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1 Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope GLAST Large Area Telescope: Balloon Flight Results WBS 4.1.E Tune Kamae Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University LAT Instrument Technical Manager On behalf of LAT Balloon Flight Team GSFC, SU-SLAC, SU-HEPL, Hiroshima, NRL, UCSC, Pisa led by D. Thompson, G. Godfrey, S. Williams Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 1
2 Balloon Flight Results Outline Rationale and Goals Preparation Balloon Flight and Operations Instrument Performance Results vs. Simulation Conclusions Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 2
3 Rationale: Why a Balloon Flight? NASA Announcement of Opportunity: "The LAT proposer must also demonstrate by a balloon flight of a representative model of the flight instrument or by some other effective means the ability of the proposed instrument to reject adequately the harsh background of a realistic space environment. A software simulation is not deemed adequate for this purpose. Planning the balloon flight: Identify specific goals that were practical to achieve with limited resources (time, money, and people), using the previously-tested Beam Test Engineering Model (BTEM) as a starting point. Fig.1: Beam Test Engineering Model ( 99) (BTEM), a prototype GLAST/LAT tower. The black box to the right is the anticoincidence detector (ACD), which surrounds the tracker (TKR). The aluminum-covered block in the middle is the calorimeter (CAL). Readout electronics were housed in the crates to the left. Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 3
4 Goals of the Balloon Flight Validate the basic LAT design at the single tower level. Show the ability to take data in the high isotropic background flux of energetic particles in the balloon environment. Record all or partial particle incidences in an unbiased way that can be used as a background event data base. Find an efficient data analysis chain that meets the requirement for the future LAT Instrument Operations Center. Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 4
5 Preparation:What Was Needed for this Balloon Flight? A detector similar and functionally equivalent to one LAT tower. BTEM Rework on Tower Electronics Module. Stanford U Rework on Tracker. UCSC Rework on Calorimeter. NRL Rework on ACD. GSFC External Gamma Target (XGT). Hiroshima, SLAC On-board software. SLAC, SU, NRL Pressure vessel to keep ~1 atm air for cooling, high voltage, and hard drives. SLAC, GSFC Mechanical structure to support the instrument through launch, flight, and recovery. GSFC, SLAC Power, commanding, and telemetry. NSBF, SU, SLAC, NRL Real-time commanding and data displays. SU, SLAC, NRL Data analysis tools. SLAC, GSFC, UW, Pisa Modeling of the instrument response. Hiroshima, SLAC, KTH Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 5
6 Preparation: BFEM Integration New Cooler View of XGT Installing the BFEM in Pressure Vessel Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 6
7 Preparation: Pre-Launch Review X side: Y coordinate Run nsbf , xgtcosmic cut, L1t=11410 X Side: Tem/Biu 2010.c4p c4p Y 1000.c0p Y 2011.c4p c4p X Side: Acd/Disks Xgt hit Y side: X coordinate Y side: X coordinate Run nsbf , xgtcosmic cut, L1t=11410 Y X Side: Tem/Biu 000.c2p c2p c1p c1p X Side: Acd/Disks +Y X Side: Y coordinate Z coordinate Run nsbf , xgtcosmic cut, L1t= c2p c2p TF: xangle=8.41, xerr=0.59 xgtplane x=132.2 xgtsum: 1017 >= c4p c4p acdsum: 0 <= 3307 <= Inf 1000.c0p c2p c1p hits: 16<=12x+16y=28<=Inf topz lyr: 0 <= 9 <= Inf botz lyr: 0 <= 1 <= Inf vopenx: 0 <= 0 <= Inf wall margin: 0 <= 0 <= Inf calsum: <= <= Inf calhits>ped+20: 0 <= 19 <= Inf max tot: 130 cable=5 cntlr=1 Xgt hit 310.c3p c1p Y Side: X coordinate Run nsbf , xgtcosmic cut, L1t=11410 xgtsum: 1017 >= c4p c4p0.4 Xgt hit 210.c3p c3p TF: yangle= 6.04, yerr=0.34 xgtplane y= acdsum: 0 <= 3307 <= Inf 1000.c0p c1p c1p hits: 16<=12x+16y=28<=Inf topz lyr: 0 <= 9 <= Inf botz lyr: 0 <= 1 <= Inf vopeny: 0 <= 0 <= Inf wall margin: 0 <= 0 <= Inf calsum: <= <= Inf calhits>ped+20: 0 <= 19 <= Inf max tot: 130 cable=5 cntlr=1 410.c0p c0p X Side: Y coordinate Real-time event display. A penetrating cosmic ray is seen in all the detectors Pre-launch testing at National Scientific Balloon Facility, Palestine, Texas. August, Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 7
8 Balloon Flight Operations Team at Palestine, Texas Balloon Team at Palestine Texas Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 8
9 Flight and Operation: Launch on August 4, 2001 The balloon reached an altitude of 38 km and gave a float time of 3 hours. First results (real-time data): trigger rate as a function of atmospheric depth. The trigger rate never exceeded 1.5 KHz, well below the BFEM capability of 6 KHz. Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 9
10 Flight and Operation: Onboard DAQ and Ground Electronics Worked Realtime event display Document: LAT-PR LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 10 10
11 Instrument Performance: All Subsystems Performed Properly External Targets (4 plastic scint) to test direction determination and measure interaction rate. 4.5 million L1T recorded on-board and 345k events down linked. ACD (13 scint. tiles) to detect charged particles and heavy ions (Z>=2). CAL (CsI logs) To image EM energy deposition. Tracker (26 layers of SSD) to measure charged tracks 200um and reconstruct gamma ray direction. Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 11
12 Instrument Performance: All Subsystems Performed Properly Level-1 Trigger Rate (L1T) Level Flight Data Simulation (Geant4) (Cosmic-Ray Fluxes Model) All 500/sec 504/sec Charged 444/sec 447/sec Neutral 56/sec 57/sec Number of Events Recorded Events through Downlink Before Launch 30.5k - Ascending 109k 1.4M Level Flight 105k - Events in Hard Disk Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 12
13 Instrument Performance: ACD Threshold and Efficiency Nevents Tile MIP PHA Anti-Coincidence Detector Pulse height distr. for stiff charged particles shows clean separation of the peak from noise. Scinti. Eff. ~ 99.95% or better* (* One track passed thru the bent part of a tile.) Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 13
14 Instrument Performance: CAL s Energy Measurement & Imaging Interaction in XGT alpha proton Calorimeter Pulse height distr. for stiff charged particles shows a single-charge peak and a peak due to alpha particles. Alpha particles are seen. Z-X Plane Z-Y Plane Imaging capability demonstrated Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 14
15 Instrument Performance: Tracker & XGT Association Cosmic ray interaction in 4 External Targets (plastic scintilators) Gamma ray produced in XGT (20 identified) Hadrons produced in XGT (416 recorded) Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 15
![2000 2500 3000 Time [min] Document:](/docs-images/90/103482090/images/16-2.jpg "LAT-PR-00403 Section 4.")
16 Instrument Performance: Mechanical Stability Demonstrated Launch ) Landing Recovery ) 2) 4) 5) Time [min] Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 16
17 Results: Reconstruction of Events Charged particle event: The track passes through the ACD (top), the tracker, and the calorimeter. Note: Tracker has no Si strips in the upper right corner Gamma-ray event: Two tracks are seen in the tracker and calorimeter. Pattern recognition of an inverted V will allow us to selected gamma-rays from cosmic-ray background. Interaction event: Particle and gamma ray splashes deposit energy in ACD, Tracker, and Calorimeter. Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 17
18 Simulation: Background and Instrument Model Proton spectrum e-/e+ spectra atmospheric gamma spectrum Primary and secondary e-/e+ Primary protons passing into the Earth s magnetic field and secondary protons produced by hadronic int. in the atmosphere Gammas prod. by cosmic-rays interacting in the atmosphere Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 18
19 Results vs Simulation: Charged Particles Flux & Angular Distribution Model fluxes and angular distributions: protons, muons, and electrons Data γ e-/e+ muons Simulation prediction protons 90 deg. Cosine of cosmic-ray direction Downward Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 19
20 Results vs Simulation: Charged Particle Distribution Charged particle hit distribution: model fluxes and angular distributions Data Simulation prediction Calorimeter side Tracker layer number Top of Tracker Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 20
21 Results vs Simulation: Neutral Particle Distribution Neutral particle hit distribution: gammas and under-the-acd electrons Simulation prediction Data Calorimeter side Tracker layer number Top of Tracker Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 21
22 Conclusions Goals of the balloon flight were achieved. BFEM successfully collected data using a simple three-in-a-row trigger at a rate that causes little concern when extrapolated to the full flight unit LAT. Mechanical robustness of the Tracker design around Silicon Strip Detectors has been verified. Power of segmented Calorimeter design has been demonstrated in identifying gamma rays in charged cosmic ray background. Efficiency of ~99.97% for ACD is shown to be achievable. Through the data analysis, we gained confidence in our ability to simulate the instrument and the cosmic ray background. Balloon flight offered a first opportunity for the LAT team to go through procedures and to face issues typical to a flight program. Lessons learned drawn from BFEM experiences will be fed back to the LAT team. The data are being used to try out the background filter algorithms and reconstruction programs Balloon Experiment has served many purposes and was a success. Document: LAT-PR Section 4.0 Balloon Flight Results 22
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