Simulations and measurements of collimation cleaning with 100MJ beams in the LHC

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1 The 4th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC13 May 13 th -17 th, 2013 Shanghai, China Simulations and measurements of collimation cleaning with 100MJ beams in the LHC R. Bruce, R.W. Assmann, V. Boccone, C. Bracco, M. Cauchi, F. Cerutti, D. Deboy, A. Ferrari, L. Lari, A. Marsili, A. Mereghetti, E. Quaranta, S. Redaelli, G. Robert-Demolaize, A. Rossi, B. Salvachua, E. Skordis, G. Valentino, T. Weiler, V. Vlachoudis, D. Wollmann CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

2 Outline Introduction Cleaning simulation setup Comparison with measurements Advanced simulations Conclusions 2

3 Introduction Superconducting coil: T = 1.9 K, quench limit ~ 15mJ/cm 3 Factor 9.7 x 10 9 Aperture: r = 17/22 mm Proton beam: 145 MJ (design: 362 MJ) LHC Run : No quench with circulating beam, with stored energies up to 70 times of previous state-of-the-art! 3

4 Some numbers from operation Stored beam energy stored beam energy MJ Beam 1 Beam 2 R. Bruce fill number Simulations presented here refer to the 2011 LHC machine configuration. Cleaning for the relaxed collimator settings. 4

5 1.0m+0.2m tapering The LHC collimator BEAM 5

6 LHC collimation system layout Two warm cleaning insertions, 3 collimation planes! IR3: Momentum cleaning!! 1 primary (H)!! 4 secondary (H)!! 4 shower abs. (H,V)! IR7: Betatron cleaning!! 3 primary (H,V,S)!! 11 secondary (H,V,S)!! 5 shower abs. (H,V) Local cleaning at triplets!! 8 tertiary (2 per IP) Passive absorbers for warm magnets Physics debris absorbers Transfer lines (13 collimators) Injection and dump protection (10) Momentum cleaning IR3 Betatron cleaning IR7 Total of 108 collimators (100 movable). Two jaws (4 motors) per collimator! Picture by C. Bracco 6

7 Outline Introduction Cleaning simulation setup Comparison with measurements Advanced simulations Conclusions 7

8 LHC collimation: simulation challenges Model precisely the complex and distributed collimation system! 44 collimator per beam along 27 km; multi-stage cleaning;! 2 jaw design for 3 collimation planes: horizontal, vertical and skew;! impact parameters in the sub-micron range;! beam proton scattering with different collimator materials. Collimation is designed to provide cleaning efficiencies > 99.99%! need good statistical accuracy at limiting loss locations;! simulate only halo particles that interact with collimators, not the core. 8

9 LHC collimation: simulation challenges Model precisely the complex and distributed collimation system! 44 collimator per beam along 27 km; multi-stage cleaning;! 2 jaw design for 3 collimation planes: horizontal, vertical and skew;! impact parameters in the sub-micron range;! beam proton scattering with different collimator materials. Collimation is designed to provide cleaning efficiencies > 99.99%! need good statistical accuracy at limiting loss locations;! simulate only halo particles that interact with collimators, not the core. Detailed description of the LHC aperture all along the 27 km! 10 cm binning, i.e check points. Accurate tracking of particles with large orbit and energy deviations! need state-of-the-art tracking tools. At the scale of 7 TeV beam sizes (~200 microns), small errors matter! Need to model the relevant imperfections! Jaw flatness of the order of 40 microns;! Jaw positioning (gap/angles);! Machine optics and orbit errors. 9

10 Simulation tools Accurate tracking of halo particles 6D dynamics, chromatic effects, δp/p, high order field errors,... Detailed collimator geometry Implement all collimators and protection devices, treat any azimuthal angle, tilt/flatness errors Scattering routine Track protons inside collimator materials Detailed aperture model Precisely find the locations of losses SixTrack K2 BeamLossPattern All combined in a simulation package for collimation cleaning studies: G. Robert-Demolaize, R. Assmann, S. Redaelli, F. Schmidt, A new version of SixTrack with collimation and aperture interface, PAC2005 Incoming halo particle Collimator jaw An illustrative scheme 10

11 Example: trajectory of a halo particle Aperture / beam position [ m ] Trajectory of a halo particle IR s [ km ] Magnet locations : s 100m s=10cm A dedicated aperture program checks each halo particleʼs trajectory to find the loss locations. Interpolation: s=10cm ( points!) 11

12 Example of simulated loss map Loss rate per unit length [ p/m/s ] IP2 IP3 IP4 IP5 IP6 IP7 IP8 IP1 Beam 1 Nominal 7 TeV case, perfect machine Longitudinal coordinate, s [ m ] 12

13 Example of simulated loss map Loss rate per unit length [ p/m/s ] IP2 IP3 IP4 IP5 IP6 IP7 IP8 IP1 Beam 1 Nominal 7 TeV case, perfect machine Longitudinal coordinate, s [ m ] 13

14 Example of simulated loss map Loss rate per unit length [ p/m/s ] Y [ mm ] IP2 IP3 IP4 IP5 IP6 IP7 IP8 IP1 Beam S loss : s1=20290m; s2=20300m. N loss = 304 Nominal 7 TeV case, perfect machine Statistics for a typical case: million protons, 200 turns. Up to [5.4x10 6 m] x [60x10 6 p] = 3.24 x10 14 m = lightyears for one high-statistics simulation case! X [ mm ] Longitudinal coordinate, s [ m ] 14

15 Error models for cleaning simulations Collimator positioning with respect to the beam g 2 x c α 1 α 2 Can apply random errors to collimator geometry. Typical RMS values: Collimator centre = 50μm Gap = 0.1 σ Jaw tilt angle = 200 μrad X orbit [mm] Closed-orbit errors around the ring IP2 IP3 IP4 IP5 IP6 IP7 IP8 IP Horizontal closed-orbit Longitudinal coordinate [ km ] Design value: +/- 3-4mm peak-to-peak Collimator jaw flatness Machine aperture misalignments Jaw volume 5th order polynomials to fit measured flatness of all Carbon collimators: 40 μm In addition, all optics and multipole errors well established for the standard MADX / sixtrack interface can be applied. 15

16 Outline Introduction Cleaning simulation setup Comparison with measurements Advanced simulations Conclusions 16

17 Betatron cleaning at 3.5TeV, β * =1.5m 10 0 IP2 IP3 IP4 IP5 IP6 IP7 IP8 IP Beam 1 Betatron Relative beam loss rate Off-momentum TCTs Dump TCTs TCTs Legend: Collimators Cold losses Warm losses Longitudinal position [ km ] Beam losses increased artificially: crossing 3rd order resonance or white noise from damper. Local cleaning calculated as ratio of local BLM signal to highest loss at the primary collimators. 17

18 Collimation cleaning in Cleaning inefficiency B. Salvachua et al., MOPWO049 pp 3.5 TeV relaxed settings 27/08/10 11/08/10 18/06/10 28/07/10 nominal settings MD MD nominal 12/04/11 04/04/11 11/03/11 04/10/10 18/10/ Collimation Cleaning Performance 22/10/11 05/09/11 13/07/11 15/05/11 24/06/11 MD tight 01/07/12 01/07/12 MD nominal RC MD nominal 30/04/12 30/04/12 02/04/12 29/03/12 31/03/ tight settings MD pp 3.5 TeV relaxed settings nominal settings MD B1 HOR B1 VER B2 HOR B2 VER pp 4 TeV tight settings 23/11/12 16/07/12 23/11/12 16/07/12 16/07/12 01/07/12 11/07/12 The loss maps are regularly performed to validate the system functionality. ' Shown here: cleaning at the highest COLD loss location of the ring (DS in IR7) Excellent stability of cleaning performance observed! ' Steps in the graph determined by changes of collimator settings. However, a certain spread in measurements for the same configuration adds uncertainty to the measurements, to betaken into account in the coparison. In the following, use average of several loss maps done in 2011 ' (7 cases that should give the same cleaning). 18

19 Comparison - full ring at 3.5 TeV Simulations Measurements Note 7 orders of magnitude on y scale! Excellent qualitative agreement: all critical loss locations identified. R. Bruce 19

20 Comparison in the betatron cleaning Sim ulated Simulations IR7 Cold Warm Collim ator lossloss at TCP Losses in dispersion suppressor: limiting location Cold Warm Collim ator 10 1 Measured Measurements lossloss at TCP Cross-talk on BLM signal from upstream losses Note the y scale! sm R. Bruce 20

21 Comparison in the betatron cleaning Sim ulated Simulations IR7 Cold Warm Collim ator lossloss at TCP Losses in dispersion suppressor: limiting location Cold Warm Collim ator 10 1 Measured Measurements lossloss at TCP Note the y scale! sm Cross-talk on BLM signal from upstream losses REMINDER: we are comparing measured BLM signal against losses in the collimators or protons R. Bruce touching the aperture! 21

22 Signal at selected loss locations (B1,H) losshighest loss Measured SixTr ack perf. R. Bruce Q8 E10 Q8 E20 Q8 E30 Q11 IR7 TCTH IR1 TCTV IR1 Measured BLM signal TCTH IR5 Simulated protons on aperture or TCT jaws TCTV IR5 SixTrack results summed over 2m interval upstream of each BLM in the IR7 DS For TCTs, dividing losses at TCP by losses at TCT Measured: 2011 average, normalized to TCP Limiting cold locations at the dispersion suppressor in IR7 Tertiary collimators at high-luminosity experiments, relevant for background 22

23 Signal at selected loss locations (B1,H) losshighest loss Q8 E10 R. Bruce Q8 E20 Measured SixTr ack perf. Q8 E30 Q11 IR7 Limiting cold locations at the dispersion suppressor in IR7 TCTH IR1 TCTV IR1 Measured BLM signal TCTH IR5 Simulated protons on aperture or TCT jaws TCTV IR5 Tertiary collimators at high-luminosity experiments, relevant for background SixTrack results summed over 2m interval upstream of each BLM in the IR7 DS For TCTs, dividing losses at TCP by losses at TCT Measured: 2011 average, normalized to TCP Additional step: simulate deposited energy from hadronic showers, accounting for 1. Error models affecting collimation 2. Local geometry and BLM layout 3. Collimator materials 4. Details of impact parameters 23

24 Energy deposition and BLM response!"#$1%&23)45./0 6:;<!"#$1!"#$"%&'()*+(,-./0!"#$6%& :;<!"#$" 6:;<!"#$6 Improved normalization of the BLM for cleaning estimates takes into account TCP response on incoming beam losses. 63.A % Primary collimators: BLM response #)*A.)B%)3?@(,?3 ")(??-./8%)3?@(,?3 ")(??-./8%)3?@(,?3 =3>3)3,53%6:;%)3?@(,?3%&#)*A.)B%)3?@(,?30 BLM_TCP.D BLM_TCP.C BLM_TCP.B TCP.C (Horizontal) TCP.D (VerRcal) E. Skordis for the FLUKA team Modelling the local BLM geometry - never identical - and collimator material crucial for final results! Ter)ary collimators in IR1 BLM_H1 BLM_V1 TCT_H TCT_V

25 Improved estimates losshighest loss R. Bruce, E. Skordis IR7 DS B1H Measured SixTr ack FLUKA SixTr ack Q8 E10 Q8 E20 Q8 E30 Q11 IR7 Note: Simulation sources: protons impinging on a few tens of microns on TCP surface. Simulation output: energy deposited in a 50 cm long BLM at 500 meters from the source! 25

26 Comparison at the tertiary collimators R. Bruce, E. Skordis Measurements underestimated by factor 1.5-4! Note that background beam losses are not taken into account. 26

27 Outline Introduction Cleaning simulation setup Comparison with measurements Advanced simulations Conclusions 27

28 Advanced collimation studies reported at IPAC13 E. Quaranta et al., MOPWO038 CLEANING INEFFICIENCY OF THE LHC COLLIMATION SYSTEM DURING THE ENERGY RAMP: SIMULATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS A. Marsili et al., MOPWO041 SIMULATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS OF PHYSICS DEBRIS LOSSES AT THE 4 TEV LHC L. Lari et al., MOPWO046 SIMULATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS OF BEAM LOSSES AND THE LHC COLLIMATORS DURING BEAM ABORT FAILURES V. Previtali et al., MOPWO044 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF A HOLLOW LENS AS A SCRAPING DEVICE FOR THE LHC E. Quaranta et al., MOPWO037 SIXTRACK SIMULATION OF OFF-MOMENTUM CLEANING IN LHC D. Mirarchi et al., MOPWO035 LAYOUTS FOR CRYSTAL COLLIMATION TESTS AT THE LHC 28

29 Conclusions Presented simulations and measurements of collimation cleaning for the 3.5 TeV LHC (2011 run). An excellent qualitative agreement is found when loss locations along the 27 km ring are considered. ' Most critical loss locations predicted by simulations are confirmed.! Great success for the design of the collimation system! Presented a first attempt to compare quantitatively simulations and measurements. This required energy deposition studies (FLUKA).! Measurements at critical locations are reproduced within factors ! when imperfections and details of local layouts are taken into account. Proton losses can be predicted very well - we are confident that our tools are ready for LHC upgrade challenges. Development of tools continues to address new simulation setups: hollow e-lens, fast failures, crystal collimation, cleaning during energy ramp, physics debris cleaning,... ' I encourage to visit our posters on these topics! 29

30 (Some) collimation people 30

31 Reserve slides 31

32 Cleaning during 4 TeV energy ramp Simulation challenges: Modelling physics of p-collimator interaction at different energies. Implementation of different collimator gaps. Measurement challenges: Controlled losses of individual bunches at selected energies. Balance losses: good cleaning accuracy versus risk of dumping. Important to address scaling of models to unknown energy ranges above 4 TeV dedicated beam tests in 2012 during 4 TeV energy ramp Collimator settings in [mm] Collimator settings [mm] E = 4000 GeV Beam energy / intensity Intensity B1 Intensity B2 E = 450 GeV Time [hh:mm] E. Quaranta et al., MOPWO038 Thanks to the ADT team for controlled losses. Very good agreement - note the 6 orders of magnitude on y scale! 32

33 Cleaning during 4 TeV energy ramp Simulation challenges: Modelling physics of p-collimator interaction at different energies. Implementation of different collimator gaps. Measurement challenges: Controlled losses of individual bunches at selected energies. Balance losses: good cleaning accuracy versus risk of dumping. Important to address scaling of models to unknown energy ranges above 4 TeV dedicated beam tests in 2012 during 4 TeV energy ramp Collimator settings in [mm] Collimator settings [mm] E = 4000 GeV Beam energy / intensity Intensity B1 Intensity B2 E = 450 GeV Time [hh:mm] E. Quaranta et al., MOPWO038 Thanks to the ADT team for controlled losses. Very good agreement - note the 6 orders of magnitude on y scale! 33

34 Fast failures and collimator errors Time-dependent profile of the dump kicker rising field implemented to address beam losses in case of asynchronous beam dumps. Promising comparison with beam data. L. Lari et al., MOPWO046 34

35 Cleaning with hollow e-lens j [A cm2] Ifil = 7.75 A B = 3.0 kg V = 0.50 kv Ie = 44 ma Δx [nrad] 0.08 Y [mm] radial (RED) uniform (BLUE) X [mm] 5 0 HG_091021_775A_05kV_303030kG_44mA_fine.dat Analyzed on Fri Apr 13 16:56: R version ( ) x [σx] A 2.4 A 0.8 N/N0 [-] Measured profile of Tevatron e-lens implemented in the SixTrack collimation routine to simulate efficiency of halo removal and effect on impact parameter on primary collimators V. Previtali et al., MOPWO turns [x1000]

36 Outlook - Momentum cleaning unbounded motion outside RF bucket stable motion inside RF bucket NB: to better show the effects, the energy loss was increased by a factor The particle loses energy through synchrotron radiation and, sooner or later, it will hit the collimator jaw Particles outside the RF bucket lose energy due to synchrotron radiation emission and are lost on the primary collimators in IR3. IR3 Primary source of losses in IR3 at 7TeV. Modelled for the first time. E. Quaranta et al., MOPWO037 36

37 Crystal-collimation cleaning Crystal routine benchmarked with SPS beam data (UA9) Standard collimation Crystal - layout 1 Crystal - layout 2 D. Mirarchi et al., MOPWO035+THPFI064 37

38 Simulations of physics debris losses Measured losses: ratio TCLout/TCLin SixTrack simulations IR1 TCL collimators in IR1/5: catch physics debris losses and protect the matching sections. We track for many turns the protons that experience collisions (distributions generated with FLUKA). A. Marsili et al., MOPWO041 38

39 Simulations of physics debris losses Measured losses: ratio TCLout/TCLin SixTrack simulations IR1 TCL collimators in IR1/5: catch physics debris losses and protect the matching sections. We track for many turns the protons that experience collisions (distributions generated with FLUKA). Simulations Measurements A. Marsili et al., MOPWO041 39

40 Comparison at the CERN-SPS (i) collimator collimator Measurements Simulations BLM RING reading [ bit ] Beam Beam Longitudinal coordinate, s [ m ] Overall loss pattern along the full ring is correctly predicted! Main losses immediately downstream of the collimator Next significant peak at an SPS collimator, >2.5km downstream! 40

41 BLM reading [ bit ] Measurements Number of lost particles 10 2 The peak is downstream of the BLM location! Simulations Longitudinal coordinate s [ m ] 10 1 Y [ mm ] 1st peak:tidp 2nd peak:tidv S loss : s1=450m; s2=460m. 30 Difference understood S loss : s1=590m; if s2=610m. details N loss = 45 N loss = 621 of BLM mounting are 20taken into account! Y [ mm ] We can nicely simulate -10 losses but, of course, cannot -20 measure without -30 BLMʼs! X [ mm ] X [ mm ] 41

42 Different shower development Carbon composite for primary collimators Tungsten for terrary collimators: higher Z cause showers to be more contained in collimator volume larger BLM signal E. Skordis 42

43 Effect of collimation imperfections 43

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