Jets and protostars. ... mainly in Orion

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1 Jets and protostars... mainly in Orion Plenty of CoIs: Hans Zinnecker, Mark J. McCaughrean Michael D. Smith Karl Menten, Peter Schilke Chris Davis, Tigran Khanzadyan Jonathan Williams, Sebastian Wolf, Jonathan Tan Jochen Eislöffel, Diego Mardones, Tom Megeath,...

2 .! M acc Goal: (t)! M fin M * Problem: we don't see the (proto)star...

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6 We can't look at the star directly, but: - we see stellar light reemitted at FIR """! L bol!"l acc L acc #G M$ %M R - outflows, which are closely linked to accretion - circumstellar material at submm

7 200 km/s Jet survey: L 2.12&m '100 L jet # %M jet '10. M acc M *! (t)! M fin

8 Jet survey: L 2.12&m 1 square degree surveyed at 2.12&m (NB) and K' > 70 outflows found sample: free from selection effects all outflows at same distance Mdot: ~ 5x10-5 5x10-7 M ( /yr (canonical: 10-6, T Tauris: <10-7 )

9 200 km/s Jet survey: L 2.12&m '100 L jet # %M jet '10. M acc M *! (t)! M fin

10 200 km/s Jet survey: L 2.12&m '100 L jet # %M jet '10. M acc M *! (t)! M fin Driving sources' SED: L bol Evolutionary stage: Class 0/I/II L acc #G % M M R

11 Photometry: optical I-Band: ESO 2.2m WFI near-ir JHK: Calar Alto 3.5m OmegaPrime mid-ir: IRAS, ESO 3.6m TIMMI2 (Spitzer...) far-ir: IRAS (Herschel) (1.3mm: IRAM 30m) + literature Driving sources' SED: L bol Evolutionary stage: Class 0/I/II

12 Photometry: optical I-Band: ESO 2.2m WFI near-ir JHK: Calar Alto 3.5m OmegaPrime mid-ir: IRAS, ESO 3.6m TIMMI2 (Spitzer...) far-ir: IRAS (Herschel) (1.3mm: IRAM 30m) + literature Class 0 Class I Driving sources' SED: L bol Evolutionary stage: Class 0/I/II Class II Class III

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16 Protostar evolution Jet evolution early Class 0 short, bright (possibly extincted) late Class 0/very early Class I giant flow (few parsec), bright early Class I most of Class I giant flow (few parsec), getting fainter subparsec scale flow, moderately bright to faint late Class I/early Class II short, faint (residual H2 jet) Class II optical T Tauri star jets, microjets

17 200 km/s Jet survey: L 2.12&m '100 L jet # %M jet '10. M acc M *! (t)! M fin Driving sources' SED: L bol Evolutionary stage: Class 0/I/II L acc #G % M M R Few R (

18 Jet survey: L 2.12&m '100 L jet # %M jet 200 km/s (t) Smith, M.D. 2000, Irish Astr. J. 27, 25: Unification Scheme: protostar disk envelope jet CO outflow. M acc M *! (t)! M fin Driving sources' SED: L bol Evolutionary stage: Class 0/I/II L acc #G % M M R R(t) Few R (

19 The unification scheme:

20 The unification scheme:... e.g., evolutionary tracks for L bol and L H2

21 Jet survey: L 2.12&m '100 L jet # %M jet 200 km/s (t) Smith, M.D. 2000, Irish Astr. J. 27, 25: Unification Scheme: protostar disk envelope jet CO outflow. M acc M *! (t)! M fin Driving sources' SED: L bol Evolutionary stage: Class 0/I/II L acc #G % M M R R(t) Few R (

22 Jet survey: L 2.12&m '100 L jet # %M jet 200 km/s (t) 1.3mm continuum: M circ Smith, M.D. 2000, Irish Astr. J. 27, 25: Unification Scheme: protostar disk envelope jet CO outflow. M acc M *! (t)! M fin Driving sources' SED: L bol Evolutionary stage: Class 0/I/II L acc #G % M M R R(t) Few R (

23 1 square degree surveyed at 1.3mm 1.3mm continuum: M circ > 500 sources found (diffuse clumps, cores, protostars, circumstellar disks)

24 Jet survey: L 2.12&m '100 L jet # %M jet 200 km/s (t) 1.3mm continuum: M circ CO outflows Smith, M.D. 2000, Irish Astr. J. 27, 25: Unification Scheme: protostar disk envelope jet CO outflow. M acc M *! (t)! M fin Driving sources' SED: L bol Evolutionary stage: Class 0/I/II L acc #G % M M R R(t) Few R (

25 CO outflows

26 CO outflows

27 Jet survey: L 2.12&m '100 L jet # %M jet 200 km/s (t) Proper motions radial velocities 1.3mm continuum: M circ CO outflows Smith, M.D. 2000, Irish Astr. J. 27, 25: Unification Scheme: protostar disk envelope jet CO outflow. M acc M *! (t)! M fin Driving sources' SED: L bol Evolutionary stage: Class 0/I/II L acc #G % M M R R(t) Few R (

28 Jet survey: L 2.12&m '100 L jet # %M jet 200 km/s (t) Proper motions radial velocities 1.3mm continuum: M circ CO outflows Smith, M.D. 2000, Irish Astr. J. 27, 25: Unification Scheme: protostar disk envelope jet CO outflow. M acc M *! (t)! M fin ALMA: disk kinematics Driving sources' SED: L bol Evolutionary stage: Class 0/I/II L acc #G % M M R R(t) Few R ( M star

29 L1641-N MM1... a rotationally supported disk? SMA: CH 3 CN, OCS ALMA: disk kinematics M star

30 L1641-N MM1... a rotationally supported disk? SMA: CH 3 CN, OCS ALMA: disk kinematics M star VLT/VISIR 18µm

31 Jet survey: L 2.12&m '100 L jet # and rho-ophiuchus, and Circinius,... 2 %M jet 200 km/s (t) Proper motions radial velocities 1.3mm continuum: M circ CO outflows Smith, M.D. 2000, Irish Astr. J. 27, 25: Unification Scheme: protostar disk envelope jet CO outflow. M acc M *! (t)! M fin ALMA: disk kinematics Driving sources' SED: L bol Evolutionary stage: Class 0/I/II L acc #G % M M R R(t) Few R ( M star

32 ...and rho-ophiuchus,... SEST SIMBA: 1.3mm dust continuum UKIRT WFCAM: 2.12µm, K', J, H Spitzer...

33 ...and rho-ophiuchus, and Circinius,... SEST SIMBA: 1.3mm dust continuum ESO 2.2m: HH objects

34 Conclusions: Accretion is time-variable Initial accretion rates are high, star formation is rapid... I've got a lot of work left to do...