Science4. Student s book. Natural

Transcription

1 Science4 Student s book Natural

2 Contents LESSON Page VALUES COMMUNICATION AND CRITICAL SPIRIT COMPETENCES AND MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES 1. The Earth 4 to 17 Taking care of our planet. Explaining the Solar System and the Earth s rotation. Mathematical competence and basic competence in science and technology / Visual-spatial. 2. The Atmosphere 18 to 31 Knowing the ozone layer and its importance. Discussing the world s major climate zones and climate factors. Knowledge and interaction with the world / Naturalistic. 3. Hydrosphere 32 to 41 Understanding the importance of water in our lives. Explaining the differences between sea water and continental water. Knowledge and interaction with the world / Naturalistic. 4. Geosphere 42 to 57 Knowing the importance of the Earth s natural resources. Understanding the geosphere s layers: natural movements and main relief structures. Knowledge and interaction with the world / Naturalistic. 5. Landscapes 58 to 71 Knowing the importance and impact of human activity. Explaining the difference between land and aquatic biomes. Knowledge and interaction with the world / Naturalistic. 6. Territorial Organisation 72 to 87 Knowing the values of the European Union. Valuing the importance of territorial organisation. Social and civic competence / Interpersonal. 7. Population and work 88 to 101 Understanding and respecting diversity. Explaining changing population factors. Mathematical competence and basic competence in science and technology / Verbal linguistic. 8. Time and History 102 to 119 Respecting the historical and cultural heritage. Talking about democracy as a political system. Cultural awareness and expression / Intrapersonal.

3 I HAVE LEARNT Read Speak Talk Write Listen I can read different types of maps. I can talk about the movements of the Earth and the moon. I can explain the time zones. I can write about celestial bodies of the Solar System. I can listen to information about the Earth s spheres. I can read about weather factors. I can talk about the composition of the atmosphere. I can explain the differences between the four seasons. I can write about Spain s climates. I can listen to and understand a meteorological report. I can read about water distribution in the world. I can name the elements of the water cycle. I can talk about sea water and continental water. I can write about the main rivers of Spain. I can listen to the teacher speaking about the main rivers of Europe. I can read about the Earth s layers and its composition. I can name rocks, minerals and gemstones. I can explain the movement of tectonic plates. I can write about the relief structures of the Earth. I can listen about the uses of rocks, minerals and gemstones. I can read about the main landscape. I can name the geographical features. I can explain the different coastlines in Spain. I can write about the characteristics of land biomes. I can listen about natural resources. I can read how Spain s political organisation works. I can name the difference between autonomous communities and provinces. I can talk about the autonomous communities of Spain. I can write about the organisation of a town. I can listen about how the European Union works. I can read about population graphs. I can speak about emigration and immigration. I can talk about the three different economic sectors. I can write about map symbols. I can listen about road safety. I know how to measure and represent timelines. I can name historical periods. I can explain the differences between the periods of Prehistory. I can write about the main civilizations of Ancient History. I can listen to information about historical and cultural heritage.

4 Lesson 1 The Earth You will learn about The Solar System The movements of the Earth The seasons The moon Eclipses Representation of the Earth Scales and map symbols Time zones 4 four

5 Look and think This is the planet Earth. It is called the blue planet. Do you know why it is called this? Why do you think there is light on one side and dark on the other? Vocabulary Planets Asteroid Meteor Satellite Solar and lunar eclipses Scale Meridians Parallels International Dateline five 5

6 The Solar System What is the Solar System? It is our Sun and everything that travels around it. The Solar System is elliptical in shape. This means it has the form of an egg. It has eight planets with their satellites and other space objects that orbit around the Sun. The Sun is in the centre of the Solar System. Did you know? Telescopes are used to observe the universe. For the past 400 years telescopes have helped astronomers to see into the depths of outer space. Did you know? The Sun s force of gravity is very powerful and pulls the planets towards it. Notebook activities Learn about the planets using a mnemonic rule. 1. In pairs, create your own mnemonic rules. Think and write sentences where the first letters of the word are the same sequence as you are trying to learn. 2. Share your sentences with the rest of the class. 6 six

7 An asteroid is a rocky body that orbits around the Sun. A natural satellite is a celestial body that orbits a planet. Meteors are small pieces of rock or minerals that have broken off a larger asteroid. A comet is an icy body that gives off gas or dust. Talk about it What information do you know about meteors, satellites, comets and asteroids? Do you know if there are any other types of satellites? Watch the video. Draw a picture of our Solar System including all you have seen. seven 7

8 The movements of the Earth Rotation The planets spin as they orbit the Sun. It takes the Earth 24 hours to make one complete turn on its axis, so an Earth day is 24 hours long.the Sun lights up one half of the Earth, and the other half is in shadow. As the Earth spins we move from dark to light and light to dark. Sunrise Day Sunset Night Did you know? The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Watch these videos to see the Earth rotating. Learn about day and night. 8 eight

9 Orbit The Earth revolves around the sun once every 365 days. This orbit combined with the tilt gives us the seasons. Notebook activities 1. In pairs, with modelling clay, create the Earth s rotation and revolution on a poster board. 2. Prepare a class display with your creations. Take turns and explain how it works. Watch the vídeo and learn about the seasons. Look at the map and observe the changes in the seasons depending on the month. nine 9

10 The Moon The Moon is the Earth s only natural satellite. A natural satellite is a celestial body that orbits a planet. It is the fifth largest moon in the Solar System. The average distance from the Moon to the Earth is 384,403 kilometres. Notebook activities 1. Look up in the Internet information about the first man to set foot on the Moon. 2. Write the information in your notebook and share it with your classmates. Talk about it The first person to set foot on the Moon was Neil Armstrong in Do you know of any other famous astronauts? Find information on the Internet about them and their journeys to the Moon. Did you know? The atmosphere causes meteors to disintegrate before crashing on to planet Earth. While on the Moon, meteors do crash creating big craters because of the absence of atmosphere. 10 ten

11 Eclipses An eclipse is an obscuring of light, particularly of the Sun or Moon. LUNAR ECLIPSES A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes behind the Earth so that the Earth blocks the Sun s rays from striking the Moon. SOLAR ECLIPSES A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth, and the Moon fully or partially covers the Sun as viewed from some locations on Earth. Talk about it When does the solar eclipse take place? Where is the best place to view an eclipse? Which is the safest way to view an eclipse? Did you know? The reddish colour during lunar eclipses is produced by the reflection of the Sun. Watch this video to learn more about solar and lunar eclipses. eleven 11

12 Representation of the Earth The Earth is divided into imaginary lines. Parallels are circles perpendicular to the axis. Meridians are imaginary semicircles drawn from the North pole to the South pole. PARALLELS Tropic of Cancer (23,5 N) The Equator (0 ) is the largest parallel and it divides the Earth into two hemispheres: North and South. The North and South pole (90 ) are the points cut by the axis of rotation of the Earth. Tropic of Capricorn (23,5 S) MERIDIANS Meridian of Greenwich is the meridian of reference (0 ). The East and West meridians start from here. Locate points on the map using parallels and meridians. 12 twelve

13 Coordinates Parallels and meridians define geographic coordinates that allow precise placement of any point on the Earth s surface. These two coordinates are latitude (parallels) and longitude (meridians). Madrid N Latitude O Longitude Notebook activities Look at the following coordinates: N O N E N E 1. Locate them on the map. 2. Look for them in Google Maps. What places do they correspond to? Did you know? Each degree of latitude or longitude represents approximately 111 km on Earth. Watch this video and review everything about the parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. thirteen 13

14 Time zones As you move around the globe, you ll eventually reach a place where the time is either one day ahead or behind. This place is known as the International Dateline. Australia and a few other places are a day ahead of you. When it s Monday where you live, it s Tuesday there. Notebook activities Do you remember the countries we looked for on the previous page? 1. Look at your watch, what time is it? 2. What time is it there now? Watch the video about time zones fourteen

15 Globes and maps The location of any place or feature on the Earth s surface can be shown on a map or globe. A map is usually drawn on a flat surface; a globe on a spherical surface; but both are drawings or pictures reduced in proportional size. This is called scale. Political maps show all man-made divisions of the land: countries, states... Thematic maps show specific topics on a land (highways, population...). Physical maps show the surface of the Earth. Did you know? The oldest globe was made more than 2,100 years ago? Famous explorers travelled the seas with them. Notebook activities 1. Write: What type of map would you use to find: The capital of Spain. Mulhacén mountain. The streets of Barcelona. The population of Spain. Learn about how men discovered the Earth was round. Watch the video and learn about maps. fifteen 15

16 Plans, scales and map symbols Maps and plans guide us around places but they can t show the things the size they are in real life. They use scale to make things smaller. Different scales are useful for showing different things on a map. A symbol is a drawing or sign that stands for a real place or thing, symbols can be made for nearly everything. Did you know? A compass rose is a design on a map that shows directions. It shows north, south, east, west, Talk about it Look at the symbols on the map. Discuss the meaning of each symbol. Do you know of any other symbols? Which ones? Watch the video. Learn about map symbols and review what you have learnt. 16 sixteen

17 Earth s Spheres The Earth is divided into four spheres. BIOSPHERE All living organisms: plants, animals, and single-celled organisms. ATMOSPHERE All gases around the Earth. HYDROSPHERE Water is one of the most common substances on the Earth. LITHOSPHERE The solid, rocky crust covering the entire planet. It covers the entire surface of the Earth. Talk about it 10% of the planet s land is actually covered in ice. The ice in these places, such as the Antarctic and Arctic are covered in big pieces called glaciers or ice sheets. What would happen if the glaciers melted? Watch this video and learn more about the four spheres. seventeen 17