (terrestrial long waves) Global Warming Rising in the Earth s average temperature Caused by production of more (CO 2, CH 3 (Methane), H 2 O vapor) More Greenhouse gases = elevated greenhouse effect = global warming Main cause: (factories, power plants, car exhaust) produces more CO 2 El Nino Every 2 10 years waters of Eastern Pacific Ocean (South America) are replaced with waters Causes a warming event leading to flooding, then droughts, and heat waves; marine life dies La Niña (opposite) leads to cooler climates than normal 9
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