A Search for High Redshift Galaxies behind Gravitationally Lensing Clusters
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1 A Search for High Redshift Galaxies behind Gravitationally Lensing Clusters Ota et al.2011 submitted to Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Kazuaki Ota (Kyoto U) Johan Richard (Obs.Lyon), Masanori Iye (NAOJ), Takatoshi Shibuya (GUAS), Eiichi Egami (U. Arizona), Nobunari Kashikawa(NAOJ) 2012 Feb. 15 GCOE Symposium
2 Outline 1. Scientific Background - Why study distant (=high redshift) galaxies? - 2 motivations - What are gravitationally lensing clusters? Why use them? 2. My Study - A Search for high redshift galaxies by observing two lensing clusters: A2390, CL Observations, Data Analysis, Result 3. Summary
3 1. Scientific Background - Why study distant (=high redshift) galaxies? - 2 motivations - What are gravitationally lensing clusters? Why use them?
4 Big Bang Present History of the Universe Time 0.37Myr ~ Myr ~1Gyr 13.7Gyr Cosmic Cosmic Dark Age Reionization Mostly ionized Filled w/ Neutral Hydrogen First Stars First Galaxies Redshift z~1100 z~10-30 z~6 z=0 Fig: Robertson et al.(2010) 1. Studying Galaxy Evolution - When and how the first galaxies formed? - How galaxies evolved from the past to present? 2. Studying Reionization of the Universe - When cosmic reionization started and ended? - How reionization progressed in time and space? - What are the primary source of reionization? Galaxies evolved Structure formed
5 1. Studying Galaxy Evolution - When and how the first galaxies formed? - How galaxies evolved from the past to present?
6 Detecting High-z Lyα Emitting Galaxies 8m Telescope (Subaru) Filters z=5.7 z=6.5 A blank sky field (Subaru Deep Field) Imaging with filters: Select photometric candidates Spectroscopy: Confirm as a real galaxy z=6.5 Lyα emission Kodaira et al.(2003) Taniguchi et al.(2005)
7 When the 1st galaxies formed? Search for the highest redshift galaxies Galaxy Redshift Records(Spectroscopically confirmed) Rank redshift galaxy name discoverer released date SXDF-NB Shibuya GN Ono BDF 3299 Vanzella BDF 521 Vanzella G2_1408 Fontana IOK-1 Iye,Ota
8 ~4200m Mt. Mauna Kea Hawaii Blank Sky Field Searches for highest-z Lyα Emitting Galaxies Shibuya, Kashikawa & Ota et al. 2011, submitted to Astrophysical Journal Imaging 8m Subaru Telescope Spectroscopy (PI Ota) 10m Keck Telescope World Record z=7.215 Lyα emitting galaxy
9 Big Bang Present Current Redshift Frontier is z~7.2 Time 0.37Myr ~ Myr ~1Gyr 13.7Gyr Cosmic Cosmic Dark Age Reionization Mostly ionized Filled w/ Neutral Hydrogen First Stars First Galaxies Galaxies evolved Structure formed Redshift z~1100 z~10-30 z~6 z=0 Fig: Robertson et al.(2010) z=7.215 Lyα emitting galaxy Currently highest redshift galaxy ever observed z=7.215 What about z > 7.2?
10 2. Studying Reionization of the Universe - When cosmic reionization started and ended? - How reionization progressed in time and space? - What are the primary source of reionization?
11 Big Bang Present Lyα emission is sensitive to Cosmic Reionization Time 0.37Myr ~ Myr ~1Gyr 13.7Gyr Cosmic Cosmic Dark Age Reionization Mostly ionized Filled w/ Neutral Hydrogen First Stars First Galaxies z=6.5 Lyα emission Galaxies evolved Structure formed Redshift z~1100 z~10-30 z~6.5 z~6 z~5.7 z=0 Fig: Robertson et al.(2010) Ave. spectrum of Lyα emitting galaxies Neutral hydrogen absorbs or scatters Lyα photons z=5.7 Lyα emission Lyα emission is attenuated if the Universe is partly neutral Hu et al.(2010) We can probe how neutral or reionized the Universe is with Lyα emitting galaxies
12 log Number density (Mpc -3 ) Observed number density of Lyα emitting galaxies decreases at z > 6 (due to attenuation of Lyα emission) Universe is completely reionized 20-40% neutral 30-60% neutral What about z > 7?
13 1. Scientific Background - Why study distant (=high redshift) galaxies? - 2 motivations - What are gravitationally lensing clusters? Why use them?
14 distant galaxy Graviationally lensing cluster of galaxies cluster of galaxies gravitational lens created by dark matter and galaxies observer
15 An example of lensing cluster SDSS J Image Credit: NASA, ESA, K. Sharon (Tel Aviv University) and E. Ofek (Caltech)
16 Abell 1703 z=0.28 image FoV 123 x 136 expected position of counter Image of 2 expected position of counter Image of 5a/b z~7 critical curves x100 magnification 1~7: z~7 galaxy candidates x25 x40 Why use lensing cluster? Fluxes of background objects are boosted depending on (X,Y,z) Advantages: 1deep imaging with short observing time 2spectroscopy is easier 3multiple lensed images Powerful tool to detect distant faint galaxies x7 x9 x5 x5 x3 Drawback: Survey area is very small Bradley et al.(2011)
17 2. My Study - A Search for high redshift galaxies by observing two lensing clusters: A2390, CL Observation, Data Analysis, Result
18 Night Sky Background CCD QE, Filter Transmission Target of study: z=7.3 Lyα emitting galaxies Narrowband filter for z=7.3 Lyα + 8m Subaru Telescope Prime Focus Camera 透過率 感度 夜光輝線 Wavelength (A) red-sensitive CCDs
19 Optical NB1006 Optical, Near-infrared Mid-infrared A Search for z=7.3 Research Lyα Achievement Emitting Galaxies (4/5) behind Two Lensing Clusters Subaru Abell 2390 CL 0024 Hubble Space Telescope Spitzer Space Telescope
20 Hubble Optical Filters Selection Criteria of z=7.3 Lyα galaxies 1. Detection in NB1006 (>4σ) 2. Non-detection in Optical (<2σ) 3. z NB1006 > 2.3 magnitude z=7.3 Lyα Filter Hubble Near-IR Filters Spectrum of z=7.3 Lyα galaxy
21 A few objects satisfied selection criteria, but
22 Unfortunately, they were all found to be cosmic ray events hitting the same positions. stacked image 20 min. exposures each
23 Next Plan: Extending to other lensing clusters Deep multi-wavelength images are available from archive! Hubble WFPC2, ACS Camera: Optical Images~27-28mag Hubble NICMOS Camera: Near-infrared Images~26-27mag Spitzer IRAC Camera: Mid-infrared Images~24mag Hubble Spitzer 1.4arcmin 2 1.5arcmin 2 Optical to mid- Infrared data This time Figure: Bouwens et al.(2009)
24 Summary Objectives (1) To find galaxy at z=7.3 (2) To study cosmic reionization at z>7 Observation I searched for z=7.3 Lyα emitting galaxies by imaging two lensing clusters A2390, CL0024 Result I could not detect z=7.3 galaxies Next plan I will extend the study to other lensing clusters
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