VERITAS. Results. Results from VERITAS. Frank Krennrich for the VERITAS Collaboration Iowa State University

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1 VERITAS Results from VERITAS Results Frank Krennrich for the VERITAS Collaboration Iowa State University RICAP09 Frascati May

2 Outline Particle Astrophysics

3 VERITAS Collaboration U.S. Adler Planetarium Argonne Nat. Lab. Barnard College DePauw U. Grinnell College Iowa State U. Purdue U. Smithsonian UCLA UCSC U. Of Chicago U. of Delaware Univ. of Iowa U. of Massachusetts U. of Utah Washington U. Canada McGill U. U.K. Leeds U. Ireland Cork Inst.Tech. Galway-Mayo Inst. N. U. I., Galway U. College Dublin + 25 Associates Supported by: SI, NSF & DOE (US), PPARC (UK), NSERC (Canada), SFI (Ireland)

4 Outline T2 Spring 2006 T3 Fall 2006 T4 Future Spring Prospects 2007 T1 Jan 2005

5 Monitoring Capability

6 VERITAS Instruments Davies-Cotton f/1.0 Optics. Total area=110m 2 FOV ~ 3.5 o Pix. ~ 0.15 o 500 Pixels Control Room 500 Msp/s

7 VERITAS Performance 1 Crab ~ 30s 0.02 Crab ~7 h Mirrors degraded Less sensitive now! - Energy range: 100 GeV - 30 TeV - Energy resolution: 15% - 20% - Spectral reconstruction: E > 150 GeV - Angular resolution (per event): r 68 = 0.1 o - Crab rate 37 min -1 (trigger level) - 1% Crab detection in less than 50h, - 5% crab in ~2.5 hours Design Sensitivity already met! 20% better Sensitivity Fall Crab ~ 80s 0.02 Crab ~13 h 1% Crab 47 h 5 % Crab 2.5 h 1 Crab ~ 250s 0.02 Crab ~60 h Crab θ 2

8 VERITAS Science Program Observations: ~ 800 hrs / year + ~ 200 hrs / year moonlight Discretionary (10%) ToO s GRB s (priority) etc. Key Science Projects (50%) Bulk Program (40%) Science Groups: Astroparticle Physics Blazars Dark Matter Extragal. Sources Galactic Compact Galactic Diffuse GRB s PWN & SNR s Unidentifieds Sky Survey (Cygnus region) BLAZARS SNRs/PWN Dark Matter

9 VERITAS Detections Blazar Science Galactic Science 4 source discoveries 11 detections - detailed studies - multiwavelength campaigns (Blazars, radio galaxy) 1 discovery (SNR) 4 detections - detailed studies - multiwavelength campaigns (X-ray Binary, Unid., SNR) Survey of Cygnus region

10 Galactic Sources

11 Supernova Remnants: IC443 - middle aged, 3-30 kyr - distance: 1.5 kpc - shell structure optical/radio - diameter: 0.75 o - Molecular Cloud (CO) - PWN CXOU J interesting for TeV studies - VERITAS/MAGIC Co-discovery -> VERITAS: 6.0 σ (7.1 σ pre-trial) in 15.9 h -> MAGIC: 5.7 σ in 29 h Green Radio Red Optical Blue X-rays - VERITAS deeper observations: 37.9 h -> 8.3 σ

12 Supernova Remnants: IC443 + CO intensity Optical Pulsar Wind Nebula Maser emission VERITAS centroid MAGIC centroid TeV emission: - extended: 0.16 o ± 0.03 o - coincides with MC (densest part) - associated with PWN (10 offset) - Maser emission - could arise from neutral pion interaction in MC or from relic electrons produced by pulsar and still residing in MC -> critical are GeV/TeV studies Energy spectrum: dn/de = (8.38±2.10) E -2.99±0.38 photons TeV -1 cm -2 s -1 F. Krennrich, APS April Meeting May 5, 2009, Future Acciari Facilities et al. ApJ, in press (2009)

13 Supernova Remnants: Cas A - Young (330 yr), Shell-type - Distance ~ 3.4 kpc - massive star progenitor deg. diameter ~ TeV PSF - Discovered in TeV by HEGRA - (232 hrs, 5 σ), confirmed by MAGIC (47 hrs, 5.3 σ) -> Flux 3.3% Crab -> Γ = 2.3 ± 0.2 stat ± 0.2 sys Deep Chandra image of Cas A (7.3ʼ by 6.4ʼ)

14 Supernova Remnants: Cas A σ in 22 hours - Flux 3% Crab - consistent with point source - upper limit on source extension 2 - Γ = 2.61 ± 0.24 stat ± 0.20 sys Deep Chandra image of Cas A (7.3ʼ by 6.4ʼ) Acciari et al., in preparation (2009)

15 Northern Pulsar Wind Nebulae Source Crab Nebula PSRJ PSRJ PSRJ PSRB PSRJ log10 (E/d 2 ) [erg/s/kpc 2 ] time [hrs] σ F(E>300 GeV) [% Crab] - Strong candidates for TeV emission (8 PWN in southern hemishere by HESS) Future - selection Prospects of pulsars with high energy loss rate and per distance 2 - Most sensitive survey of PWN at high gal. longitudes - nearby pulsar (e+ excess in C.R. spectrum? arxiv: v2 : v2) - Milagro excess at ~ 35 TeV (arxiv: ) 100 <2.3 <1.3 <1.6 <1.2 <1.0

16 X-ray Binary LS I High-mass X-ray binary at ~2 kpc: massive Be star + compact companion (neutron star / BH) - Orbital period 26.5 days with ε ~ Radio / X-ray emissions correlated with orbital period Acciari et al., ApJ, 679, 1427 (2009) - Emission mechanism unknown: Microquasar or interacting PWN? (+strong propagation/absorption effects) - TeV emission discovered by MAGIC in 2006, confirmed by VERITAS % Crab at apastron

17 LS I : Fermi/VERITAS VERITAS Fermi Fermi - No detection during Fermi high state emission (periastron) - spectra line up well (?), but fluxes are anti-correlated Fermi VERITAS November 2008 F(E>500 GeV)< 1.26x10-12 cm -2 s -1 (2.1% Crab, 99% CL) Acciari et al., ApJ, in press (2009b)

18 Unid.. HESS J Point-like Unid. (1 of 2) - Detected by HESS in VERITAS Obs. Dec 2006, 2008, - Interpretation: Binary system? Jan 2009: upper limit ~ 1% Summary Crab - Coincident with Be star MWC Rejection of constant flux hypothesis - No companion yet detected; no at prob % (4 σ) information on period - Variable X-ray emission (Hinton 2009) Acciari et al., ApJ, in press (2009)

19 AGILE J AGILE transient E > 100 MeV - Consistent with 3EG J Astronomer's telegrams (#1492, 1547, 1585) issued on Apr 28, May 27, and Jun by AGILE - VERITAS observation 7 hours between Apr 29 May Preliminary upper limit F(E > 300 GeV) ~ 2% Crab (99% CL) Preliminary

20 Extragalactic Sources

21 Discovery: 1ES one of best candidate TeV BL Lacs (Costamante & Ghisellini 2002) - HBL - z = σ in ~ 40 hours - flux ~ 0.01 Crab - weakest VERITAS blazar - spectrum appears soft: N/dE ~ E Acciari et al. ApJ, 690, L126 (2009)

22 Discovery: W Comae - discovered in radio 1971, in X-ray IBL (falls between LBL- HBL) - seen by EGRET: (27) GeV - z = σ in ~ 40 hours - outburst March 08 (> 8 σ detection) - Quasi-simultaneous X-ray data (Swift) σ t = days

23 Discovery: W Comae - one zone SSC model yields a weak B-field - EC yields B ~ 0.3 G - GeV - TeV coverage is critical dn de " E #3.81±0.35 stat Quasi-simultaneous data March 14/ from AAVSO, UVOT, XRT, VERITAS

24 Discovery*: 3C66A - EGRET detection, Fermi (ATEL #1759) - Crimean* group 5.1 σ in nd IBL in TeV: VERITAS (ATEL#1753) - z=0.44 highly uncertain - z > (Finke et al 2008) - TeV Emission is consistent with 3C66A - Upper limit on 3C66B 5.4 Acciari et al. ApJ, 693, L104 (2009) F. Krennrich, Aliu et al., APS ApJ, April 692, Meeting L29 (2009) May 5, 2009, Future Facilities - MAGIC detection of 3C66B in σ in 54 h, 2.7% Crab - VERITAS detection of 3C66A in σ,, ~1800 γ; E th ~ 120 GeV ; in 33 h - spectral index is Γ = 4.1 ± 0.4 stat ± 0.6 stat - if z=0.44 then Γ intr = 1.1 ± 0.4

25 Discovery: RGB J HBL, z ~ Discovered by VERITAS as part of - blazar filler program - ATel #1941, 2/24/ hrs livetime, 6.3 σ, 140 γ rays - Multiwavelength data, analysis in progress Acciari et al., in preparation (2009)

26 Mrk Observed: Jan - June 2008, - ~40 h, ~280σ, >30,000 γ - Whipple 10-m Alert! ATel #1506; - Swift, RXTE, optical/radio - Flux: Crab - VERITAS light-curves w/ minute-scale bins - Peak detection: 5σ in ~15s - VHE & X-ray fluxes are highly correlated - VHE & X-ray spectra harden w/ high flux - VERITAS data: Paper in ~months - June 08: VERITAS, MAGIC, AGILE + X- ray/optical - Astrophysical Journal, 691, L13, 2009

27 Distant Blazars: : 1ES dn de " E #3.09±0.34 stat Courtesy of M. Beilicke Courtesy of P. Fortin z=0.182

28 Distant Blazars: : 1ES dn de " E #3.09±0.34 stat Courtesy of P. Fortin Krennrich, Dwek & Imran, 2008, ApJL, 689, L93 z=0.182

29 - Non-blazar: - Jet ~ 30º, D~16 Mpc - SMBH ~3x10 9 M sun - jet structure: radio-optical-x-ray - variable in X-rays - TeV image is not resolved - VERITAS low-state detection in Point-like (>250 GeV) ) emitter at core, Γ 2.3 ± 0.2 M87 80 pc 15 F. Krennrich, Acciari et APS al., ApJ, April, Meeting 679, 397, May , 2009, Future Facilities

30 M87 - VERITAS / MAGIC / HESS campaign 2008: 120 h, 50 nights + 5 Chandra pointings - VERITAS: ~45 h, ~7σ in Outburst in February 2008 confirms day scale variability! - Correlation to X-ray brightening in core: VHE likely not associated with HST-1

31 GRB Searches - VHE Emission has been predicted on a variety of time scales: Prompt: would be an indication of extraordinarily relativistic bulk flows Afterglow Emission: many models show a blazar-like SED X-ray Flares: lots of seed photons available for IC scattering GRB observations take precedence over all other observations Response times of a few minutes (best is 92 seconds) Observations of 22 GRBs less than 3 hrs old 10 bursts satisfying Good Weather, High Elevation, No Moonlight 99% C.L. limits typically < 1-4% Crab

32 Particle Astrophysics

33 Dark Matter Fermilab Tevatron Large Hadron Collier Soudan Produce neutralino in laboratory Only direct link between a neutralino and dark matter halo profiles Extragalactic Three complementary Science Indirect detection of astrophysical γ-rays from DM self-annihilation approaches COUPP Heavy Liquid Bubble Chamber Directly detect DM WIMP in specialty detectors in (underground) labs

34 Dark Matter Searches - Dwarf Galaxy Survey - Extremely dark matter (DM) dominated objects - clean source in γ-rays due to low star formation rate - 1% Crab limits on Draco, Ursa Minor, Willman I - Also: Local Group Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters - Can have astrophysical motivations / backgrounds Acciari et al., in preparation (2009)

35 Future Plans

36 VERITAS Upgrade Baseline Plan: - move T1 (20% sensitivity) - Superbialkali (lower E thres, sensitivity) - upgrade trigger system: real-time γ/hadron separation, lower E thres Enhanced Plan: - one additional telescope - active mirror alignment system

37 Summary VERITAS Instrument is working extremely well - 95% uptime - excellent performance - meets predicted sensitivity - significant VERITAS & cost effective Overview upgrades first ~ 2 years of the VERITAS Science program successful - several Galactic source discoveries Science - many detections and multiwavelength campaigns - more results at the ICRC 2009 (Lodz) Science Highlights: - discovery of IBLs as a new class of blazars (GeV/TeV overlap) - extended TeV emission from SNR IC443 - detailed Future studies Prospects of HMXB LS I galactic plane survey of Cygnus region (results at ICRC) - radio galaxy M87: TeV/X-ray emission from core? VERITAS Science program is broad and also incl. - Dark Matter searches - GRB ToOs

38 Backup Slides

39 1ES HBL - z = discovered 1995 by Whipple Crab - VERITAS Observations Oct Jan σ detection - Swift: highest known X-ray flux on Dec VHE flux on Dec. 6/7 07: 0.41 Crab

40 Mrk HBL - z = old faithful - Early 2008: Crab - TeV monitor of transients ATEL#1506

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