FORCES. Force. Combining Forces

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1 FORCES Force A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. The unit of force is the newton (N) 1 newton is the force required to accelerate a mass of 1 kilogram at a rate of 1 meter per second each second. So 1N = 1kg.m/s² Force is a vector unit that has both magnitude and direction Combining Forces Forces can be combined to give a greater or less combined net force. Balanced forces result in net zero force acting on an object and so no change in motion of the object. Unbalanced forces result in non-zero net forces resulting in a change of motion of an object (acceleration) Friction Friction is a force that acts upon an object where it contacts with another object (surface). There are several types of friction: o Static friction o Sliding friction o Rolling friction o Fluid friction Static friction is the friction force that acts on nonmoving objects. Acts in the opposite direction to the force applied to an object. Sliding (kinetic) friction is the friction force opposing the motion of an object as it slides over another object or surface. Rolling friction is the friction force that acts upon rolling objects at the point of contact between objects (or object and surface). 100 to 1000 times less than static or sliding friction.

2 Fluid friction is the friction force that opposes the motion of an object through a fluid (liquid or gas). Increases as velocity increases. Gravity Gravity is an attractive force that acts between any two objects. Objects need not be in contact. Can act over large distances. Normal force acts on objects in contact to counteract gravity. Falling objects subjected to gravity and fluid friction (air resistance) Terminal velocity is reached when gravity and air resistance is equal. Projectile Motion Projectile motion analyzes the motion of an object (the projectile) under the influence of the constant acceleration of gravity, after it has been propelled with some initial velocity. The effect of air resistance may also be included in the analysis. Projectile motion would include, for example, calculating the trajectory of a ball that has been thrown or that of a shell fired from a cannon. Aristotle, Galileo & Newton Aristotle ( BC) incorrectly stated that force is required to keep an object moving. Galileo ( AD) proposed that moving objects not subject to friction would move indefinitely. Isaac Newton ( AD) published Principia in which he defined mass and force and then introduced his laws of motion.

3 Newton s First Law of Motion - "the law of inertia" An object will remain at rest or in motion with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force. o All objects resist changes in their state of motion - they tend to "keep on doing what they're doing." Newton s Second Law of Motion According to Newton, an object will only accelerate if there is a net or unbalanced force acting upon it. The presence of an unbalanced force will accelerate an object - changing its speed, its direction, or both its speed and direction. The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force applied to it, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. The acceleration of an object depends directly upon the net force acting upon the object, and inversely upon the mass of the object. As the force acting upon an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is increased. As the mass of an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is decreased. Weight and Mass Weight is the force of gravity acting upon an object calculated as a product of mass and acceleration due to gravity acting upon the mass. Weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity W = m x g (where g = 9.8 m/s²)

4 Newton s Third Law of Motion Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first. Or, to every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction. The statement means that in every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on the two interacting objects. The size of the forces on the first object equals the size of the force on the second object. The direction of the force on the first object is opposite to the direction of the force on the second object. Momentum Momentum can be defined as "mass in motion." All objects have mass; so if an object is moving, then it has momentum - it has its mass in motion. The amount of momentum that an object has is dependent upon two variables: how much stuff is moving and how fast the stuff is moving. Momentum is the product of an objects mass and its velocity. o Momentum = Mass x Velocity o p = m.v o Unit = kg.m/s So a large mass object travelling at high velocity will have a large momentum and a small mass object travelling at a low velocity will have a low momentum A large mass travelling at low velocity may have similar momentum to a small mass travelling at a high velocity Law of Conservation of Momentum If two objects collide in a closed system (no force can leave the system), the total momentum of the objects will remain the same. i.e. If an object A and an object B collide, the momentum lost or gained by object A will be reflected in a gain or loss of momentum in object B.

5 Universal Forces All known forces in the universe can be broken down and grouped into four basic types: 1. The Electromagnetic Force 2. The Strong Force 3. The Weak Force 4. The Gravitational Force Electromagnetic Force Causes electric and magnetic effects such as the repulsion between like electrical charges or the interaction of bar magnets. It is long-ranged, but much weaker than the strong force. It can be attractive or repulsive, and acts only between pieces of matter carrying electrical charge Strong Force The strong force is very strong, but very short-ranged. It acts only over ranges of order centimeters and is responsible for holding the nuclei of atoms together. It is basically attractive, but can be effectively repulsive in some circumstances. Weak Force The weak force is responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions. It has a very short range and, as its name indicates, it is very weak. Gravitational Force The gravitational force is weak, but very long ranged. It is always attractive, and acts between any two pieces of matter in the Universe since mass is its source. F = G*(m1m2) r² Where G is the gravitational constant, m1 and m2 are the masses and r is the distance between the centers of mass.

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