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1 Overview VHE science, experiments & status t VERITAS history & performance Collaboration structure Results & publications Rene A. Ong (UCLA) for the VERITAS Collaboration 31 st ICRC, Łódź, Highlight: Recent Results
2 VERITAS Collaboration Adler Planetarium, June 2009 ~ 95 Scientists 22 Institutions in 4 Countries Support from: U.S. DOE U.S. NSF Smithsonian STFC (U.K.) NSERC (Canada) SFI (Ireland) Stage et al U.S. Adler Planetarium Purdue Univ. Univ. of Iowa Argonne Nat. Lab SAO Univ. of Massachusetts Barnard College UCLA Univ. of Utah DePauw Univ. UCSC Washington Univ. Grinnell College Univ. of Chicago Iowa St. Univ. Univ. of Delaware Canada McGill Univ. U.K. Leeds Univ. Ireland Cork Inst. Tech. Galway-Mayo Inst. N.U.I. Galway Univ. College Dublin + 25 Associate Members incl. theorists, MWL partners, IceCube, Fermi, Swift, etc.
3 VERITAS Science Origin of Cosmic Rays SNRs Pulsars Microquasars GRBs Low E High E VER J Testing Lorentz Invariance Cold Dark Matter?? Dark Accelerators Cosmological γ-ray Horizon AGN
4 Atm. Cherenkov Tel. Arrays Rene A. Ong 29 Feb 2008 Caltech
5 Atm. Cherenkov Tel. Arrays ACT arrays: Large collection area ~10 5 m 2 Excellent bkgd rejection >10 4 Excellent angular res. 4-6 Good energy res % Very sensitive instruments that make high-quality measurements. Rene A. Ong 29 Feb 2008 Caltech
6 Major VHE Experiments (2009) MAGIC Fermi (GeV) VERITAS IceCube, ν s HESS CANGAROO IceCube (ν s)
7 Fermi Science and VERITAS Fermi GeV Sky after 1 year Fermi: has complementary capabilities to VERITAS (E, sensitivity, FOV). explores much of the same physics/astronomy as VERITAS (main exceptions, so far: diffuse emission, pulsars and GRBs). is expected to run to 2014, at least. VERITAS/Fermi-LAT collaboration (under a signed MOU): close collaboration on campaigns, alerts, analysis, & papers. rapid communication exists between PI s of two expts. VERITAS currently has 9 funded Fermi Cycle 2 proposals, most including Fermi team members.
8 VHE Astroparticle Physics Status 09 Adler Planetarium, HESS-IIJune m telescope still under construction Replacement of mirrors? MAGIC-II 2 x 17m telescopes IceCube ~60 strings installed 2011: fully operational HESS: mirrors degraded and upgrade has been delayed. Still doing excellent galactic science. HESS-II online by 2011? MAGIC II: No significant results presented during the last year. VERITAS has well surpassed MAGIC and the two-telescope telescope system will still be less powerful than VERITAS. Stage et al VERITAS: most sensitive γ-ray telescope in the world. At ICRC 09, VERITAS presented many new results, both galactic and extragalactic, and there have been numerous discoveries since then.
9 VERITAS History (in brief) 1989: Whipple detects t Crab Nebula, 1 st TV TeV γ-ray source. 1992,5 Whipple discovers first extragalactic TeV sources. 1996: First VERITAS proposal to Smithsonian. 2000: VERITAS Ranked highly in Decadal Survey. Proposal to DOE/NSF. 2001: First major review (Ritz). Smithsonian reduces funding. Descope to 4 telescopes. Whipple 10m 2003: Second major review (Blandford). Montosa Canyon site approved, then overruled. Horseshoe Canyon site approved. VERITAS leases site from NSF. DOE/NSF approve construction of VERITAS. 2004: Telescope 1 constructed at Basecamp; meets all specs (Jan 1, 2005). 2005: Complaint lodged by Tohono O odham nation. Court supports NSF; DOJ requires a new EA (estimated in ~4 months!). Installation of Telescope 2 at temporary site at Basecamp. 2006: No light at end of site tunnel. Contingency plan to install all four telescopes at Basecamp and begin scientific program. 2007: Four telescope array operational. First discovery (SNR IC 443). 2008: Decide to permanently site VERITAS at Basecamp. FS give approval. 2009: Telescope 1 moved to optimize the array layout. VERITAS now the world s most sensitive instrument. Stage et al. 2006
10 VERITAS History (in brief) 1989: Whipple detects Crab Nebula, 1 st TeV γ-ray source. 1992,5 Whipple discovers first extragalactic TeV sources. 1996: First VERITAS proposal to Smithsonian. 2000: VERITAS Ranked highly in Decadal Survey. Proposal to DOE/NSF. 2001: First major review (Ritz). Whipple 10m Smithsonian reduces funding. Descope to 4 telescopes. 2003: Second major review (Blandford). Montosa Canyon site approved, then overruled. Horseshoe Canyon site approved. VERITAS leases site from NSF. DOE/NSF approve construction of VERITAS. 2004: Telescope 1 constructed at Basecamp; meets all specs (Jan 1, 2005). 2005: Complaint lodged by Tohono O odham nation. Court supports NSF DOJ requires a new EA (estimated ~4 months!). Installation of Telescope 2 at temporary site at Basecamp. 2006: No light at end of site tunnel. Contingency plan to install all four telescopes at Basecamp and begin scientific program. Stage et al : Four telescope array operational. First discovery (IC 443). 2008: Decide to permanently site VERITAS at Basecamp. FS give approval. 2009: Telescope 1 moved to optimize the array layout.
11 Telescope Layout T2 Spring 2006 T3 Fall 2006 T4 Spring 2007 T1 Jan 2005
12 108m T2 Spring m T3 Fall m T4 Spring m T1 Jan 2005
13 7 km 108m T2 Spring m T3 Fall m T4 Spring m T1 Jan 2005
14 T1 Sep 2009 T1 Relocated 95m 85m 108m T2 Spring 2006 T3 Fall m T4 Spring m 35m Sensitivity Improvement ~ 20% 30%
15 Technical Details PMT Assembly FADC Board & Trace Camera (x 4) 499 PMTs, 3.5 o FOV Stage et al Telescope (x 4) Mirror Facets (x 350) 12-m diameter Davies-Cotton f 1.0, 110 m2 area Reflectivity it ~ 88% (Recoated every 2 years) FADC Readout 500 Msps, dual-gain 3-Level Trigger Pixel, Telescope, Array Deadtime 300 Hz
16 VERITAS Performance (2009) Canonical Performance Values: Energy Range: 100 GeV 30 TeV Energy Resolution: 15% 25% Crab Rate ~ 50 / min (trigger) Sensitivity: 5% Crab in < 2 h 1% Crab in < 30 h Angular Resolution: r 68 < 0.1 o Pointing Accuracy: < 50 Effective Area (std. cuts) Energy Resolution Stage et al : Significant improvement In sensitivity due to: 1) Relocation of T1 2) Better aligment Crab detected in ~70 s (~90 hrs in 1989!) Angular Resolution Latest Pt. Source Sensitivity
17 Rapid Feedback & Reliable Results Quicklook provides immediate feedback to observers (seconds). All data stored in raw & processed format at UCLA. Publication requires two independent analyses >5σ. Standard analysis package (VEGAS). Automatic Next day analysis provides more sensitive and stable confirmation (24 hours). Used for e.g. Astronomers Telegrams.
18 VERITAS Wiki & ELogs Used extensively for: Maintenance Observing Science Planning Analysis Simulations Proposals Publications Collaboration Priceless!
19 Structure of Collaboration VERITAS Executive Committee (VEC) (Chair: John Finley) Governing organization for VERITAS. Representatives from major groups responsible for construction and from new groups that joined since construction. Determines membership in VERITAS. Determines managing organization (SAO) & Project Office. VERITAS Science Board (Chair: Rene Ong, Spokesperson) Determines the science program of VERITAS. Representatives from all Collaborating Institutions on VERITAS. Directs scientific collaboration with outside scientists. t Oversight over publications, talks, representation at meetings, & publicity. Organizes the education/public outreach program (Adler Planetarium). Receives guidance from External Science Advisory Committee (ESAC). Stage et al Sets up sub-committees to handle specific tasks. VERITAS Project Office (PI: Wystan Benbow, Project Manager: Ken Gibbs) Responsible for day-to-day operations of VERITAS. Responsible for long-term maintenance of VERITAS. Weekly sub-project calls maximize communication, keep VERITAS running well.
20 Scientific Structure and Planning Time Allocation Committee (TAC) (Chair: Reshmi Mukherjee) Receives and rates proposals for bulk observing program. Generates and maintains observing schedule. Ensures that correct observations are made. VERITAS Publications Committee (Chair: David Hanna) Maintains database of papers in various stages. Reports on progress of papers; pushes authors to complete. Ensures that publications are of high quality. VERITAS Speaker s Bureau (Chair: Karen Byrum) Maintains database of conferences, standard figures, etc. Determines speakers for meetings; lobbies for talks, etc. Stage et al Collaboration meetings: 4-day full-collaboration meetings held twice/year; other meetings as needed. Internal science meetings on periodic basis to review accomplishments and do scientific strategic t planning (last meeting in April 2009). ESAC review of VERITAS science program on regular basis (last in April 2009).
21 Science Planning and Strategy Science Working Groups (SWGs) Astroparticle/Extragalactic non-blazar (Chairs: V. Vassiliev, S. Wakely) Blazars (Chair: W. Benbow, Deputy Chairs: L. Fortson, P. Moriarty) Dark Matter (Chair: J. Buckley) Galactic Sources (Chairs: J. Holder, R. Mukherjee) GRBs (Chair: D. Williams) Discretionary (10%) Observing Proposals (50%) ToO s, GRBs SWGs, including outside participants Higher risk sources (incl. two from Fermi-LAT getting time) Determined by TAC BLAZARS Dark Matter SNRs/PWN Key Science Projects (40%) >800 hours/year Dark Time + 30% Moonlight (>1000 hours total). > 95% Data taken with all four telescopes operational.
22 VERITAS Science Highlights (so far) VERITAS 2007: 2008: Detection of SNR IC 443 (w. MAGIC). Detection binary LS I , confirming variability. Detection of blazar 1ES and radio galaxy M87. Detection of blazar 1ES , correlated TeV flare with X-ray. Discovery of blazar 1ES (ATEL #1415). Discovery of blazar W Comae (ATEL #1422), a new LBL. Detection ti of SNR Cas-A. Discovery of blazar 3C 66A (ATEL #1753), the first IBL. W Comae & 1ES VERITAS 3C 66A G VERITAS Preliminary 2009: Measurement of source extent of SNR IC 443. Simultaneous MWL observations of Mrk 421 reported (w. MAGIC). Discovery of blazar RGB 0710 (ATEL #1941). MWL observations of LS I (w. Swift, RXTE). Radio imaging of TeV emission region of M87 (w. MAGIC, HESS, VLBA). Evidence for variability in HESS J ICRC 09: Flood of results, 31 science presentations. Discovery of starburst galaxy M 82. Discovery of 2 new Galactic sources (G , G ). Discovery of blazar PKS (ATEL #2084). New limits on dark matter from 7 candidate sources. IC 443
23 The VERITAS SKY (Oct 09) Starburst M 82 AGN PKS 1424 AGN W Comae 1ES 1218 SNR Cas-A Radio Galaxy M87 Stage et al Binary LS I AGN 3C 66A SNR G SNR G Crab Nebula SNR IC 443 Rene A. Ong
24 VERITAS Science Highlights (so far) 2009 (continued): High-quality spectral measurements of SNR Cas A. Constraint on redshift of PKS Evidence for variability in emission from 1ES Discovery of new VHE source VER J (ATEL #2260). Discovery of blazar RBS 0413 (w. Fermi, ATEL #2273). Discovery of Fermi-Lat blazar 1ES at TeV energies (ATEL #2301). Detection of blazar 1ES Detection of TeV J First Sky Survey results: Discovery of new source VER J near γ-cygni. Detect flaring on VER J in next-day analysis (ATEL #2309). VER J Cas A VER J TeV
25 High Profile Results This Year M 87 M 82 1ES
26 VERITAS Refereed Publications 2008 (4) A Search for Dark Matter Annihilations with the Whipple 10m Telescope, Wood et al., ApJ 678, 594 (2008). Observation of Gamma-Ray Emission from the Galaxy M87 above 250 GeV with VERITAS, Acciari et al., ApJ 679, 397 (2008). VERITAS Observations of the γ-ray Binary LS I , Acciari et al., ApJ 679, 1427 (2008). VERITAS Discovery of >200 GeV Gamma-Ray Emission from the Intermediate Frequency-Peaked BLL Lacertae Object W Comae, Acciari et al., ApJ 684, L73 (2008). Discovery of Very High Energy Gamma-ray Radiation from the BL Lac 1ES , Acciari et al., ApJ 690, L126 (2009). The June 2008 Flare of Markarian 421 from Optical to TeV Energies, Donnarumma et al., ApJ 691, L13 (2009). VERITAS Observations of a Very High Energy Gamma-ray Flare from the Blazar 3C 66A, Acciari et al., ApJ 693, L104 (2009). Multiwavelength Observations of Markarian 421 in , Horan et al., ApJ 695, 596 (2009). VERITAS observations of the BL Lac 1ES , Acciari et al., ApJ 695, 1370 (2009).
27 VERITAS Refereed Publications 2009 (15) Evidence for Long-Term Gamma-Ray and X-ray Variability from the Unidentified TeV Source HESS J , Acciari et al., ApJ 698, L94 (2009). Observation of Extended Very High Energy Emission from the Supernova Remnant IC 443 with VERITAS, Acciari et al., ApJ 698, L133 (2009). Radio Imaging of the Very-High-Energy Emission Region in the Central Engine of a Radio Galaxy, Acciari et al., Science 325, 444 (2008). Multiwavelength Observations of LS I with VERITAS, Swift and RXTE, Acciari et al., ApJ 700, 1034 (2009). Simultaneous Multiwavelength Observations of Markarian 421 During Outburst, Acciari et al., ApJ 703, 169 (2009). Detection of Extended VHE Gamma-ray Emission from G with VERITAS, Acciari et al., ApJ 703, L6 (2009). VERITAS Upper Limit on the Very High Energy Emission from the Radio Galaxy NGC 1275, Acciari et al., ApJ 706, L275 (2009). Multiwavelength Observations of a TeV Flare from W Comae, Acciari et al., ApJ 707, 612 (2009). A Connection Between Star Formation Activity and Cosmic Rays in the Starburst Galaxy M 82, Acciari et al., (Dec. 10, 2009). Discovery of Very High Energy Gamma Rays from PKS and Multiwavelength Constraints on its Redshift, Acciari et al., ApJ accepted (2009).
28 VERITAS Publications Soon (6) VERITAS Monitoring of the Time-varying Gamma-ray Source M87, Acciari et al., submitted to ApJ. Observations of Shell-type SNR Cassiopeia A at TeV Energies with VERITAS, Acciari i et al., submitted to ApJ. Multiwavelength Observations of the VHE Blazar 1ES , Acciari et al., submitted to ApJ. These papers are in advanced stages: Discovery of Variability in the Very High Energy Gamma-Ray Emission of 1ES with VERITAS, ApJ. Discovery of VHE Gamma-ray Emission from the SNR G , ApJ. VERITAS Search for VHE Gamma-ray Emission from Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies, ApJ.
29 In the Pipeline (11+) These topics, and others, are in preparation: 3C 66A (w. Fermi). RGB J (w. Fermi). Blazar survey limits (50 sources). Extended VERITAS Observations of Markarian ES high state. VER (new Galactic source discovered in Sky Survey). Markarian 501 (w. MAGIC and Fermi). Coma Cluster. GRB observations. Cosmic-ray composition (direct Cherenkov light). MGRO/HESS J
30 Training Young Scientists The training of young scientists is an important task. In VERITAS, out of ~95 collaboration members: 17 are postdocs. 32 are graduate students. Postdocs/students have leadership roles in many aspects of VERITAS: Head of offline analysis group (N. Karlsson). Head of simulations group (B. Humensky). Head of sky survey group (A. Weinstein). Head of low-energy working group (N. Otte). Stage et al Lead/Co-lead authors on most of the VERITAS papers. Of the 6 VERITAS TAC members, 2 are postdocs, 1 is a grad student.
31 2009 ESAC Report (April 2009) VERITAS External Science Advisory Committee (ESAC) Members: Roger Romani (Chair), Matthew Baring, James Bullock, Chuck Dermer, Tom Gaisser, Neil Gehrels, Steve Kahn, Chryssa Kouvelioutou Summary: Stage et al. 2006
32 2009 ESAC Report (April 2009) Future Operations: Stage et al The ESAC report was written before most of the exciting new results from VERITAS were reported this year.
33 The VERITAS Sky (Dec 2009) 1ES VER J VER J RBS 0413 TeV ES New sources in last 6 weeks!
34 The VERITAS Sky (Dec 2009) 1ES VER J TeV 2032 VER J RBS 0413 VER TeVJ VER J ES So far, 27 sources detected??? 6 source categories New AGN?
35 Summary VERITAS is operating very well (> 95% uptime) with excellent performance most sensitive γ-ray telescope in world. Science program addresses broad range of important t topics in particle astrophysics/astronomy. We have a good partnerships with other major instruments, especially Fermi-LAT. Stage et al First 2 years of observing has produced a flood of scientific results: Discovery of 13 new sources. 25 papers. Several very high-profile results. Collaboration functions well in the operation of the array, the analysis of data, and the rapid publication of results. Next 5 years will be a golden age for VHE astrophysics, with VERITAS, HESS, Fermi, IceCube. A timely upgrade would improve VERITAS performance to maximize scientific return.
36 Stage et al BACKUP
37 VHE Astrophysics (γ s, CRs, ν s) Messengers Cosmic Rays Neutrinos Radio IR O UV X-rays γ-rays Log Frequency (Hz) THERMAL UNIVERSE NON-THERMAL UNIVERSE Log Energy (ev) HE VHE UHE --- Crab Nebula Gamma-Ray Active Galactic Dark TeV PeV ν s >10 19 ev Bursts (GRBs) Nuclei (AGN) Accelerators Particles Fermi VERITAS IceCube Auger
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