Future cm & mm Wavelength Occultation System: Active Temperature, Ozone and Moisture Microwave Spectrometer (ATOMMS) E. R.

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1 Future cm & mm Wavelength Occultation System: Active Temperature, Ozone and Moisture Microwave Spectrometer (ATOMMS) E. R. Kursinski 1 D. Ward 2, A. Otarola 3, J. McGhee 1, H. Reed 4, & D. Erickson 4 1 Space Science & Engineering, Golden, CO 2 University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 3 Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), Pasadena, CA 4 University of Colorado, Boulder, CO GRUAN ICM-7 Feb 23-27, 215

2 What could you do if you were to design an RO system from scratch? Answer: Build an RO system that probes the 22 & 183 GHz water vapor absorption lines Open air spectrometer Profiles water vapor, temperature & pressure simultaneously, unlike GNSS RO, to much higher altitudes Cross between GPS RO & MLS Approaching sonde profiling from orbit in may ways (but generally more accurate, in theory) Eventually LEO Constellation of ATOMMS Kursinski et al., 2 GRUAN ICM-7 SSE Feb 24, 215

3 22 & 183 GHz RO Active Spectrometer Profiles speed of light (like GPS RO) & attenuation of light (unlike GPS RO) Profiles H 2 O vapor, temperature & pressure versus height simultaneously, unlike GPS RO in clear & cloudy air, over land & water Also cloud LWC, O 3, NO 2, water isotopes, LoS winds above 1 mb & turbulence RO: Self calibrating, no drift H 2 O O 2 O 2 α LEO RO geometry: Transmit & Receive 22 GHz & 183 GHz H 2 O Resolution: ~1 m vertical, ~5 km horiz. H 2 O vapor: < 3% precision, < 1% accuracy Temperature:.4K precision, <.5 K accuracy 22&183 GHz RO Will provide unique profiles of turbulence from orbit Kursinski et al., 3 GRUAN ICM-7 MOOG AMS Oct 15, 214

4 Doubly Differential Absorption Measurements 1. Self calibration Derive optical depth via change in signal level during occultation relative to signal level measured above the atmosphere, before or after each occultation Signal amplitude only has to be stable over ~1 second duration of an occultation to achieve climate quality stability No long term drift Kursinski et al., 4 GRUAN ICM-7 SSE Feb 24, 215

5 Doubly Differential Absorption Measurements 2. Use two or more simultaneous tones Differential Absorption: 2 tones 1 st tone on absorption line 2 nd calibration tone off the line 2 tone amplitude ratio eliminates common mode noise Enables profiling in clouds & rain Enables profiling of cloud LWC Enables profiling in clouds Isolate and reduce or remove turbulent scintillations Kursinski et al., 5 GRUAN ICM-7 SSE Feb 24, 215

6 Precision of Individual Water Vapor Profiles 8 1% 1% /17 9. altitu de (km) /17 9. lo-band: 8., 13., 17.5, 2., 22.21, hi-band: 179., 182.2, 183., 183.2, , high altitude pres sure boundary condition GHz lo-band: 8., 13., 17.5, 2., 22.21, hi-band: 179., 182.2, 183., 183.2, , without the high altitude pressure boundary condition lo-band only : 8., 13., 17.5, 2., 22.21, GHz With turbulence 1% 1%. 1.1 Fractional RMS water v apor error Kursinski et al., 6 GRUAN ICM-7 SSE Feb 24, 215

7 Precision of Individual Temperature Profiles 8 6 Altitu de (km) 4 2 SN R v (183GHz) = 18 ionos phere m ax day (abs). 5 mm /s RMS v elocity error loc al multipath abel integral init ialization hy drostatic integral init ialization Horizontal + tropical water v apor error W ater v apor error f or 35S (June) W ater v apor error f or 6S (June) no hy drostatic initialization o C RMS tem perature error (K) 1 o C Kursinski et al., 7 GRUAN ICM-7 SSE Feb 24, 215

8 1 Near-Surface Precision with 3, 22 & 183 GHz tones a Temperature Error 5 Water Vapor Fractional Error.2 15 subarctic Winter.5 1 Temperature Error 5 subarctic Winter 1% 2% Water Vapor Fractional Error Tropics % 1% Tropics Kursinski et al., 8 GRUAN ICM-7 SSE Feb 24, 215

9 Ground-based Prototype Instrument Results Kursinski et al., 9 GRUAN ICM-7 SSE Feb 24, 215

10 Rooftop to Rooftop 3 Field Test Geometries Lemmon 5.4 km 84 m Rooftop: 84 m Lemmon to Bigelow: 5.4 km Hopkins to Lemmon: 84 km Bigelow View of Mt. Lemmon from Mt. Bigelow Kursinski et al., 1 GRUAN ICM-7 SSE Feb 24, 215

11 Mt. Hopkins Deployed Instrument Photos Mt. Lemmon Mt. Lemmon Mt. Bigelow Kursinski et al., 11 GRUAN ICM-7 SSE Feb 24, 215

12 Water Vapor Spectroscopy & Retrievals 183 GHz line shape spectroscopy agreement to.3% (1x better than previous best spectroscopy ) ATOMMS water vapor estimates agreement with capacitive hygrometer to 1% Agreement with HiTran to.3% Kursinski et al., 212 AMT Kursinski et al., 12 GRUAN ICM-7 SSE Feb 24, 215

13 Water Vapor Retrievals: Clear, Cloudy & Rain Using mountaintop observations to demonstrate ability to retrieve water vapor spectra in clouds and rain Enabled by calibration tone at GHz Figures show spectrum of amplitude ratios relative to calibration tone Red lines indicate +1.2% about the fit Lose some tone frequencies nearer line center during rain but still have the rest to fit Clear Rain Kursinski et al., 13 GRUAN ICM-7 SSE Feb 24, 215

14 ATOMMS Mountaintop Results Mtn-top retrievals In clear, cloud & rain optical depth up to 17 Water vapor retrievals Extremely little ambiguity even in rain Stdev < 1% Ward et al. (215) to submit to GRL 183 GHz optical depth due to rain, clouds & H 2 O vapor Retrieved water vapor Kursinski et al., 14 GRUAN ICM-7 SSE Feb 24, 215

15 Example: High Latitude Profiling Relevance: Large spread among sea ice melting predictions Uncertainties in modeled clouds & energy fluxes Need observations to tie down uncertainties Passive observations limited by vertical resolution & sensitivity to surface emissivity ATOMMS would routinely profile atmospheric structure to the surface Insensitive to surface emissivity T, q, z(p) resolved to 1 m, 5 km horiz Radiosonde profile Barrow, Alaska Fall somewhat like a sonde but better accuracy Temperature Resolve near surface temperature & stability & moisture structure Liquid water cloud presence, LWC & temperature ATOMMS would fill a data sparse region with precise vertical observations particularly near surface to tightly constrain and quantitatively understand convection, sensible & latent heat fluxes, clouds & radiative transfer Complement CloudSat & Calipso measurements Height (km) IR vert. res. ATOMMS vert. res. Clouds + Near-surface turbulence (& fluxes?) Dewpoint ATOMMS error ~ width of lines old BL tops Temperature or Dew point (C) Kursinski et al., 15 GRUAN ICM-7 SSE Feb 24, 215

16 New Compact Instrument Design Planned demonstration: Rising occultations between two WB57 high altitude aircraft Reduce instrument volume and mass for WB57 noses Reflective design Still simpler design for LEO Kursinski et al., 16 GRUAN ICM-7 SSE Feb 24, 215

17 Global Field Campaign? New window into atmosphere from orbit Measure atmospheric stability, weather fronts, profile pressure surface High precision to measure variability to constrain processes & guide models, e.g. New constraints to help understand cloud formation; complement Cloudsat/Calipso Strat-trop exchange (co-located temperature, H 2 O vapor & O 3 as tracers) Help constrain surface energy fluxes at high northern latitudes Trends: UT humidity & temperature, Stratospheric humidity, Stability (e.g. PDFs vs means) Accuracy & precision => Improve reanalyses Build up statistical database for processes and climatology Development Status Prototype instrument done & used for testing Next: aircraft-aircraft occultations demonstration Next next: LEO-LEO constellation of small satellites Challenges: funding, funding, funding Kursinski et al., 17 GRUAN ICM-7 SSE Feb 24, 215

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