AGN feedback and the connection to triggering

Transcription

1 AGN feedback and the connection to triggering Ryan C. Hickox Dartmouth College The Triggering Mechanisms for Active Galactic Nuclei Lorentz Center, Leiden 26 July 2013 Illustration courtesy NASA

2 Outline (Brief) introduction to galaxy evolution and feedback Three types of feedback; for each type: 1. what does it do? 2. does it really happen? 3. connection to triggering Open questions

3 arxiv: arxiv: arxiv: arxiv:

4

5

6 What does it mean for an AGN to be on? A fluorescent bulb at 1000 frames per second (

7 thermal energy of a ~10 13 M halo = erg binding energy of a ~10 9 M BH = 2 x10 62 erg! galaxies reside in dark matter halos ~10 9 M ~10 6 M

8 A simple picture for galaxy evolution (and halo mass) Cosmic time z ~ 4 Mhalo ~ M Large halo Gas-rich galaxy(s) Starburst galaxy Quasar X-ray AGN Small halo z ~ 1 Early-type galaxy Radio galaxy Optical/IR Seyfert galaxy z ~ 0 Early-type galaxy a la Hickox et al. (2009), Alexander & Hickox (2012)

9 log 10 (Halo mass [h -1 M O ]) exhausted systems hot halo formation star-forming systems Redshift Alexander & Hickox (2012), following Darren Croton

10 Do AGN follow star formation in galaxies? OR Do AGN prevent star formation in galaxies?

11 Types of AGN feedback 1. Hot atmosphere heating by jets HCG 62 (Gitti et al. 2010), see many others for similar examples

12 Types of AGN feedback 1. Hot atmosphere heating by jets 2. Expulsion of gas on galaxy scales di Matteo et al. (2005), Springel, di Matteo & Hernquist (2005)

13 Types of AGN feedback 1. Hot atmosphere heating by jets 2. Expulsion of gas on galaxy scales 3. Black hole limits its own growth

14 Types of AGN feedback 1. Hot atmosphere heating by jets Why does this do? Produce passive galaxies and stop cooling flows in clusters and groups HCG 62 (Gitti et al. 2010), see many others for similar examples

15 log (number Black hole feedback Redder AGN gas cools heating the prevents star centers formation of massive in massive halos galaxies More star formation Number density with black hole data heating no black hole More luminous Blanton (2006) Galaxy luminosity Bower et al. (2006), see also Croton et al. (2006), etc.

16 Does this really happen? Cavities are everywhere, and mechanical input approximately balances cooling. Hardcastle

17 Redder Hickox et al. (2009) Radio X-ray IRAC Galaxy luminosity See also Best et al. (2005) and Jenssen, Hardcastle Alexander & Hickox (2012) (see for many additional references)

18 Connection to triggering Morganti et al (2003) and Beswick (2004) 3C293 Intermittency -- a true limit cycle? Maccagni, Shulevki, Morganti, Mahony, Sadler, Orienti

19 Types of AGN feedback 2. Expulsion of gas on galaxy scales What does this do? Very rapidly shut down SF and expel gas from group-scale halos Schawinski, Johansson di Matteo et al. (2005), Springel, di Matteo & Hernquist (2005)

20 Radio X-ray OPTICAL QUASARS See refs in Hickox et al. (2011)

21 Expulsion of gas from halos at high redshift hot gas luminosity expelled hot cold hot gas temperature Bower et al. (2008), see also McCarthy et al.

22 Does this really happen? Mrk 231 Feruglio et al. (2010) Maiolino, Dasyra, Hardcastle

23 Galaxy-scale outflows NLR size Driven by radiation or jets? e.g., Mullaney et al. (2012) Harrison, Emonts, Dasyra Broad (> 1000 km/s) high-velocity ( km/s) [OIII] gas Driven by star formation? e.g., compact Eddington-limited starbursts? Diamond-Stanic et al. (2012), Geach et al. (2013) Harrison et al. (2012)

24 Feedback by photoionization Hainline et al. (2013)

25 Hainline et al. (2013), arxiv:

26 Cartoon model of an NLR

27 Ionization parameter U / L AGN r 2 n 2 [OIII] emitting (NLR) cloud

28 R NLR R NLR / L 1/2 AGN

29 R NLR R NLR / L 1/2 AGN

30 R NLR saturates at high L AGN (Netzer et al. 2004; Greene et al. 2011) Can ionize gas across the whole galaxy -- does this affect star formation? Juneau

31 Radio X-ray Outflows OPTICAL QUASARS from AGN shut down star formation, maybe? IRAC

32 Connection to triggering Bessiere et al. (2012) Hickox et al. (2013) Treister, Ellison, Ramos Almeida, Bessiere, Donley, Tadhunter, but see also Jahnke, Kocevski Sometimes connected to mergers, particularly at the highest luminosities

33 Types of AGN feedback 3. Black hole limits its own growth Why does this do? Prevents black holes from growing out of control and contributes to stochasticity

34 Gabor, Bournaud Gabor & Bournaud (2013)

35 Does this really happen? High-velocity (~1000 km/s), small-scale winds from AGN are ubiquitous UV: broad absorption line quasars (e.g., Ganguly & Brotherton et al. 2008, DiPompeo et al. 2013) X-ray: ultra-fast outflows (e.g., Tombesi et al. 2013) Can potentially disrupt feeding Garcia Burrilo Borguet & Hutsemékers (2010)

36 Real examples of large-amplitude variability Galactic Center Hanny s Voorwerp Credit: NASA/CXC/Caltech/M.Muno et al. Muno et al. (2007), Ponti et al. (2010) Schawinski et al. (2011), Keel et al. (2011)

37 Connection to triggering Mullaney, Rosario Hickox et al. (2013) Feedback can produce a large dynamic range variability, but still consistent with global correlation between BH growth and star formation (gas supply)

38 log 10 (Halo mass [h -1 M O ]) exhausted systems Black hole growth hot halo follows formation star formation (with stochastic self-regulation)? star-forming systems Redshift

39 Do AGN follow star formation in galaxies? OR Do AGN prevent star formation in galaxies? YES

40 Outflows? and jet heating feedback strongly affects host Black hole self-regulation? (and halo mass) Cosmic time z ~ 4 Mhalo ~ M Large halo Gas-rich galaxy(s) Starburst galaxy Quasar X-ray AGN Small halo z ~ 1 Early-type galaxy Radio galaxy Optical/IR Seyfert galaxy z ~ 0 Early-type galaxy

41 Three open questions How does the heating/ cooling cycle work with radio jets and hot atmospheres? What produces galaxy-scale outflows, winds or jets? Do these outflows shut off star formation or remove gas from the halo?