Microwave and Photonic Metamaterials

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1 Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 06, 2018 Microwave and Photonic Metamaterials Bjarklev, Anders Overgaard Publication date: 2014 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Bjarklev, A. O. (Author). (2014). Microwave and Photonic Metamaterials. Sound/Visual production (digital) General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

2 Microwave and Photonic Metamaterials Anders O. Bjarklev, MSc(Eng), PhD, Dr.Techn. President Technical University of Denmark Plenary Speech Riunione Nazionale di Elettromagnetismo (RiNEm 2014) 15 September 2014

3 Technical Intuition?

4 Photonic Crystals? 1887 Lord Rayleigh studies 1D periodic structures 1987 Yablonovitch and John propose Photonic Crystals 1998 Knight et al. demonstrate real optical device (Uni. of Bath and DTU collaboration)

5 Photonic Crystals: State-of-the-Art λ λ Advanced structures for slowing light to increase material gain Suggested theoretically by J. P. Dowling et al., JAP (1994), but never demonstrated experimentally

6 Photoluminescence Measurements Spontaneous lasing due to Anderson localization: Localisation length ~ 4-6 µm. Q-factor ~ 5000 Limits amplifier gain J. Liu et al., Nature Nanotechnol. (2014)

7 Metamaterials 1967 Vaselago predicts materials with negative ε and μ 1999 Pendry proposes split ring structures with negative µ and founds the modern field of metamaterials 2000 Smith et al. demonstrate functional metamaterials Explosion of research in metamaterials, however, most experimental demonstrations at microwaves

8 Challenges Broadband operation without distortions 3D omnidirectional operation Functional devices at visible wavelengths

9 Avoiding Metals For The Optical Range? Massive photonics industry at visible and near-infrared wavelengths Metals are the bottleneck of performance in many classes of optical metamaterials: High losses, large magnitude of permittivity, lack of tunability of optical properties Challenges associated with nanofabrication and integration Metal-free plasmonic metamaterial: Hyperbolic metamaterials Semiconductor-based (dilute metals) Boltaseva et al., Purdue and DTU, 2012 Al:ZnO/ZnO metamaterial Negative μm (for incident angles of 40 degrees) Enhanced light-matter interactions due to large photonic density-of-states

Meta-Atoms Nanoparticles as meta-atoms : Bridging the gap

Interface effect Macroscopic: Bulk-material effect

perspectives in sensing, photo-electro-chemistry, etc. www.

10 Meta-Atoms Nanoparticles as meta-atoms : Bridging the gap between outer and inner photoelectric effects Microscopic: Interface effect Macroscopic: Bulk-material effect Photoelectric metamaterials with intricate nanoantennas: New perspectives in sensing, photo-electro-chemistry, etc. Electrochemistry J. L. Alonso-Gómez Chirality sensing B. Willis Optical rectennas

11 Plasmonic Metamaterial Effect non-centrosymmetric crystals non-centrosymmetric nanoparticles uniform ilumination uniform ilumination photocurrent photocurrent bulk medium effect Conventional plasmonics is an electromagnetic problem; free electron motion is restricted by the nanoparticle Conventional metamaterials are also considered as an electromagnetic problem Photoelectric effect is a quantum problem plasmonic metamaterial effect If we relax the restriction of electrons to stay inside a nanoparticle and include photoelectric effects: New photoconductive metamaterial structures, where metamaterials are now introduced merging classic and quantum effects

12 Directional Photocurrent Resulting values of effective photogalvanic tensor exceeds bulk-media values by orders of magnitude! 1

Optical Fibers Hollow core fibers with large core

Telecommunications and Defense applications New

13 Optical Fibers Hollow core fibers with large core dimensions, millimeter level DTU; Yan & Mortensen, Optics Express, 2009 Not yet realized, but disruptive possibilities in: Materials processing, Telecommunications and Defense applications New advanced production Uni. Sydney, Nature Communications, 2013

14 Optical Fibers Miniaturized optoelectronics Highly sensitive sensors Smith et al., Nano. Lett. 10, 1 (2010)

15 Colorful Plastic Using Plasmonics Metasurfaces Clausen et al., Nano Lett. 14, 4499 (2014)

Metasurfaces In Reflectarray Antennas Metasurface based on sub-wavelength dual split-ring loop resonators.

Element pattern may be modulated to synthesise a specified radiation pattern for a satellite communication antenna

Breinbjerg, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 61, no. 4. pp. 1995-2004, 2013. [2] T.G. Smith, U.

16 Metasurfaces In Reflectarray Antennas Metasurface based on sub-wavelength dual split-ring loop resonators. Unlike natural materials, this surface maintains the sense of circular polarization upon reflection! Element pattern may be modulated to synthesise a specified radiation pattern for a satellite communication antenna with European coverage. [1] M. Zhou, S.B. Sørensen, O.S. Kim, E. Jørgensen, P. Meincke, and O. Breinbjerg, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 61, no. 4. pp , [2] T.G. Smith, U. Gothelf, O.S. Kim, and O. Breinbjerg, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 62, no. 2. pp , In close cooperation with Cobham Satcom and Ticra.

Sub-wavelength Resonant Scatterers And Antennas Superdirective magnetic dipole array designed for DTU-ESA Spherical Near-Field Antenna Test Facility 184 mm

17 Sub-wavelength Resonant Scatterers And Antennas Superdirective magnetic dipole array designed for DTU-ESA Spherical Near-Field Antenna Test Facility 184 mm Measurement results: D = 9.2dB G = 7dB O.S. Kim, S. Pivnenko and O. Breinbjerg, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 60, no. 10, pp , 2012

18 Sub-wavelength Resonant Scatterers And Antennas Spherical split-ring antenna on ground plane Other DTU sub-wavelength antennas Multiarm spherical helix antenna 3 Spherical SRR antenna 3 Electrical size ka=0.18 Spherical split-ring antenna Spherical meander antenna 5 [1] O.S. Kim, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 58, no. 7, pp , [2] O. S. Kim, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., July 2010

19 Sub-Wavelength Resonant Scatterers And Antennas 3D printing technology is employed to realize complicated wire antenna structures Spherical helix antenna Spherical zigzag antenna ka=0.4 O.S. Kim, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Explorer, 2014

Looking Towards The Future Applications Lenses for high-gain antennas Shielding of sensitive medical devices from disruption by MRI scanners Cloaks to route cellphone signals around

20 Looking Towards The Future Applications Lenses for high-gain antennas Shielding of sensitive medical devices from disruption by MRI scanners Cloaks to route cellphone signals around obstacles Light concentrators for solar cells Inspiration for disruptive applications outside electromagnetics: Shielding structures from earthquakes Improving ultrasonic sensors Shielding from noise

21 Sonic Applications: Cloaking 2014, Steven Cummer et al. Acoustic invisibility cloak Duke Unversity

22 Sonic Applications: Broadband Noise Absorption absorption Exp. Theory 2014, DTU & Universitat Politècnica de València Christensen et al., Scientific Reports 4, 4674 (2014)

23 Your task is not to foresee the future, but to enable it. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry Danmarks Tekniske Universitet

An Equivalent Source Method for Modelling the Lithospheric Magnetic Field Using Satellite and Airborne Magnetic Data

Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 03, 2018 An Equivalent Source Method for Modelling the Lithospheric Magnetic Field Using Satellite and Airborne Magnetic Data Kother, Livia Kathleen; D. Hammer, Magnus;