ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHYSICS

Transcription

1 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHYSICS EDITED BY S. FLaGGE VOLUME XLVI/1 COSMIC RAYS I WITH 150 FIGURES SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN. GOTTINGEN. HEIDELBERG 1961

2 HANDBUCH DER PHYSIK HERAUSGEGEBEN VON S. FLOGGE BAND XLVI/1 KOSMISCHE STRAHLUNG I MIT 150 FIGUREN SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN. GOTTINGEN. HEIDELBERG 1961

3 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / AIle Rechte, insbesondere das der Ubersetzung in fremde Sprachen, vorbehalten. Ohne -ausdriickliche Genehmigung des Verlages ist es auch nicht gestattet, dieses Buch oder Teile daraus auf photomechanischem Wege (Photokopie, Mikrokopie) zu verviewiltigen. by Springer-Verlag OHG. Berlin' G6ttingen Heidelberg 1961 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1St edition 1961 Die \Viedergabe von Gebrauchsnamen, Handelsnamen, \Varcnbezeichnungen usw. in diesem Werk berechtigt auch ohue besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, dab salche Namen im Sinn der Warenzeichen- und Markenschutz Gesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten waren und daher von jedermann benutzt werden diirften.

4 Contents. The Origin of Cosmic Rays. By PHILIP MORRISON, Professor of Physics ai;td Nuc1ear Studies, Comell University, Ithaca, N.Y. (USA). (With 15 Figures) A. Summary of the properties of cosmic rays. 1 B. Structure of the model C. Propagation of the cosmic ray beam in space 10 D. The diffusion of the cosmic-ray particles 38 E. The astronomical setting for cosmic rays 50 F. Synthesis of a model. 82 General references 86 Theory of the Geomagnetic Effects of Cosmic Radiation. By MANUEL SAND OVAL V AL LARTA, Professor, EI Colegio Nacional, Mexico, D.F. (Mexico). (With 53 Figures) 88 References Experimental Results of Flights in the Stratosphere. By ERNEST C. RA Y, Assistant Professor, Physics Department, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (USA). (With 15 Figures) Introduction I. Intensities of cosmic radiation in the atmosphere 130 II. Partic1e interactions in the atmosphere. 136 III. The intensities of the components. 150 Summary and conc1usion. 156 General references. 156 Penetrating Showers. By KURT SITTE, Professor, Department of Physics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (Israel). (With 22 Figures) I. Introduction H. Attenuation and interaction mean free path of the shower particles 162 In. Meson production in penetrating showers. 180 IV. Discussion and interpretation. 202 V. Summary Extensive Air Showers. By GIUSEPPE COCCONI, Professor, Comell University, Ithaca, N.Y. (USA). (With 19 Figures) 215 A. A qualitative description B. The electro-magnetic cascade I. Results of the electro-magnetic cascade theory 219 a) The longitudinal development 219 b) The lateral distribution 221 c) The time distribution. 225 II. Experimental results 227 a) The density spectrum. 227 b) Development in the atmosphere 230 c) Localization of the shower core. 235 d) The lateral distribution 238 e) The number spectrum Page

5 VI C. The meson-nucleon cascade. Contents 1. Experimental results 242 a) The N-component 242 b) The,u-component above ground 246 c) The,u-component underground Interpretation of the results 252 D. Selected topics The nature of the primary radiation The energy spectrum of the primary radiation Time variations correlated with atmospheric changes 263 IV. Time variations correlated with changes in the primary radiation 265 The Hard Component of.u-mesons in the Atmosphere. By GERALD NATHAN FOWLER, Lecturer in Physics, H. H. Wills Physical Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol (Great Britain), and ARNOLD WHITTAKER WOLFENDALE, Lecturer in Physics, Department of Physics, Durham Colleges in the University of Durham, Durham (Great Britain). (With 26 Figures). 272 A. Introduction Page 241 B. Properties of the,u-meson component in the vertical direction. 1. Measurement of the momentum spectrum of,u-mesons at sea level. a) A summary of the techniques of measurement b) Measurement of the momentum spectrum The effect of instrumental bias on the spectrum measurements 111. The interpretation of the vertical momentum spectrum a) The relationships between the various spectra.... b) The,u- and :n;-meson spectra in the low energy region. c) The:n;- and,u-meson spectra in the high energy region. IV. Latitude effect V. The positive excess a) Experimental results on the positive excess b) Comparison with theory C. Comparison with :n;-meson production models D. The properties of the,u-meson component in inclined directions 1. The observed variation of the mo'mentum spectrum with zenith angle moderate angles a) Experimental results... b) Theoretical interpretation. 11. The spectrum at large zenith angles 111. The latitude effect in inclined directions IV. The positive excess E. Meteorological effects on the,u-meson component Bibliography.... Sachverzeichnis (Deutsch-Englisch) for Subject Index (English-German)