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4 Programme Advisory Committee Prof. A. Sukumaran Nair, Former Vice Chancellor, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam (Programme Chair). Mr. V.S. Senthil IAS, Additional Chief Secretary, General Education Department, Government of Kerala. Mr. Palode Ravi MLA, Member, Governing Body, State Resource Centre, Kerala. Dr. Alison Mead Richardson, Education Specialist - Skills Development, Commonwealth of Learning, Canada. Prof. Santosh Panda, Chairperson, National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE), Government of India, New Delhi. Prof. S.Y. Shah, Professor of Adult Education, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Dr. V. Mohankumar, Director, Indian Adult Education Association, New Delhi. Dr. Asha Balagangadharan, Former Director, State Resource Centre, Kerala. Dr. T. Sundaresan Nair, Programme Coordinator, State Resource Centre, Kerala. Dr. N.B. Suresh Kumar, Director, State Resource Centre, Kerala. Mr. C. Swaraj, Associate Programme Coordinator, State Resource Centre, Kerala, (CCD Programme Coordinator). Module Development Team Writers Dr. N.B. Sureshkumar, Director, State Resource Centre, Kerala, Nanadavanam, Thiruvananthapuram nbskurup@gmail.com Dr. Anvar, Lecturer in General Education, MG University College of Teacher Education, Elanthoor, Pathanamthitta anvaructe@yahoo.com D. Kalamony, Associate Programme Coordinator, State Resource Centre, Kerala, Nanadavanam, Thiruvananthapuram srckerala@asianetindia.com Dr. T. Sundaresan Nair, Programme Coordinator, State Resource Centre, Kerala, Nanadavanam, Thiruvananthapuram tsnairsrckerala@yahoo.co.in Trans-creation (Malayalam) Mr. Padeep Raman, Editorial Assistant, State Institute of Encyclopedic Publications, Thiruvananthapuram, pradeepraman@gmail.com Content editor(s) (Malayalam) Dr. Ezhumattoor Rajaraja Varma, Former Language Expert, Government of Kerala, ezhumattoorv@gmail.com DE Adviser Prof. Santosh Panda, Chairperson, National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE), Government of India, New Delhi, pandasantosh@hotmail.com Instructional Design Editor Ms. Joan Mutero, Nairobi, Kenya, jmutero@gmail.com Graphics Mr. Saji. V, Graphic Designer, sajianim@gmail.com CRC preparation C. Swaraj, Associate Programme Coordinator, State Resource Centre, Kerala, (CCD programme coordinator) swarajtvm@gmail.com 2015 Commonwealth of Learning Developed by State Resource Center, Kerala India with support from the Commonwealth of Learning. Any part of this document may be reproduced without permission but with attribution to Commonwealth of Learning and State Resource Centre, Kerala. This publication is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence (international): ii Commonwealth of Learning

5 kmaqlnihni-k\cwk-s - p-dn v Xm Ä på {]mho-wy-hpw ss\]p- Wyhpw hà²n n p- -Xn-\p-th n Cu hnzq-c-hn-zym-`ymk ]cn-]msn Xnc-sª -Sp- -Xn\v \µn. tziobþtzim- c Xe- n-epå H«-\-h[n hnz- Kv²-cpsS ] m-fn- -t mss kwl-sn- n ]cn-io-e\ ]c-¼-c-i-fn-eq-ssbpw inev]-im-e-i-fn-eqs-s-bpw X m-dm- -s -«-XmWv Cu kzbw]t\ klm-bn-iä. tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, tic-f-bp-ssbpw Im\U BØm-\-ambn {]hà n p tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv F cmp ym- c kwl-s- \-bp-ssbpw ] m-fn nâ X m-dm- nb Cu ]mty-]-²-xn v Bi-b-]-camb kw`m-h-\- \ÂIn-b-h-sc-bpw/ \qx\ ImgvN- m-sp-i-fn-eqss {]tnm-z\w \ÂIn-b-h-scbpw A\p-kva-cn- pi-bmwv ChnsS. A\u]-Nm-cnI XpSÀhn-Zym-`ymk cwk- på {]hà IÀ v KpW-ta- - bpå hnzym-`ym-khpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw \ÂIp- -Xn\v hnzq-c-hn-zym-`ym-k- nsâ km[y-x-iä {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp n X m-dm- n-b-xmwv kmaq-lni hni-k-\- n-  kà«n-^n- äv timgvkn\på Cu ]pkvxiw. tima shâ v cm{ã- -fpss t\xr-xz- nâ hnzq-c-hn-zym-`ymk cwk v Im\U BØm-\-ambn {]hà n p -cm{ãm c kwl-s-\-bmb tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkmwv Cu ]mty-]-²xn X m-dm- p- -Xn-\pÅ kmt -Xn-Ihpw sshúm-\n-i-hp-amb klm-b- Ä Fkv.-BÀ.-kn v \ÂIn-b-Xv. A\u-]- Nm-cnI cwk v hnzq-c-hn-zym-`ymk ]cn-]m-sn-bpss km[y-x-iä {]tbm-p-\- s -Sp- p Xn\v Fkv.-BÀ.-knsb klm-bn- -Xn-\v tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwknt\mspå \µnbpw IS- mspw Adn-bn- p- p. tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv F cm{ãm c kwl-s-\sb Fkv.- BÀ.-kn-bpambn _Ôs Sp p Xn ÇmL-\o-b-amb ] v hln \yqsuâln-bnse PhlÀem s\lvdp kàæ-iem-ime AUÂäv FUyqt -j³ hn`mkw s{]m^-êà Fkv.-ssh.-jmsb \µn-]qàæw kvacn- p- p. tic-f- nsâ ]Ým- -e- nâ k -²-{]-hÀ IcpsS ]cn-io-e-\- n\pw hnzym-`ym-k- n\pw DX-Ip- -X-c- n-epå Hcp hnzq--c-hn-zym-`ymk ]cn-]m-snbpss (ODL) km[yx ]Tn- p- -Xn-\mbn tima shâ v Hm^v tewnw- Knsâ {]Xn-\n-[nbmbn Chn-sS-sb nb {ioa-xn.kqk³ ^nen- v, tum.-taml³ tat\m³, s{]m^-êà.-irjvw AÃqcn F n-h-tcmspw tima shâ v Hm^v tewnw-knsâ ap³ FUyq-t -j-wâ kvs]jyenìpw Cu ]mty-]-²-xn-bpss {]mcw` {]hà \ Ä v t\xrxzw \ÂInb hyàn-bp-amb {io.-tpm-jzm -a-ã-än-t\mspw R Ä på IS- msv Adn-bn- p- p. tima shâ v Hm^v tewnw-knsâ FUyq-t -j-wâ kvs]jy-enìv tum.-_m-e-kp-{_lv-a-wy\pw Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS BZy-L-«- -fnâ th Bib- Ä ] p-h- n-«p- v. At±-l- n-\-pw \µn. Cu ]mty-]-²xn hnp-b-i-c-ambn X m-dm- p- -Xn\v t\xr-xz-w \ÂIn-bXv tima shâ v Hm^v tewnw-knsâ FUyq-t -j-wâ kvs]jy-enìv tum.-a-en-k aouv dn màuvk BWv. cm{ãm c \ne-hm-c- n-te v Cu ]T-\-]-cn-]m-Snsb DbÀ n-sb-sp- p- -Xn\v ià-amb kw`m-h-\-bpw hne-tb-dnb \nàt±i fpw bym-k-abw \ÂIp- -Xn AhÀ ImWn XmXv]-cy- n\v {]txyiw \µn {]Im-in- n- p- p. iii

6 Cu ]T-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-bpsS Bkq-{XWw apx-epå FÃm L«- -fnepw Xsâ s{]m^-j-wâ sshzkv²yw \ÂIn hnzq-c-hn-zym-`ym-k- nsâ (ODL) km[y-x- IÄ ]cn-io-e\ hnzym-`ymk cwk-t v efn-xhpw ka-{k-hp-ambn F s\ {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp mw F v R Ä v Adnhv ]IÀ \yqsuâln-bnse Cµn-cm-KmÔn \mj-wâ Hm bqwn-th-gvknän ap³ s{]m^-êdpw \mj- W Iu knâ t^mà So À FUyq-t j³ snbàam-\p-amb s{]m^-êà kt mjv ]msþsb R fpss BßmÀ -amb \µn Ad-nbn- p- p. Cu hnzq-c-hn-zym-`ymk ]cn-]m-sn-bpss hnp-b- n\v FÃm-hn[ ]n p-wbpw t{]mõm-l-\hpw \ÂInb Fkv.-BÀ.kn-bpsS snbàam³ {io. hn.-fkv sk nâ sf.f.-f-kv, ap³ snbàam mà, ap³ Ub-d-IvSÀamÀ Cu ]mty- ]-²-Xn-bn ] p-tnà dntkmgvkv t]gvk amà, aäp hnz-kv[à apx-emb-h-scbpw Cu Ah-k-c- nâ \µn-]qàæw kvacn- p-simåp p. hnzqc hnzym-`ym-k- n-e-[n-jvtn-x-ambn \-½psS amxr-`m-j-bnâ X m-dm- nb Cu ]T\ ]cn-]msn hnp-b-i-c-ambn ]qà nbm- m³ \n Ä v FÃm-hn[ Biw-k-Ifpw t\cp p-. Xncph\ ]pcw 20-/06/2015 tum.-f³.-_n.-kp-tcjv IpamÀ Ub-d-ÎÀ tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw iv

7 DÅS w ]pkvx-is p-dn v A[ymbw5: hnik\wþkmaqlniho Ww BapJw ]Tt\mt±iy Ä 5.3 kmaqlnihnik\w Ncn{X]camb ho Ww amdp ho Ww AÀYhpw \nàhn\hpw 5.4 kmaqlnihnik\ nsâ km[y-x-iä 5.5 kmaqlnihnik\ nsâ L«- Ä 5.6 kmaqlnihnik\ nsâ LS-I- Ä 5.7 k p-enx kmaqlnihn-i-k\w kw{klw {]hà \ Ä på amxrim D c Ä 5.10 A[ym-bmhkm\ tnmzy Ä A[ymbw6: hnik\ \b fpw ]cn]msnifpw BapJw ]Tt\mt±iy Ä 6.3 kmaqlnihnik\\bw 6.4 C ybnse {][m\ kmaqlni hnik\ ]cn]msniä 6.5 kmaqlnihnik\ nsâ LSI Ä 6.6 kmaqlnihnik\ ]cn-]m-sn-i-fnâ hym]r-x-cm-ip hnhn[ GP³kn-IÄ/kwL-S-\-IÄ 6.7 kaimeni kmaqlnihnik\ DZya Ä kw{klw {]hà \ Ä på amxrim D c Ä 6.10 A[ym-bmhkm\ tnmzy Ä A[ymbw7: Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ fpw aäp hnik\ GP³knIfpw 7.1 BapJw 7.2 ]Tt\mt±iy Ä 7.3 Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ Ä DÛhhpw hfà bpw Npa-X-e-IÄ {]mtzini hnik\ nâ Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ fpss ] v 7.4 Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ Ähgn \S m nb kmaq-lni hni-k\ ]cn-]m-sn-iä 7.5 kmaqlnihnik\ nâ Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ Ä hln- p ] v 7.6 hnik\{]hà \ nâ GÀs -Sp aäv GP³knIÄ/ kwl-s-\-iä 7.7 kw{klw 7.8 {]hà \ Ä på amxrim D c Ä iv

8 7.9 A[ym-bm-hkm\ tnmzy Ä A[ymbw 8 htbmp\hpwþxpsàhnzym`ymk ]cn]msnbpw 8.1 BapJw 8.2 ]Tt\mt±iy Ä 8.3 htbmp\þxpsà hnzym`ymk ]cn]msniä htbmp\hnzym`ymkw þ ImgvN- msv htbmp\hnzym`ymkw þ C ybnâ {][m\ htbmp\hnzym`ymk ]cn]msniä XpSÀhn-Zym-`ymk ]cn-]m-sn-iä 8.4 km c `mcxw e y Ä A[y-b\ þ ]T\ ]cn]msniä P³in m ti{µ Ä Imcy-\nÀh-lW LS\ 8.5 sxmgne[njvtnx hnzym`ymkw sxmgne[njvtnx hnzym`ymk k  - Ä sxmgne[njvtnx hnzym`ymk nsâ X z Ä sxmgne[njvtnx hnzym`ymk nsâ {]m[m\yw sxmgne[njvtnx hnzym`ymk nsâ t\«- Ä 8.6 kv{xo imàoicww kv{xoimàoicw ImgvN- m-sp-iä kv{xoimàoicw nsâ {]m[m\yw ] pw imàoicwhpw km¼ ni hnik\hpw kv{xoimàoicwhpw kv{xoimàoicw nsâ XSÊ Ä 8.7 kw{klw 8.8 {]hà \ Ä på amxrim D c Ä 8.9 A[ym-bm-hkm\ tnmzy Ä i_vzm-hen B[mc {KÙ- Ä v

9 ]pkvx-is p-dn v BapJw kmaqlni{]hà \hpw hnik\hpw F ]mty]²xnbnse \memas ]pkvxi-am-wn-xv. kmaqlnihnik\ nsâ `mk-amb \nc-h[n {]iv\- - sf- p-dn v a\ênem m³ CXv \n sf klmbn pw. Cu ]pkvx-i- nâ \mev A[ym-b- -fm-wp-å-xv. H mw A[ym-b- nâ hni-k-\- -n-sâ kmaqlniho Ws p-dn v ]Tn- mw. c m-a-[ym-b- nâ \b- -sf- p- dn pw ]cn-]m-sn--i-sf- p-dn pw a\-ên-em- mw. \n -fpss {]tz-is Xt±-i-kzbw-`-cW Øm]-\- -sf- p-dn pw aäv hni-k\ GP³kn-I-sf- p-dn- p-am-wv aq m-a-[ym-b- nâ hni-zo-i-cn- n-«p-å-xv. \mem-a-[ymbw ]cm-aàin- p- Xv htbm-p\ XpSÀhn-Zym-`ymk ]cn-]m-sn-isf kw_-ôn- m-wv. \n Ä -dn-bm-hp- -Xp-t]m-se, kwøm-\-hym-]-i-ambpw tzi-hym-]-i-ambpw \nc-h[n {]hà \ -fmwv kaq-l- nsâ sam w hni-k-\- n-\p-th n Gsä-Sp- p- -Xv. Ch-sb-Ãmw-Xs kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\ ]cn-]m-sn-iä F m- W-dn-bs Sp Xv. Hcp kaq-l- nsâ sam w km[y-x-iä {]tbm-p-\-{]-z-am- m\pw iàn-s -Sp- m-\p-apå Hcp {]{Inb Bbn thww CXns\ ImtW- -Xv. kz w kap-zm-b- nâ hcp-t ]ptcm-k-xn ssih-cn- p- -Xn\v hyàn-i-sfbpw kwl- sfbpw ]mis Sp p-i-bmwv C cw ]cn-]m-sn-ifpss e yw. Cu ]pkvx-i- nâ hni-k-\- nsâ k  - Ä AYhm ImgvN- m-sp-iä / shãp-hn-fn-iä, \b- fpw ]cn-]m-sn-ifpw F n-h-bmwv NÀ sn p Xv. Dt±-iy- Ä Cu ]pkvx-iw ]Tn p \n Ä v Xmsg- -dp-b Imcy- Ä sn m³ Ignbpw hni-k\- nsâ Xm zn-i-l-s\ hni-zo-i-cn- pi {Kma-þ-\-Kc hni-k-\- nâ ] m-fn w hln- p hnhn[ GP³kn-I-fp-am-bn ]cn-nbn pi. kà mà þ kà mcnxc GP³kn-IÄ ap³i-s -Sp v \S- m- p hnhn[ ]²-Xn-I-sf- p-dn v Bg- n-epå Adnhv ssih-cn- pi Ai-c-Wcpw \ncm-ew-_-cp-am-b-hà v {]txyi Du  simsp- psim- på ]²-Xn-I-sf- p-dn v hni-i-e\w \S n aqey-\nàwbw sn pi. A[ymb Ä A[ymbw 5: hnik\w þ Hcp kmaq-lniho Ww A[ymbw 6: hnik\\b fpw ]cn]msnifpw A[ymbw 7: Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ fpw aäp hnik\ GP³knIfpw/ kwl-s-\-ifpw A[ymbw 8: htbmp\ þ XpSÀhnZym`ymk ]cn]msniä vi

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11 5.1 BapJw ]Tt\mt±iy Ä kmaqlnihnik\w 5,3,1 Ncn{X]camb ho Ww amdp ho Ww AÀYhpw \nàhn\hpw 5.4 kmaqlnihnik\ nsâ km[y-x-iä 5.5 kmaqlnihnik\ nsâ L«- Ä 5.6 kmaqlnihnik\ nsâ LS-I- Ä 5.7 k p-enx kmaqlnihn-i-k\w 5.8 kw{klw {]hà \ Ä på amxrim D c Ä A[ym-bmhkm\ tnmzy Ä 5.1 BapJw tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw A[ymbw5: hnik\w Hcp kmaqlni ho Ww Cu A[ym--b nâ \mw hni-k\w F ]Zm-h-ensb Hcp kmaq-lni ho -W- n-eqss ASp- -dn-bm³ t]mhp-i-bm-wv. Cu A[ym-bw ]Tn p Ign-bm³ \mev awn- q-à th n-h-t - mw. kaq-l- nâ Hcp amäw hcp- -W-sa v B{KlapÅ GsXmcp kmaq-ln-i-{]-hà I\pw AXym-hiyw th -XmWv hnik-\s kw_-ôn v hyà-am-sbmcp ImgvN- m-sv. F mâ hni-k\k  w Hmtcm hyàn pw hyxy-kvx-am-bn-cn- pw. Xm³ Pohn- p kaq-l- nsâ kmaq-l-ni-þ-km-¼- n-i-hy-h-øbpw P\-km-am- \y- nsâ {]txy-i-xbpw Hcm-fpsS hni-k-\-k-  s kmc-ambn kzm[o-\n- p-i-xs sn pw. P\ fpss Bh-iy- -sfbpw A`n-em-j- - sfbpw km m-xv -cn- p- Xn-\mbn t_m[-]qàhw \S- p {ia- -sfbmwv hni-k\w F v hnfn- p Xv. sfiy-cm{ã kwl-s-\-bpss kmaq-ln-i-þ-km-¼- ni kmwkvim-cni hn`m-kamb bp-s\-kvtimsb kw_-ôn- v, hni-k-\-sa- Xv A v LS-I- Ä DÄs m-åp- imkv{xo-bhpw t_m[-]qàh-i-hp-amb Hcp {]{In-b-bmWv. P\-kw-Jy, kmaq-ln-im-h-ø, ]cn-øn-xn, hn`-h- Ä, kmt -XnIhnZy F n-h-bmwv B A v LS-I- Ä. B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambpw KpW-]-c-ambpw \S- p hni-k\w PohnX \ne-hmcw sa -s -Sp- m-\p-x-ip-sa- mwv bps\kvtim ]d-bp- -Xv. A s\ t\m p-t¼mä, Hcp kaq-l- nse FÃm-t]À pw ] -]mxw IqSmsX KpWw \ÂIp txm Dd- m- p- -txm BWv hni-k-\w. C -s\-bpå hni-k-\-{]-hà \ Ä v _lp-hn[ am\- Ä D m-bn-cn- -Ww. kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\ {]hà \ nâ Hcp kpo-h-]- m-fn-sb \ne-bnâ kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\ {]hà I³ B kaq-l- nsâ hni-k-\m-h-iy- fpw AXnsâ hnhn[ hi- fpw \Ãh w a\-ên-em- n-bn-cn- -Ww F nâ am{xta FÃm-hÀ pw Pohn-X-ta {]Zm\w sn m³ Ign-bq. 1 1

12 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv 5.2 ]Tt\mt±iy Ä Cu A[ym-b- n-eqss \n Ä v sn m³ Ign-tb Imcy- Ä Xmsg- -dbp p: kmaqlni hnik\sas v \nàhnn- pi k p-en-x-amb hni-k-\-sa-s v a\-ên-em- pi hyxykvx kmaq-lnihni-k-\-]-cn-]m-sn-iä Xncn- -dnª ]«n-i-bm pi 5.3 kmaqlni hnik\w Ncn{X]camb ho Ww {]mirx kaq-ls At]- n v B[p\nI kaql nâ AXn-thKw amdn-s m- -n-cn- p a\p-jysâ B{K-l- fpw Bh-iy- fpw kmaq-ln-i -hn-i-k-\- nsâ X z- -fnepw {]tbmk fnepw KpW-]-c-amb amäw hcp- n. AÚm-X-amb {]Xn-`m-k- sf AXn-Po-hn- p- -Xn-\pÅ D]m-b- -fmbn-cp p ] p-im-e v hni-k-\- nsâ e yw. AXp-sIm- p-xs ]e BNm-c- fpw A\m-Nm-c- fpw ]e-t mgpw hni-k-\- nâ \nàwm-bi kzm[o\w snep- n. BZy-Im-e v, Npcp w Nne Bfp-IÄ am{x-amwv hni-k-\- nsâ \S- n- p-im-cmbn ap n-«n-d- n-b-xv. _m n-bp-å-h-scãmw AhÀ v ]n p-w-\âip- -h-cmbn amdn-\nâ pibm-bn-cp- p. hyh-km-b-bpkw hcp- -Xn\v ap¼v aäv kaq-l- -fpss hn`-h- Ä a\p-jy³ It äw \S- n-b-xn\v Imew km n-bm-bn. a\p-j-ysâ A[zm-\-iàn hn]pe-s -Sp- pw-hn-[-am-bn-cp p A m-es hni-k\w Bkq-{XWw snbvxph- -Xv. IqSmsX, aäv hn`-h- Ä Iog-S m-\på hy{k-xbpw A p- m-bn-cp- p. hyh-km-b-bpkw hs - n-b-t mgpw CXv XpSÀ p-sim- n-cp- p. C m-e-b-f-hn-emwv ASn-Øm-\kuIcy -hn-i-k\hpw DuÀÖn-X-hn-`h kam-l-cwhpw Bkq-{X-W- nâ apjy AP- -bm-bn-am-dn-b-xv. CtXm-sS, sndpxpw hep-xp-amb Bkq-{X-Ww hni-k-\- nsâ Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ambn amdn. hni-k\ \S- n- p-im-cpss ] v kmaqlniw ]cs AwKo-I-cn- m\pw XpS- n. F nepw ]cn-ønxn {]iv\- Ä A pw th {X ]cn-k- Wn- n-cp- n-ã. B[p-\nI kaq-l- nâ hni-k\w a\p-jys\ ti{µoicn- p-å-xm-hp-ibpw kmaq-lni \ sb e yw- hbv- p-ibpw snbvxp. e`yamb hn`-h- Ä icnbmbn hn\n-tbm-kn- p-ibpw km[y-x-iä hà²n n p-i-bp-amwv C\n-bpÅ ASn-b- nc IS-a. a\p-jy-hn-`h hni-k\w Ct mä hni-k-\- nsâ BXy- n-i-e- y-ambn IcpXn ap nb ]cn-k-w\ \ÂIn-h-cp p. Cu amäw hnik-\-x- z- nepw {]tbm-k- nepw ImX-emb amäw hcp- m\pw XpS- n amdp ho Ww ap³ime hni-k\w Btcm-Ky-ta-J-ebv pw ASn-Øm\kuIcy hni-k-\- n-\p-am-bn-cp p ]cn-k-w\ \ÂIn-h- -Xv. F m-en-t mä, a\p-jy-hn-`-htijn hni-k-\- n-\mwv {]m[m-\yw. a\p-jys\ {][m\ hn`-h-t{km-x- Êmbn ImWp-Ibpw FÃm hn`-h- fpw a\p-jy-\- -bv mbn D]-tbm-K-s -Sp- v 2

13 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw p-i-bp-amwv Ct m-gs hni-k-\-x-{ w. hni-k\ ImgvN- m-sns\ ti{µ_nµp-hm- n-s m- mwv C s temiw hni-k-\-ap-t äw \S- p- -Xv. hni-k-\- nsâ e yw, ap³k-w-\, \S- n- v, ImgvN- msv F n-hsbãmw C s kml-n-cy- Ä -\p-k-cn v sam - nâ amdn- -gn-ª n-cn- p- p. hnzym-`ym-kw, Btcm-Kyw, Pohn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hmcw F nh kq vahpw hnime-hp-amb Xe- -fnâ {]m[m\yw t\sn. ` -W-apÄs -ssbpå ASn-Øm-\mh-iy- -fnâ kzbw-]-cym-]vx-xbpw kwxr-]vxnbpw Hcp k p-enx kaqlw \nà½n p -Xn\v Ah-iy-L-S-I- -fm-sw v B[p-\nI hni-k-\-k-  - Ä km y-s -Sp- p- p AÀYhpw \nàhn\hpw kmaqlnihnik\w, kn²m- - n\pw {]tbm-k- n-\p-apå hnim-ehpw kp{]-[m-\-hp-amb Hcp -ta-j-e-bm-wv. hnj-b- fpw {]iv\- fpw Hcp kaql- nâ \n p asäm nse pt¼mä hyxy-kvx-am-bn-cn pw. kmaq-lni aqe-[\w hni-k-\- n\pw hni-k\w aqe-[-\- n-\p-sa A\p-]q-cI {]{In-b, Bkq-{X-IÀ, \S- n- p-imà, kmaqlni{]-hà IÀ F n-h-cpss ASn-b- n-c-{i² Bh-iy-s -Sp- p. hyxykvx kmaq-ln-i-þ-km-¼- n-i-x-e- -fn-epå P\- Ä AhÀ p-th n \S- p XpSÀ -bmb Hcp {]hà \amwv hni-k-\-sa v ]d-ª mâ sxäm-hn-ã. Hmtcm hyàn-bp-ssbpw kaq-l- nsâbpw H m-si-bpå Xm -cy- Ä kwc- n- pw-hn-[- n-em-bn-cn- Ww CXv. P\- -fpss PohnX\ne-hmcw DbÀ p- -Xn-\m-h-iy-amb kmaq-ln-i- aq-e-[\w kzcq-]n- p- -Xn\pw \ne-\nà p Xn\pw {]mtz-ini `c-w-iq-s- Ä \ne-sim-å- Ww. Hcp hni-k-\-{]-hà I³ F \ne-bnâ kmaqlni {]-hà I³ XoÀ -bmbpw Xsâ taj-e-bnse {]iv\- fpw shãp-hn-fn-ifpw a\-ên-em- n- bn-cn- -Ww. Hcp kaq-l-sa \ne-bn-epå AXnsâ km[y-xbpw t_m[ys -«n-cn- -Ww. X{ -]-c-amb Bkq-{X-W- n\pw \S- m- -en\pw CXv klmb-i-am-ipw. kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\ {]iv\- Ä Xmsg- -d-bp Imcy- -fp-ambn _Ô-s -«n-cn- p- p. A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb kmaq-lni A\m-Nm-c- Äþhne- p-iäs -- Xn-sc-bpÅ {]hà \ -fnâ kpo-h-]- m-fn w kzm`nam\w, A\p-I-¼, am\-kn-is m-cp w, Bß-hn-izmkw F nh D m- pi {Inbm-ßI Nn bpw {]mtbm-kni {]hà \hpw kmaq-lni {Iao-I-c-W-hpw ]c-kv]-c-k-lm-bhpw hni-k\ kn²m- - -fpss {]tbm-k-hâ cww Bh-iy- Ä t\sp- -Xn-\pÅ ^ v kam-l-cww ap³kw\m taj-e-iä Xncn- -dn-bm-³th n kaq-ls ]mis -Sp-  3

14 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv {]hà \w 5.1 I. hn«pt]mb `mk Ä ]qcn n pi. 1. kmaqlnihnik\ ]cn-]m-sn-i-fpss kp{][m\amb c v hi fmwv... Dw {]hr niä \S m p Xns\... F v ]d-bp p 3. hnik\]cn]msnbpss icnbmb ZnibnepÅ ]cntim[\sb hnfn p Xv ]cn]msnifpss/]²-xn-i-fpss Imcy- -axm ]cn-tim-[-\sb hnfn- m hp asämcp t]cv c v Xcw aqey-\nàwb fmwv... Dw... Dw II. tncpw-]sn tnà pi - 1. XXvImet pw `mhnbnte- p-apå hmwnpy n\på hni-k\w [\-k-am-lcww 2. k p-enxhnik\ nsâ kpoh Nph-Sp-IÄ Xpey-hn-lnXw 3. hn`hhnlnx kaxzw k p-enx hnik\w 5.4 kmaqlni hnik\ nsâ km[y-x-iä hni-k-\-sa- Xv hnim-e-amb Hcp taj-e-bm-wv. {]txy-in v B[p-\n-I-bp-K- nâ kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\ DZy-a- Ä v hn]p-e-amb km[y-xbpw kzoim-cy- X-bp-am-Wp-Å-Xv. sndpxpw hep-xp-amb ]²-Xn-IÄ v hni-k-\- nâ axnbmb Øm\-ap- v. ap³k-w-\, kpoh hnj-b- Ä, Bkq-{X-Ww, {]iv\- fpw ]cn-lm-c- fpw F nh Hmtcm kaq-l- nâ hyxy-kvx-am-bn-cn- p- sa v a\-ên-em- -Ww. kmaq-lni hni-k-\- nsâ {][m-\-s «LS-I- Ä Xmsgt À p p. iniphnik\ ]cn]msniä Ip«n-IÄ \msnsâ `mhn-k-¼- m-wv. ka-{k-amb coxn-bn-epå inip-hn-ik\ ]²-Xn-IÄ `mhn-bn-te- på Hcp \nt -]-ambn Icp-Xmw. Ip«n-I-fpsS P\\w apxâ \mev hb-êp-h-sc-bpå {]mb- nâ Ah-cpsS hnik\imcy- Ä Gsä-Sp- p-t¼mä IpSpw-_- Ä på klm-b-ambn AXns\ hne-bn-cp- -Ww. Ip«n-I-fpsS hfà -bv m-h-iy-amb hn`-h- Ä BZyw-ap-Xte Is - n-bmâ Ip«n-I-fpsS Btcm-Ky- n\pw BPo-h-\m hni-k-\- n\pw AXv klm-b-i-am-ipw. Iuamc mà mbpå hnik\ ]cn]msniä imcocnihpw am\knihpw sshimcnihpamb ]IzX t\sp - \nàwm-bi- L-«-amWv Iuam-c-{]m-bw. Cu Ime- mwv `mhn-bn-te- på \à Ignhpw tbmky-xbpw sshz-kv[yhpw BÀPn-t - -Xv. sndp-{]m-b- nâ s Ip«n-Isf \Ã-co-Xn-bn hfà n-bn-sã nâ Ah-cn \ntj-[m-ßi kz`mhw hf-cp-w. AXv ]n osv kaq-l- n\p tzmj-ambn `hn- pw. AXn- \mâ icn-bmb Zni-bnepw ImgvN- m-sn-ep-apå Iuam-c-hn-I-k\ ]cn-]m-sn- 4

15 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw IÄ Gsä-Sp-t - -Xv kaq-l- n-sâbpw kmaq-ln-i -{]-hà Icp-sSbpw Hgn- p-iq-sm-\m-hm IS-a-bm-Wv. bphp\ hnik\ ]cn]msniä bphp\ Ä kaql nsâ Aaq-ey-amb hc-zm-\-am-wv. Gähpw {Inbm-ß- I-amb Pohn-X-L-«- n-epå ChÀ v hni-k-\-{]-{in-b-bnâ [mcmfw kw`mh-\-iä sn m³ Ign-bpw. bph-p-\-hn-i-k-\- n-te- på \nt ]w `mhnbn-te- på k p-enx hni-k-\- nsâ hgn-sx-fn p-sa Imcy- nâ XÀ -an-ã. h\nxmhnik\ ]cn]msniä \nèðsa- nepw Imcy- -a-amb ] mwv h\n-x-iä hni-k-\-{]-{in-b-bnâ hln- p- -Xv. `mhn-x-e-ap-dsb hmàs Sp p- -Xn ti{µ_nµp-hmbn hà n p Xv kv{xok-aqlw Xs -bm-wv. B`y- -chpw AÃm- -Xp-amb hni-k-\-ta-j-e-i-fnâ Ch-cpsS kw`m-h-\-iä hfsc {][m-\-am-wv. apxnà ]uc mcpss t aw {]mb-am-hpi F Xv Hcp {]IrXn {]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv. \½psS Pohn-X-N-{I- nsâ Hcp hi-ambn AXns\ ImW-Ww. Hcp kmaq-lni D chmznxzw F \ne-bnâ Bh-iy-amb {]m[m-\y-t mss apxnà -h-cpss {]iv\- sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- -Ww. Ah-cpsS ]cn-n-bhpw sshz-kv[yhpw kmaqlnihn-ik\ DZy-a- -fnâ ^e-{]-z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- mw. BtcmKyþIpSpw_t a ]cn]msniä kmaqlnihnik\]cn]msnifnâ kp{]-[m-\-amb H mwv BtcmKy þ IpSpw_t a ]cn]msniä. hyànifpss imcocnihpw am\-kn-ihpw, kmaqlnihpamb \ bmwv CXp-sIm p e y-am- p- Xv. {]Xyp mz\hpw, inipp\mtcmkyhpw kmaqlnihnik\ nsâ kp{]-[m-\-amb A-\p-_ÔtaJ-e-bm-Wv. IpSpw_PohnX hnzym`ymkw Ct m-gs kmaqlni{i-a- nâ IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-s - p-dn- på hnzym- `ymkw A\n-hm-cy-amb asämcp kp{]-[m\ Imcy-am-Wv. ]mc-¼-cy-amb C y³ IpSpw-_-hy-hØ \½psS k¼- -amb kwkvim-c- n\v ASn- -d - ]m-in. IpSpw-_PohnX-hn-Zym-`ym-kw, IpSpw-_- nâ hyàn-iä på Npa-XeIfpw D -c-hm-zn-xzhpw t_m[y-s -Sp pw. kmaq-lni imào-i-c-w- nepw hni-k-\- nepw IpSpw-_- n-\på ] v hyàam pibmwv IpSpw- _-Po-hnX hnzym-`ym-kw-sim v e y-an-sp Xv. Irjnbpw A\p_Ô {]hr nifpw Irjnbpw A\p-_-Ô-{]-hr- n-i-fp-amwv Btcm-Ky-Zm-bI ` Ww kaq-l- n\v \ÂIp Xv. hni-k-\- nsâ `mk-ambn kaq-lw-xs ` -W-km-[- \- -fpss Gdn-b-] pw Dev]m-Zn- n- -Ww. Ak- p-en-x-amb ` W{Iahpw t]mj-im-lm-chpw t\cnsm³ ImÀjn-tIm m-z\w hà²n n- Ww. CXn- 5

16 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv \mbn ]cn-ønxn kulrz a\p-jy-m[zm-\hpw ssph-ir-jnbpw t{]mõm-ln- n- Ww. ImÀjn-Im-\p-_Ô hyh-km-bhpw icn-bmb `qhn-\n-tbm-khpw e y-am- n-bpå ssph-ir-jnbpw Cu taj-e-bnâ {]txyi Xm -cy-sa- Sp v \S- m- -Ww. AXym-hiy ] - -dn-bn-\- fpw amwk-bn-\- fpw kaqlw-xs Is - p- p. kàhokv klicw kwl Ä BtcmKy kwc W kl-i-cw kwl Ä kmaqlnihnik\ nsâ \s«ãmsw v hnti-jn- n- mw. C m-cy- nâ hyànifpss ]cn-{i-a- Ä v ]cn-an-xn-i-tf-sd-bp- v. Iq«mb CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ kl-i-c-w-ta-j-ebnâ km[y-am-wv. hnhn[ taj-e-i-fnâ kl-i-cw kwl- Ä {]hà n n m-\på Ignhpw tbmky-xbpw Hcp kmaqlnihn-i-k\ {]hà I³ (kn.- Un.-U-»yp) kmaq-ln-i-{]-hà \ nâ t\sn-bn-cn- -Ww. Iq«mb ]cn-{i-a- n-eq-ssbpå kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k-\s CXv klm-bn- pw. hn`-h-k-am-lcw taj-e-bpss DNn-X-amb hn\n-tbm-khpw kam-l-cw taj-e-bpss asämcp e y-am-wv. hnzym`ymkw kmaqlnihnik\ n\på ]c-a-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp D]m[nbmWv hnzym`ymkw. aq v Xc- n-epå LSI Ä CXn D m-bn-cn- p- -Xmbn ImWmw þ Hu]NmcnIw, B\p-jw-KnIw (bm-zr-ýn-iw), A\u]NmcnIw Chbvt m-tcm- n\pw AXn-tâ-Xmb {]m[m-\y-ap- v. Cu aq v coxn-i-sfbpw icn-bmb Zni-bnepw ImgvN- m-snepw kwtbm-pn- n- m-\på thzn-bmbn kaq-ls amä-ww. hnzym-`ym-km-h-iy- Ä DbÀ p hnj-b- fpw {]iv\- fpw Ch-bn GsX- nepw Hcp k{¼-zmbw sim p-am{xw ]cn-lcn- m-hp- -X-Ã. km -c-x-bpss {]iv\- Ä A\u-]-Nm-cnI hnzym-`ymkw sim v ]cn-l-cn- m-hp- -tx-bpåp. sxmgnâ sshz-kv[yhpw ss\]p-wy-hn- I-k-\hpw Hu]-Nm-cn-tIXc-amb hnzym-`ym-k- n-eqss t\smw. Nn -IÀ, Bkq-{X-IÀ, \S- n- p-imà, \b-cq-]o-i-cww \S- p- -hà, aäv hnn- - W³amÀ F n-hsc Hu]-Nm-cnI k{¼-zm-b- n-eq-ssbpw hmàs Sp mw. a\p-jy-hn-`-h-amb hni-k\w hfsc {][m-\-amb Hcp hni-k-\-l-s-i-am-wv. CXn hnzym-`ym-k- n\v kp{]-[m-\-am-sbmcp ] v hln- m-\p- v. sxmgn-e-h-k-c- Ä krãn- p-i-sb- Xv \nàwm-b-ihpw {][m-\-hp-amb Hcp kmaq-ln-im-h-iy-am-wv. CXn-\mbn Hmtcm kaq-l- n-ep-apå sxmgn-en- Ãm-bva, sxmgn-â km[yx p-d-hv, {]apj sxmgn-em-fn-iä, AhnZKv[ sxmgnemfniä F n-h- kw_ôn hnh-c- Ä tij-cn-t - Xp- v. tbmkycpw hnz-kv[-cp-amb sxmgn-em-fn-i-sf a\pjy A[zm-\-iàn hni-k-\- n\v D]- tbm-k-s -Sp- mw. CtXm-sSm- w-xs tbmkycpw hnzym-k-¼- -cp-amb sndp- - mà v Ah-c-h-cpsS sshz-kv[y-ta-j-e-bnâ ]cn-io-e-\hpw \ÂtI- -Xp- v. sxmgn-em-fn-i-fpss t a \S-]-Sn-IÄ th {X ]cn-k-w-tbmss \S- m- -Ww. te_à_m v F k  w a\p-jym-[zm-\-tijn icnbmb hn[- nâ D]-tbm-Kn- m³ klm-b-i--am-ipw. AXpw- kmaq-lni hnik-\w Xzcn-X-s -Sp- pw. 6

17 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw Bibhn\nabw ^e-{]-z-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-abw hni-k-\- nse {][m-\ -h-i-am-wv. hm m- epå Bi-b-hn-\n-abw am{x-aã ChnsS AÀY-am- p- -Xv, adn v a\pjysc Bi-b-]-c-am-bn- qsn H n- n- p FÃm LS-I- fpw CXnÂs -Spw. DZm-lc-W- n\v tdmup-i-fpss \nà½mww, KXm-K-Xw, aäv Bi-b-hn-\n-ab kuicy- Ä F nh kmaq-lni Pohn-X nâ BtKm-f- _Ô Ä på hgn- m-c-i-fm-wv. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw ASn-Øm-\-ku-Icy hni-k-\hpw c p-xc- nâ hni-k-\s klm-bn- pw. F -s\-sb- mâ, BtKm-f-X-e- nepå Ah-k-c- Ä hà²n ph-cp It¼m-f-km-[y-Xbpw, a\p-jy-hn-`-h-tijn krjvsn p aäv km[y-x-ifpw. {]hà \w 5.2 I. hn«pt]mbxv ]qcn n pi. 1. hnzym`ymk nsâ aq p [mcifmwv...,..., Dw... Dw BtKmf_Ô Ä på hgn- mcifmwv. 3. \nèðhpw ^e-{]-z-hp-amb kw`m-h\ kmaq-lni hni-k-\- nâ \ÂIp- -h-cmwv IpSpw_PohnX hnzym-`ymkw... Dw... hyàn-iä v t_m[y-s -Sp- p p kaql nsâ Aaqey hc-zm-\-amwv 5.5 hnik\ nsâ hnhn[ L«Ä Hmtcm kaql n\pw AXntâXmb kz`m-h- fpw {]txyixifpap v. hn`h fpss e`yxbnepw D]-t`m-K- nepw Cu hyxy-kvxx D m-bn-cn- pw. kmwkvimcni-amb kao-]-\- -fnepw Cu hyxymkw ImWmw. CXp-sIm- p- Xs hni-k\ hnj-b- -fpw {]iv\- fpw hyxykvxambncn- pi kzm`mhn-iw. kmaq-lni hni-k\ bxv\- -fpss hnhn[ L«- Ä Xmsg- -d-bpwhn-[-am-wv. e y\nàw-bw e y-\nàw-bw ]c-a-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp L«-am-Wv. Bkq-{X-W- n\pw \S- m- -en-\p-apå Cu {]hà \w AXo-h-{i-²-tbmsS \S- -Ww. kaq-l- nsâ kmaq-lni km¼- n-i-þ-kmw-kvim-cn-i-þ-p-\-iob kz`m-h- Ä icn pw hne-bn-cp-t - -Xp- v. IqSmsX a\p-jy-ti-jn-bpss e`yxsbbpw-, Bkq-{X-IÀ, \S- n- p-imà F n-h-scbpw ]Tn v am{xta Hcp kmaqlni{]hà I\v hni-k-\-]-²-xn-bpss e yw kw_-ôn cq]-tcj X mdm- m-\m-iq. P\-Xsb a\ênem  Hcp ]²Xn Bkq-{XWw sn p Xn\pw apt¼-xs Ahn-Sps P\- - fpss Bh-iy- Ä, hnzym`ymk-\n-e-hm-cw, kmwkvimcni--amb LS-\, AhÀ t\cn-sp {]iv\- Ä, Ah-cpsS Ncn-{Xw, cm{ã-hy-h-øbpw t\xm- -fpw, 7

18 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv kaq-l-a-t\m-`m-hw, Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\- Ä, Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-cw, kmaq-ln-i-þ-km- ¼- ni Npäp-]m-Sv, sxmgn-e-h-k-c- Ä, kl-i-c-w-ta-j-e, kzbw-k-lmb kwl- Ä F nh kw_-ôn ka-{k-amb [mcw D m Ww. kmaq-lni hni-k-\- nse {]iv\- fpw Ah-k-c- fpw Xncn- -dn-bâ kaql nse hnhn[ P\-hn-`m-K- -sf- p-dn- på icn-bmb [mcw D m- Ip- -Xn-eqsS hni-k-\- nsâ {]iv\- fpw km[y-x-ifpw Hcp kmaq-ln-i- {]-hà I\v s]s«v Is - m-\m-hpw. Cu Xncn- -dn-hn-ãmsx hni-k\ ImgvN- msv HcmÄ pw cq]-s -Sp- mt\ Ign-bn-Ã. hni-k-\-{]-hà \ Ä XpS- p- -Xn\p apt¼-xs B kaq-l- nâ \ne-hn-epå kpo-h-hn-j-b- fpw {]iv\- fpw ]«n-i-bm -Ww. hnj-b- -fp-ssbpw {]iv\- -fp-ssbpw ap³k-w-\m-{iaw \ný-bn  kmaqlnihnik\ n\v X m-sd-sp- p-iä \S- p HcmÄ v \nc-h[n hnj-b- fpw {]iv\- fpw Is - m-\m-ipw. {]iv\- -fpss Xo{h-Xbpw BÀ{Z-Xbpw hyxym-k-s -«n-cn- pw. kmaq-ly {]m[m\yw a\-ên-em n Nne {]iv\- Ä v ap nb ]cn-k-w\ \ÂtI- n-h-cpw. hnz-kv[-ambn ssiimcyw sn p Xn-eqsS Cu {]iv\- Ä v thk- nâ ^e-{]-z-amb ]cn-lmcw Is - mw. Nne hnj-b- Ä ASn-b- n-c {]m-[m\yw AÀln- p- -h-bm-bn-cn- n-ã. AXp-amän aäp-nn-e-xn\v {]mapjyw \ÂI-Ww. ASn-b- ncm-hiyw ]cn-k-wn v k p-en-x-hn-i-k\w km[y-am- m-\på {]iv\- -fpss ap³k-w-\m- -«ni X m-dm- -mw. hn`h`q]s \nà½mww kaq-l- nsâ Bh-iy- fpw {]iv\- fpw Hcn-  \n Ä Is - n- -gn- ª mâ, ]ns -bp-å-xv, hn`-h-`q-]sw \nàan- -em-wv. CsX- m-sw v t\m mw. Hcp {]txyi hni-k-\-]-²-xn- m-h-iy-amb hn`-h- Ä, am\-h-tijn-, ]Whpw aäv kma-{kn-i-fpw. ChbpsS IW-s -Sp- mwv bymà - nâ `q]-sw-sim- p-t±-in- p- -Xv. hni-k-\-{]-hà \ n\v CsXmcp Ah-iy-L- S-I-am-Wv. hn`-h- -fpss KpWhpw Afhpw hni-i-e\w sn pi F Xpw `q]-s-\nàam-w- nsâ `mkw-x-s. hni-k-\- nsâ Imcy- -ax Cu {]{Inbsb B{i-bn- m-wp-å-xv. {]hà \]²Xn X mdm  e y\nàw-bhpw hn`-h-`q-]s \nàam-whpw Ign-ª mâ kmaq-ln-i-hn-ik\ {]hà IÀ e yw t\sp- -Xn-\pÅ {]hà \ cq]-tcj X m-dm- - Ww. Cu L«- nâ kmaq-ln-i-{]-hà IÀ, Xocp-am\w FSp- p- -hà, \bcq-]o-i-cww \S- p- -hà, ]²-Xn- \-S- n- p-imà, kwlm-s-ià F n-h-cp-sssbãmw klmbw txsm-hp- -Xm-Wv. Ch-scÃmw hni-k\{]hà \ nâ kpo-h-ambn ]s -Sp- p- -h-cm-wv. \S- m- -en-\på cq]-tcj X m-dm-  \S- m- m³ t]mip ]²-Xn-bpsS/]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS X zhpw {]tbm-khpw, Bkq-{X-IÀ pw \S- n- p-imà pw a\-ên-em- p- -Xn\v Cu {]{Inb 8

19 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw klm-bn- pw. \S- m- -en-\på X{ - Ä v cq]-iâ -\-bnâ {]txyi {]m[m-\yw \ÂI-Ww. ]²Xn \nàh-l-w- n-\på kulr-zm- -co w krãn- p-i, hn`-h- -fpss A\p-Iq-em--hØ, P\- -fpss ]n pw F nh cq]- I -\-bnâ Ahn-`m-P y-l-s-i-ambn ]cn-k-wn- -Ww. ]Whpw kabhpw IW- p-iq-«â kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\ ]²-Xn-IÄ Bkq-{XWw sn p Xnepw \S m- p- - Xnepw {][m-\-s «c p Imcy- -fm-wv ka-bhpw snehpw. apjy-{]-hr- n- IÄ v A\p-_-Ô-amb D]-sXm-gn-ep-IÄ snbvxp-xoà m³ \ymb-amb kabw \ný-bn -Ww. snehv ]«ni X m-dm- p- -Xn hnz-kv[-cmb ]²Xn \S- n- p-imà pw kwlm-s-ià pw AXo-h-{i-²-bp- m-bn-cn- pw. kmaq-ln-i-]n- p-wbpw aäv hn`-h- -fpss B\p-Iq-ey-hp-s - nâ \nàh-l- W-s -ehv kmc-ambn Ipd-bv m³ Ign-bpw. hnik\{]hà \ fpssbpw ]cn]msnifpssbpw \S n v ka-{k-amb Bkq-{X-Whpw {]hà \ n-\m-h-iy-amb aäv X m-sd-sp pw Ign-ª mâ ASp- -]Sn ^e-{]-z-ambn ]²Xn \S- m- p-i-sb- -Xm-Wv. \S- m- -en-eqss Dt±-in- p- Xv e y-]qà oic-whpw hni-k-\-{]-iv\- - fpss ]cn-lm-c-hp-am-wv. GtIm-]-\w, X m-sd-sp- v, tij-cn-  XpS- nbh \S- m- -enâ {][m\ LS-I- -fm-wv. ka-b-_-ôn-xambpw {Iaambpw imkv{xo-bambpw Bbn-cn- Ww \S- m-  {]{Inb. {]hà \ fpss tcjs Sp-  \S- m- p Hmtcm {]hr- n-bp-ssbpw IrXy-amb tcj-iä D m- p-i-sb- -Xm-Wn-hnsS {][m-\w. ]²-Xn-bpsS hnp-b-]-cm-p-b- Ä CXnÂ\n v a\- Ên-em- m³ s]s«v Ign-bpw. CXv P\- Ä pw hnz-kv[à pw hnx-cww snbvxv {]Xn-I-c-Whpw A`n-{]m-b- fpw tij-cn- mw. P\-]n- pw t\sp- -Xn\v Cu {]hr n klm-bn pw.. am{x-aã Xt±-io-b-amb ]n p-wbpw CXp-aqew e`n- pw. Ønc-amb aqey-\nàwbw ]²-Xn-bpsS FÃm LS-I -fpw icn-bmb Zni-bn s {]hà n p pt m-sb v Ønc-ambn aqey-\nàwbw \S-t - -Xp- v. CXp-hgn ]²-XnbpsS hnp-b-]-cm-p-b- Ä IrXy-ambn Is - m-\m-ipw. CXnsâ apjy-amb {]txy-i-x-iä. Fs m-s -bmwv \S- p- sx pw \S- m- -sx pw tcj-s -Sp- pi. {]hà \ Ä ]cntim[n pibpw \nco n pibpw sn pi. {]hà \^e fpss hkvxp-x-ifpw IW pw tijcn pi. {]hà \w icn-bmb Zni-bn B{K-ln- p Xe- n-em-twm sb v hne-bn-cp pi. 9

20 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv aqey-\nàwbw ]²-Xn-bpsS \nt -]hpw AXnsâ ^ehpw F s\ ^e-{]-z-ambn F ]cn-tim-[-\bpw sam w aqeyw IW- m- p- -Xp-amb {]{In-b-bmWv aqey-- \nàwbw. ]²Xn e y-hp-ambn H p-t]m-ip- p-t m-sb pw {]txyiw \nco- W hnt[-b-am- -Ww. aqey--\nàwb D]-I-c-W- fpw hnh-c-ti-j-c- Whpw C m-cy- nâ {][m-\-am-wv. icn-bmb aqey--\nàwb n\v Chsbms Ah-iy-L-S-I- -fm-wv. 1. IrXy-amb {i² 2. _mly GP³kn 3. B`y- c \S- n v GP³kn ]«ni 5.1 aqey-\nàwbw F -s\-sb v a\-ên-em- p- -Xn\v \n sf klm-bn- pw. CXp kw_-ôn hyà-amb Nn{Xw Xmsg- m-wp ]«n-i-bn-ep- v. ]«ni 5.1: kmaqlnihnik\ ]²XnIfpsS aqey-\nàwb nsâ hnhn[ L«Ä ASnØm\w Dt±iyw hnhctijcww hnhc t{kmxkv hnhc tijcw n\på kt X Ä hnhctijcw kabw tijcw nsâ CSthf hnh-cti-j-c-w- n\pw hni-i-e-\- n-\p-apå Bfp-IÄ UmäbpsS D]tbmKw taât\m«w ]²Xn \nt -]- nsâ ]cn[n \ný-bn p- -, {]hà \ Ä, ^e- Ä {]myani Afhv hnhcw ]²Xn Poh-\- màsndp-txm-xn-ep-ff \nco- W kwhn-[m\w \S nem en\nsbnâ XpSÀ -bm-bxpw CS-th-f-I-fp-ÅXpw ]²-Xn-bpsS taât\m-«- n-\på Bfp-IÄ Xocp-am-\n- m\pw \S- m- m-\p-apå {]Ya ]cn-k-w\ {]kvxmh\iä icntbm sxtäm F v I p]nsn pi 1. Hcp kaq-l- nsâ kwkvimcw, kao-]\w, s]cpamäcoxn F nh asäm- nâ \n p hyxykvxambncn- pw. aqey-\nàwbw t{]mp-însâ ^e-{]m-]vxnbpw kzm[o-\hpw Xocp-am-\n- Â {]myani hnhcw ]²XnbpsS KpWt`màm Ä \o tnmzymhen/ A`n-apJw \S nem en\p tijw Ipdª CS-th-fbpw Imem-\p-kr-Xhpw ]pd- p-å- BfpIÄ ]²Xn Ah-tem-I-\- n\v {][m-\-ambpw th Xv Bkq{X-W- n-sâbpw \S m ensâbpw ]p\-c-h-tem-i\ {]{Inb \nco- -Ww, aqey--\nàwbw, Bkq-{X-Whpw \S- m- epw F n-h-bn-eqss e`y-amb {]Xn-^-es Bkv]-Z-am n e yw ssih-cn- p- -Xn\p th nbpå ]p\x-kw-hn-[m\w \S- -Ww. Bkq-{XWw snbvx ]²Xn \S- m- n- h-cp-t¼mä bmzr-ñn-i-ambn Nne XS-Ê- -fp- m-tb- mw. CXv icn-bmb \nco- -W- n-eq-ssbpw aqey-\nàw-b n-eq-ssbpw ap³iq«n ImWm³ Ignbpw. Ch-tb-sXm-s -sb v Is - n- -gn-ª mâ, Bkq-{X-Ww, \S- m- Â, X{ w sa\-bâ F nh e yw t\sp- -Xn-\p-th n ]p\x-kw-hn- [m\w sn Ww. {]hà \w 5.3 icn sxäv 10

21 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw 2. e y-\nàwbw Bkq-{X-W- n\pw \S- m- -en\pw tij-apå {]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-amb Hcp LS-I-amWv. 3. hnik\ ]cn-]m-sn-iä \S nem p Xn\v ap¼v Bkq-{X-Icpw \S- n- p-imcpw Xt±-io-b-cmb P\- -fpss kz`mhw ]Tn- n-cn- Ww 4. k p-en-x-amb hni-k\w km[y-am- p- -Xn\v {]iv\- fpw hnj-b- -fp-w ap³k-w-\m-sn-øm-\- nâ a\-ên-em- Ww. 5. kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\ DZy-a- -fnâ e`y-amb hn`-h- -fpss Øm\-\nÀWbw, a\p-jy-ti-jn, kma-{kn-iä, ]Ww F nh Bkq-{X-W- n\pw \S- n- n\pw kp{]-[m\ Imcy-a-Ã. 5.6 k p-enx kmaqlni hnik\w \S pimet pw `mhnbnte- papå Bh-iy- Ä ]qà oicn- m-\p-x- Ip hni-k-\-co-xn-bmwv k p-enx hni-k-\-sa v hnh- n- p- -Xv. ChnsS Zmcn-{Zy-\nÀamÀP-\-am-bn-cn pw {]Ya ]cn-k-w-\-bnâ hcp- -Xv. Bh-iym-`n-emj- -fpss km m-xv mc kwxr-]vxn-bmwv k p-enx hni-k-\- nsâ {][m\ e yw. CXn-\p-th- n-bpå {]hà \ -fnâ Nne Imcy- Ä a\- Ên kq n-t - Xp- v. hn`-h- -fpss D]-t`m-K- n\v \nb-{ -W-\n-e-hm-c- Ä GÀs -Sp- p-i, FÃm-hÀ pw Xpey-hn-lnXw e`n- p- A -co w krãn- p-i, P\-kw-Jy-m]-c-amb hn`-p-\- Ä Ipd-bp-I-hgn hn`-h- Ä DNn-Xamb coxn-bnâ hn\n-tbm-kn- pi apx-emb Imcy- -fm-wn-h. \ne-hn-ep-åxpw `mhn-bn-te- p-åxpamb hn`-h- -fpss ]cn-]m-e-\- n-\mwv k p-en-x-hn-ik\w e y-an-sp- -Xv. k p-en-x-hn-i-k-\- nsâ A\p-_Ô Imcy- Ä ChbmWv:þ kaxzw Ah-kckaXzw F -Xm-Wn-hnsS Dt±-in- p- -Xv. hn`-h- -fpss Xpey-amb ] n-sepw tij-c-whpw cmjv{sm c \nehmc n-epå Pohn-X-ta t\sp-isb- -XmWv e yw. CXn\v {]tz-i, ax-þpm-xn-þ-kn-²m- -]-c-amb ] ]mxw ]msn-ã. k- p-en-x-am-sbmcp hni-k-\- n\v {i²n-t - h Xmsg- -d-bp :þ {]IrXn hn`h fpw aäv D]-t`màr hkvxp fpw D]-tbm-Kn- p- Xnsâ Afhv DNn-X-amb coxn-bnâ Npcp- p-i. ]cn-ønxn kulrzw \ne-\nà ns m på KpW-]-c-amb amäw Dd- m- p-i. ]cnønxn BLm-X- Ä Hgnhm pi. P\kwJymhfÀ bnâ DXvIWvT Dfhm pi. a\pjyaqe[\ hnik\w Dd- m- pi. km¼- ni hni-k\w am{x-am-bmâ k p-en-x-hn-i-k-\-am-ip-sa v Icp-XmXncn pi. hn`hhn-\n-tbmkw imkv{xo-bhpw km{¼-zm-bn-ihpw \ymb-am-b-xpamb coxn-bnâ \S- m- pi. k p-enxhni-k-\- n\v Bim-h-l-amb Imem-hØ \ne-\nà pi. 11

22 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv C -s\, hni-k-t\m-t±-iy- fpw ]cn-øn-xn-{]-iv\- fpw Gähpw -tbm-pn Xc- nâ k p-en-x-am-bn-cn- p Ah-Øsb k p-en-x-hn-i-k-\-sa v hnfn- mw. Xt±-iob P\- -fpss Pohn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hmcw sa -s -Sp- p- - Xn\v H w-xs ]cn-ønxn kwc- -Whpw Dd- p- hcp Ww. {]mtz-in-ihpw tzio-b-hp-amb Xe- n-epå k p-en-x-hn-i-k\ ]cn-]m-sn- IÄ v Ah-bp-tS-Xmb ]cn-an-xn-bp- v. AXn-cp-I-S P\-kw-Jybpw _lphn[ {]iv\- fpw XS-Ê- -fp-- m- pw. Bkq-{X-Ww, \S- n- v, \nb-{ Ww F nh hni-k-\- nsâ taâ \nb-{ -W-i-àn-bmbn hà n p -Xmbn ImWmw. kaq-l- nsâ kzbw-þ-\nàw-bm-h-im-iw, D m-z-\- n-sâbpw hmwn-p y- n-sâbpw {]mtz-in-i-hâ cww F nh k p-en-x-hn-i-k-\- nsâ kpo-h-l-si -fm-bmwv Icp-X-s -Sp- -Xv. kmaq-lni kwl-s-\-iä, kmaqln-i-{]-hà IÀ, kwlm-s-ià, aäv kwl-s-\-iä F n-hbv v kmaq-ln-ihn-i-k\w ssih-cn- p- -Xn- CS-s]-Sm³ Ign-bpw. {]hà \w 5.4 I. kmaqlnihnik\s apt m«p \bn- p {][m\ LSI Ä 1. BNm-c- Ä 2. kviqfpiä 3. ]mc¼cy Ä 4. IpSpw_w 5. kmaq-lni hne- p-iä II. kmaqlnihnik\ nsâ BXy ni e y Ä 1. a\pjy hn`htijn hnik\w 2. A²zm\iànbpsS hnik\w 3. hymhkmbni hnik\w 4. ASnØm\kuIcy hnik\w III. BZy-Ime hnik\w e yw-h- n-cp- h 1. kzbw {]Xntcm[w 2. BtcmKykwc- Whpw ASnØm\kuIcy hni-k-\hpw 3. hn`h kam-l-cww 4. am\-kn-imtcmkyw 5.7 kw{klw \n Ä -dn-bm-hp- -Xp-t]m-se, kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\w \sãmcp DÅ-S- -apå hnj-b-am-wv. Bkq-{X-Ww, \S- m-  XpS- nb {]{In-bbv p-ånâ [mcm fw LS-I- -fp- v. hni-k\ k  - Ä {]mirx kaq-l- n-tâ-xnâ \n p hf-sc-tbsd Ct mä amdn-bn-«p- v. ] p-im-e v kzbw-{]-xn-tcm-[- n\pw kzbc- -bv p-am-bn-cp p hni-k-\- nâ {]m[m-\yw. Ct m-gxv ka-{k-am-b, {]Ir-Xn-ku-lr-Z-amb Hcp kao-]-\-co-xn-bnâ a\p-jy-hn-`-h-ti-jnbpss hni-k-\- n\v ]c-a-{]m-[m\yw \ÂIn-h-cp- p. ImgvN- m-sp-i-sfbpw a\p-jysâ Bh-iy- -sfbpw ASn-Øm-\-am- n-bmwv hni-k-\-x{ w F m- e pw cq]-s -«Xv F v Npcp- w. ssk²m- ni \nàan-xn, {]mtbm-kni X{ w, sshz-kv[yhpw _p²n-bpw, hn`-h-k-am-l-c-ww, kmaq-ln-i-n-e-\w, \n n]vx Xm -cy- Ä F nh kp{]-[m-\hpw \nàwm-b-i-hp-amb LS-I- 12

23 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw -fm-wv. kmaq-lni hni-k-\- nsâ X zhpw Bßmhpw sxm«-dn-bp Hcp kmaq-ln-i-{]-hà I\v (kn.-un.-u-»yp) k p-en-x-hn-i-k\ {]{In-bbn Hcp t{]c-i-i-àn-bmbn hà n m\m-ipw. hn]p-ehpw hym]-i-hp-amb km[y-x-bmwv kmaq-lnihni-k-\- n-\p-å-xv. ap³k-w\m{iaw D m pi, Nn«-s -Sp- p-i, ]cn-]m-sn-isf Ønc-kz-`m-h-ap-ÅXm- p-i, imkv{xob-ambpw bpàn-k-l-ambpw \S- m- p-i. hni-k-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s «FÃm {]hà \ fpw a\p-jy-hn-`-h-ti-jn-bpss hni-k-\-hp-ambn tnà n-cn pw Ah-km\w P\- -fpss Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw sa -s -Sp- p- -Xn-te v F nt -cp-ibpw sn pw. hni-k-\-{]-hà \ Ä \S- p-t¼mä `mhn-bnse Bh-iy- fpw {i²-tbmss ]cn-k-wn- -Ww. hni-k-\- nsâ hnhn[ L«- Ä hf-sc-tbsd Nn«-s -Sp- nbxpw imkv{xob-hp-am-bn-cn- -Ww. 5.8 {]hà \ Ä på amxrim D c Ä {]hà \w 5.1 I. hn«pt]mb `mk Ä ]qcn n pi. 1. kmaqlnihnik\ ]cn-]m-sn-i-fpss kp{][m\amb c v hi fmwv kabhpw snehv IW- m- epw 2. {]hr niä \S m p Xns\ hnfn- p- Xv \S m  3. hnik\]cn]msnbpss icnbmb ZnibnepÅ ]cntim[\sb taât\m«\nco- Ww F p ]d-bp- p. 4. ]cn]msnifpss/]²-xn-i-fpss Imcy- -axm ]cn-tim-[-\sb hnfn- m- hp asämcp t]cv aqey-\nàwbw 5. c v Xcw aqey-\nàwb fmwv _mlyhpw B`y -chpw II. tncpw-]sntnà pi 1. \S pime-t pw `mhnbnte- p-apå hni-k\w k p-enxhnik\w 2. k p-enxhnik\ nsâ kpoh Nph-Sp-IÄ / Xpey-hn-lnXw hmwnp y n\på km¼ niw 3. hn`hhnlnx k p-enx hnik\w kaxzw {]hà \w 5.2 I. hn«pt]mbxv ]qcn n pi. 1. hnzym`ymk nsâ aq p [mcifmwv Hu]-Nm-cn-Iw, B\p-jw-KnIw, A\u-]-Nm-cnIw 2. KXmKXhpw Bibhn\nabpw BtKmf_Ô Ä på hgn- mcifmwv. 3. \nèðhpw ^e-{]-z-hp-amb kw`-mh\ kmaq-lnihni-k-\- nâ \ÂIp- -h-cmwv kv{xoiä 4. IpSpw_PohnX hnzym-`ymkw IpSpw-_- n-epå ISabpw D -c-hm-zn- Xzhpw hyàn-iä v t_m[y-s -Sp- p p 5. bph-p-\- Ä kaql nsâ Aaqey hc-zm-\-amwv {]hà \w 5.3 {]kvxmh\iä icntbm sxtäm F v I p]nsn pi. 1. Hcp kaq-l- nsâ kwkvimcw, kao-]\w, s]cpamäcoxn F nh asäm- nâ \n pw hyxykvxambncn- pw. (icn) 13

24 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv {]hà \w 5.4 I. kmaqlnihnik\s apt m«p \bn- p {][m\ LSI Ä a. BNm-c- Ä b. ]mc-¼cy- Ä c. kmaq-lni hne- p-iä II. III. 2. e y-\nàwbw Bkq-{X-W- n\pw \S- m- -en\pw tij-apå {]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-amb Hcp LS-I-amWv. (sxäv) 3. hnik\ ]cn-]m-sn-iä \S nem p Xn\v ap¼v Bkq-{X-Icpw \S- n- p- Imcpw Xt±-io-b-cmb P\- -fpss kz`mhw ]Tn- n-cn- Ww (icn) 4. k p-en-x-amb hni-k\w km[y-am- p- -Xn\v {]iv\- fpw hnj-b- -fp-w ap³k-w-\m-sn-øm-\- nâ a\-ên-em- Ww. (icn) 5. e`y-amb hn`-h- -fpss Øm\-\nÀWbw, a\p-jy-ti-jn, kma-{kn-iä, ]Ww F nh Bkq-{X-W- n\pw \S- n- n\pw kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\ DZy-a- -fnâ kp{]-[m\ Imcy-a-Ã. (sxäv) kmaqlnihnik\ nsâ BXy ni e y Ä a. a\p-jy-hn-`-h-tijn hni-k\w BZy-Ime hnik\w e yw-h- n-cp- h a. BtcmKykwc- Whpw ASnØm\kuIcy hni-k-\hpw 5.9 A[ym-bmhkm\ tnmzy Ä 1. kmaqlnihni-k\ {]hà I³ F \ne-bnâ, \n Ä v kà mà/{]mtz-in-i-k-an-xn-iä F nh Gsä-Sp- p hni-k\ DZy-a- Ä t\cn«p a\-ên-em- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. Ah-bpsS Dt±-iy- sf kw_-ôn- v Hcp ]«ni X m-dm- p-i. 14

25 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw A[ymbw6: hnik\ \b fpw ]cn]msnifpw apjhpc ]Tt\mt±iy Ä 6.3 kmaqlnihnik\ \bw 6.4 C ybnse {][m\ kmaqlni hnik\ ]cn]msniä 6.5 kmaqlnihnik\ nsâ LSI Ä 6.6 kmaqlnihnik\ ]cn-]m-sn-i-fnâ GÀs -«n-cn- p hnhn[ GP³kn-IÄ 6.7 kaimeni kmaqlnihnik\ DZy-a- Ä kw{klw {]hà \ Ä på amxrim D c Ä 6.10 A[ym-bmhkm\ nse tnmzy Ä 2.1 BapJw kmaq-lniamäw B{K-ln- p t\xm- ³amÀ, k -²-{]-hÀ IÀ, ]uc³amà F n-hsc Is - m\pw AhÀ p- m-bn-cn-t s]mxp-kp- W- Ä a\-ên-em- m\pw Cu A[ymb nâ \n v \n Ä v km[n pw. hni-zo-i-c-w- n-te p t]mip- -Xn-\p-ap¼v F mwv kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\w F tnmzy- n\v D cw ImtW- -Xp- v. CsXmcp ka-{k-amb {]{In-bbm-Wv. kaq-l- nâ amä-ap- m- p {]hà \ fnâ Fs Ãmw hnj-b- -fmwv DÄs månt sx v ]c-kv]c kw`m-j-w- -fn-eqss aq³iq«n \ný-bn -Ww. Hcp \nýnx kaq-l- nsâ km¼- n-i-ønxn sa -s -Sp- p-i-sb- -Xm- Wv kmaqlnihni-k\w e y-am- p- -Xv. {]mtz-ini hn`-h- fpss D]- t`mkw hnhn[ coxn-i-fn-eqss Xpey-ambn \S- pi F Xpw Hcp {]txy-i-xbm-wv. kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k-\- n\v temi-s -Ãm-bnS pw Hmtcm {]Øm-\- cq-]-ap- v. hni-k-\-\n-e-hmcw ]cn-k-wn- msx FÃm cmpy- fpw Ah-cpsS hni-k-\-]-cn-]m-sn-iä \S- p- Xv C cw {]Øm-\- -fn-eq-ss-bmwv. kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\anãm tziob hni-k\w shdpw anyy-bm-sw v temiamsi Ct mä AwKo-I-cn- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Cu ]cn-]m-sn-iä, hni-kn-x, hni-kz-c, Ahn-I-knX cmp y- -fnâ Xpey{]m[m-\y-t m-ss-bmwv \S- m- n- h-cp- -Xv. 6.2 ]T\ e y Ä Cu A[ym-bw Ignbpt¼mÄ Xmsg dbp Imcy Ä sn m³ IgnbWw. kmaqlnihnik\ ]cn]msniä \nàhnn pi. C ybnse hnhn[ kmaqlnihnik\ ]²XnIÄ a\ênem pibpw hni-zo-i-cn- p-ibpw sn pi. C ybnâ hnik\ ]cn-]m-sn-i-fnâ GÀs «ncn p hnhn[ GP³knIsf än hnizoicn pibpw AhbpsS ]«ni X mdm pibpw sn pi. kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\ nsâ hnhn[ LSI sf thàxn-cn- p-i. 15

26 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv C ybnse Ct m-gs hni-k\ DZy-a- Ä ]cn-tim-[n- p-i. kaq-l- n-\p-ånâ s Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb PohnXw \bn- m-\på Ignhv krãn- pi. PohnX nsâ FÃm Xe- -fn-ep-apå P\- Ä v "\½Ä' Fs mcp t_m[w P\n- n- p-sim v hni-k-\-e yw ssih-cn- p-i. 6.3 kmaqlni hnik\ \bw: kmaqlnihn-i-k-\- ImgvN- m-sp-iä s]mxpxmâ -cy- Ä kwc- n v hni-k\w \S- p-i-sb- XmWv kmaq-ln- I-hn-I-k-\- nsâ efn-x-amb \nàh-n-\w. CXv hnim-ehpw- {]mtbm-kn-ihpw A m-z-an-i-hp-amb ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-Wv. t\xm- ³amÀ, hni-k-\-{]-hà IÀ, k -²-{]-hÀ IÀ, aäv sxmgnâ taj-e-bnse hnz-kv[à F n-hà Xt±-iob hni-k-\- nsâ Np m³ ]nsn- p- -h-cm-bn-cn- pw. kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\w {]hr- yp³ap-j-am- p- Xv \nýnx ImgvN- m-sv, k  - Ä, aqey- Ä, hnizm-k- Ä F n-h-bpss ]n³_-e- n-em-wv. CsX-Ãm-am-Is«kaq-l- nsâ s]cp-am-ä-co-xn-isf kmc-ambn kzm[o-\n- p- -h-bp-am-wv. {In̳k -þsâ A`n-{]mb {]Im-cw, "Hcp Iq«w P\- Ä Ah-cpsS km¼ n-i, kmaq-ln-i, kmwkvim-cn-i, ]mcn-øn-xni D -a-\- n-\p-th n \S- p bxv\-amwv hni-k\w' kmaq-lnihni-k\w, hyàn-i-ä pw kwl- -Ä pw AXXv kaq-l- nâ amäw hcp- m-\på iànbpw Ignhpw {]Zm\w sn pw. CXv km[yam Ip Xv, Htc e y-t mss {]hà n p Hcp kwl-am-fp-i-fp-ambn CS-]- g-ip-t¼m-gmwv. hni-k\w \S- m- p- hà F -s\-bmwv hyàn-i-fp-ambpw henb kmaq-ln-i-øm-]-\- -fp-ambn tnà v {]hà n p -sx v XnIª [mc-w-bn-se- -Ww. Nn{Xw 6.1: kmaqlnihnik\w s^enivkv (2010) _ÀUn³ (2010), F n-h-bnse kqn-\-{]-imcw 16

27 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw kmaqlni hnik\ nsâ kz`mhw C s\ hyàam mw. Hcp {]{InbbmWv s]mxpp\mtcmky ]cn-]m-e\w, hnik\w, kmaqlni{]hà \w, aäv ]T-\ -im-j-iä F nh DÄs Sp p. BtcmKy]cn-]m-e\ n\v XSÊambn \nâ p kmaqlni LSI sf Xncn dnbp p. kmaqlniamb km[y-x-iä DbÀ p Imcy- Ä v {]mapjyw \ÂIp- p. kaql nse aäv kwl-snx hn`-mk- -fp-ambn þ hnizmk ne[njv TnXamb kwl-s-\-iä, hnzym`ymkw, Xt±-i-`-cW Øm]-\- Ä, hym]m-c-kw-l- Ä ASp _Ôw Øm]n- p-sim v P\- sf AWn-\nc p p. kaq-l-im-ào-i-c-w- n-eqss B{K-ln- p amä- Ä sim p-hcp p. icnbmb kwl-s\, Bkq-{X-Ww, \S- m- Â, aqey-\nàwbw F nhbn-eqss Dt±-iy-e- y- Ä t\sp p. api-fnâ \S- nb NÀ -I-fn-eqsS kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k-\-sa- Xv imào-i-c-w- n\v kzbw \S- p- Xpw, FÃm km[y-x-ifpw hni-kn- n- m-hp- -Xp-amb Hcp {]{In-b-bm-sW v \n Ä v hyà-am-bn-«p- m-ip-a-tãm. asäm-cp-hn-[- nâ ]d-ª mâ kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k-\-sa- mâ a\pjypohn-x- n-\v FÃm hn[ nepw ]ptcm-k-xn-bp- m- p-i-x-s. kl-i-c-whpw ]pxnb amàk- Ä Is - epw hni-k-\-hn-p-b- n\v A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. tdm jm-^dpss (1989) A`n-{]m-b- nâ kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\w Cã-am-bXv AYhm Bh-iy-ap-ÅXv Xnc-sª -Sp- m-\på Ah-kcw hà²n n p- p. CXv P\- Ä v Ah-cpsS Pohn-X- nse DXv]m-Z-\-]-chpw {Inbm-ß-I-hp-amb km[y-xsb Dd- m- p Xn\p klm-bn- p p. kaq-l- n\v P\-Po-hn-X- nsâ taâ LS-\m-]-c-amb \nb-{ -Whpw CSs]-Sepw km[y-am- p- -XmWv kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k-\w. Hcp {]mtz-ini kaqlw t\cn-sp FÃm {]iv\- fpw ]cn-l-cn- m³ Ign-bn-sà nepw P\- sf hnizmk- n-se-sp- p-sim v Bhp- - X-c- nâ ssiimcyw sn m³ hni-k\ t{]màm- Ä v Ignbpw. kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\w {]mhà n-i-am-ip- Xv hyàn-i-fneqssbpw IpSpw-_- -fneqssbpw F Xnt\ mä D]-cn-bmbn Xt±-iob kwl- -fn-eq-ssbpw kwl-s-\-i-fn-eq-ss-bpam- Wv. kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\w Ffp- - nâ km[y-am-ip Hcp Imcy-a-Ã. FÃm-hscbpw DÄs m-åp- -Xpw, {]iv\-]-cn-lm-cw-, kwlàj ]cn-lm-cw, hnizmkw, A[n-Imcw ] n-sâ, kwbp-à-{iaw F n-hsb kzmwio-i-cn- p-å-xpambn-cn pw hni-k\ ]cn-{i-a- Ä P\-]- m-fn- hpw Dd- m- -Ww. kzx{ amb NÀ -bneqss hntbm-p\ taj-e-bnât mepw P\-]- m-fn w Dd- m- p- I-sb Xv hni-k-\s AÀY-]qÀWam p- -Xm-Wv. {]hà \w 6.1 P\-Po-hn-X- n\v hni-k-\hpw ]ptcm-k-xnbpw D m-i-w-sa v \n Ä v txm p- I-bm-sW nâ Fs Ãmw \S-]-Sn-I-fm-bn-cn pw Gsä-Sp- pi? 17

28 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv CX-v hnh-cn- p- -Xn\v 5 an\n«v kabw A\p-h-Zn- mw. 6.4 C ybnse {][m-\-s «kmaqlnihnik\ ]cn]msniä kzmx-{ y n\p-ap¼pxs C y-bnâ kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\ k  - Ä cq]-s -«n-cp- p. Xo vw-amb kzmx{ yka-c- n-\nsbnepw {Kma]p\-À \nàam-w- n\pw ]ptcm-k-xn papå {i², cm{ã-]n-xmhmb KmÔn-Pn-bp-sS t\xr-xz- nâ \S- n-cp- p. kap-zm-b-ssa-{xn, km¼- ni ka-xzw, kmaq-lni ka-xzw, azy n\pw ab- p-acp- n\pw ASn--s -Sm-Xn-cn- p-i, JmZn-bpsS t{]mõm-l-\w, {KmaoW hyh-km-bw, iunm-ebkuicyw, Btcm-Ky-t -aw, kv{xohn-zym-`ym-khpw imào-i-c-whpw XpS- n-b-hbv p th n KmÔnPn \nc- cw hmzn- p-simt -bn-cp- p. {Kma-{]-tZi -fnâ sxmgn-e-h-kcw krãn- epw Pohn-X-Kp-W- \n-e-hmcw DbÀ epw BXy- n-i-ambn hni-k-\- n-te p \bn- p-sa v At±lw hniz-kn- n-cp- p  C y kzx-{ -bm-b-tijw hni-k-\- n\v ap nb ]cn-k-w\ e`n p  Hcp amàk-zàii]²xn D À{]-tZ-inse FXvhmlv ]²-Xntbm-sSm w XpS- n. FÃm kwøm-\- -sfbpw DÄs mån- p-sim v kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\ ]cn-]msn XpS- n-bxv 1950 Ifn-em-Wv. {]Ya {][m-\- a{ n Ph-lÀem s\lvdp-hpw, BZys kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\ a{ n Fkv.-sI.tZbpw C m-cy- nâ ]qàw-ambpw apgp-in-bn-cp- -h-cm-wv. a\pjy-hn-`h hni-k-\-apäs -ss-bpå hni-k-\- nsâ FÃm hi- fpw DÄs mån n-cp Hcp hnh-t[m-t±iy]cn-]m-sn-bm-bn-cp p CXv. BZy-ambn, {Kma- -fnâ \n v kwøm-\- -fnepw kwøm-\- -fnâ \n v ti{µ nte- p-apå `uxni kml-n-cy-hn-i-k\ ]²Xn cq]-hâ cn p. kmaqlni-hn-i-k\ ]cn-]msn C y-bnse {KmaoW taj-e-bnâ sndn-sbmcp hn¹-hw-xs krãn- p-sh v ]d-bmw. CXnsâ Gähpw {][m-\-s «{]txy- I-X-bmbn C pw Nq n- m-«p- Xv hni-k-\-t»m- p-i-fpss cq]o-i-c-w-am- Wv. GI-tZiw 100 hntã-pp-i-fmwv Hcp t»m n-ep- m-ip-i. _lp-þ-hn-j-bhn-z-kv[-cpss Hcp kwlw t»m vx-e nâ hni-k-\-{]-hà \ fpss amàk-zài-i-cmbpw \S- n- p-im-cmbpw D m-ipw. Cu kwhn-[m\w hgn FÃm Xc- n-ep-apå hnpbw t\spibp mbn  C ym Kh saâv 55 kmaqlnihn-i-k-\-]-²-xn-iä XpS n. CXn 300 hntã-pp-ifpw 30 t»m pifpw DÄs -«n-cp- p. CsXmcp hnhnt[m-t±-iy-]-²-xn-bm-bn-cp-s - nepw ImÀjn-I-ta-J-e-sbbpw, ag [mcm-f-ambn e`n- p {]tz-i -sf-bp-am-bn-cp p. ]²-Xn-{]-tZ-i -fmbn \ný-bn n-cp- -Xv  tzi-hym-]i tkh-\-]-²-xn, ag ZpÀe-`-amb {]tz-it - p- 18

29 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw IqSn hym]n- n- p. Cu ]²Xn-tbmsS hni-k-\-t»m- p-isf 150 þ 300 hsc hntã-pp-i-fp-å-h-bmbn hn`-pn- p. hni-k-\ -{]-hà \ Ä \S- m-\på kui-cymà -amwv C s\ Xocp-am-\n- -Xv. Dt±-iy- fpw {]hà \co-xn-ifpw katbmnnxambn amdn-s m- -n-cp- p, F mâ hni-k\ GP³kn-bm-bn, _lp-hn[ Npa-X-e-IÄ Gsä-Sp- psim v t»m p-iä amdn-bn-cp- p. Cu hni-k\ t»m p-iä, Bkq-{X-W- n\pw hni-k-\- n\pw _UvPäv hnln-x-apå LSI -fmbn ]cn-k-wn p hcn-i-bm-bn-cp- p  {XnXe ] m-b v kwhn-[m\w \ne-hnâh- p. '] m-b- o-cmpv' \nb-a- n-eqss {]m_-ey- nâ h Cu Xt±-i-`-cW kwhn-[m-\w, {Kma- ]- m-b- v, t»m v ] m-b- v, PnÃm ] m-b v F n- -s\-bmwv Adn-b-s -Sp- -Xv. Xocp-am-\ sf-sp- p- -Xn\pw P\-]- m-fn w Dd- m- p- -Xn\pw e y-an-«m-bn-cp p CXv. {Kmao-W-P-\-X-bpsS {]Xo- -IÄs m v ^e-ap- m-im-xn-cp- -Xp-sIm v 1979  kwtbm-pnx {Kmahn-I-k-\-]-²Xn (IRDP) \S- m n. kaq-l- nse ZpÀ_ehn`m-K- -fpss ]ptcm-k-xn-bm-bncp p CXnsâ e yw. sxm«-sp hàjw 1980  s ASn-Øm-\-hn-Zym- `ym-kw, Btcm-Kyw, Pe-tk-N-\w, tdmup-iä, sshzyp-xo-i-c-ww, t]mj-imlm-cw, ]mà nshpw iunm-e-bhpw XpS- nb P\- -fpss {]my-anim-h-iy- Ä \nd-th-äp- -Xn\v Cu ]²-Xn-aqew Ign-ª p þ hni-k-\m-kq-{x- W- nsâ ASn-Øm\ LSIambn t»m v ] m-b- ns\ AwKo-I-cn- m³ Bkq-{X-W- -½o-j³ Xocp-am-\n- p. PnÃm-X-e- n-epå ]²Xn Bkq-{X-W- n\v PnÃm ¹m\nw-Kv Iu kn-ens\ Npa-X-e-s -Sp- n. ] m-b v kwhn- [m\w ]cn-jvi-cn- m³ 73-þmw `c-w-l-s\m t`z-k-xn-bn-eqss Ign-ª p. kq va-xe hni-k-\hpw {Kma-k`m imào-i-c-w-hp-ambncp p CXnsâ e yw. Zmcn{Zyw C y-bnse Hcp {][m\ hn-jb-ambn XpS-cp- p. {KmaoW `mc-xobà Ønchpw {]Xo- n-x-hp-amb hcp-am-\-an-ãm hcmbn. ]«-W- -fnse km[m-cw P\- Ä v FÃm Znh-khpw sxmgnâ In«p- -Xp-an-Ã. IpXn- p- ]m-bp C y-bpss P\-kw-Jy-bn aq n-sem v P\- Ä Ct mgpw Zmcn- {Zy-tc-Jbv v Xmsg-bm-sW v IW- p-iä hyà-am- p- p. P\-X-bpsS hen-sbmcp ] pw, {Kma- -fn-em-bmepw ]«-W- -fn-em-bmepw a\p-jy-tbm-kyamb kml-n-cy- -fn-eã Pohn- p- -Xv. DÕp-I-cmb Ipsd a\p-jycpw kà mcnxc kwl-s-\-ifpw cmpy-sa-¼mspw hnhn[ ]²-Xn-IÄ Gsä-Sp v \S m- n. ]²-Xn-I-fpsS taât\m-«hpw aqey-\nàw-bhpw \S- m-\på coxn-im-kv{x- ]-c-amb {]{In-b-bn-eqsSbmWv \½psS cmpys hni-k-\-zu-xy- Ä Bcw-`n- p- -Xv. hni-k-\-cw-ks kpo-h-amb LS-I- -fpss ImgvN- m-sp- Ifpw Imcy- -a-xbpw Af- m-\på kwhn-[m-\- fpw aqey-\nàw-b n-\p- m-i-ww. hni-k-\-]- m-fn-iä, Poh-\- mà, kmaq-ln-i-t\-xm- ³amÀ, Ub-d-ÎÀt_mÀUv AwK- Ä F n-h-scãmw aqey-\nàw-b n\v hnt[-b-am- -s -S-Ww. kmaq-lni Xm -cy- fpw {]Xn-Úm _-²-X-Ifpw s]mxp-p- \-]- m-fn hpw ImtemNnXambn \nàwbn -Ww. aqey-\nàw-b n-eqss e`n- p ^e-kq-n-\-iä th -hn-[- nâ hni-k\ DZy-a- Ä v D]-tbm-Kn- p-ibpw thww. 19

30 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv {]hà \w 6.2 tnmzyw: Ignª Hcp hàj nâ \n fpss {]tzi v \S hnik\ {]hà \ -fp-ssbpw, AXn ] m-fn-bmb GP³knIfpsSbpw Hcp ]«ni X mdm mtam? Xmsg simsp ncn p Øe v AXv tcj-s -Sp- p-i. CXn-\mbn 15 an\n«v kabw FSp- mw. hnik\ ]cn]msniä ] m-fn GP³knIÄ 6.5 kmaqlni hnik\ nsâ LSI Ä kmaqlni nsâ KpW-]-c-amb amäamwv hnik\sa -Xp-sIm v \mw Dt±-in- p- -Xv. kwlm-s-\w, Bkq-{X-Ww, \S- m-  XpS- nb LS-I- Ä Cu amä- n-\p-th n {]txyiw e yw-h- p-sim- p-f-f-xm-bn-cn- -Ww. \nýn X kaq-l- Ä Ah-cpsS hni-k-\-im-cy- -fnse D chmznxzw hogvn-iq- SmsX Gsä-Sp- pbpw thww. A s\ hni-k\w Hcp Bt]- ni {]Xn- `m-k-ambn amdp- p. hfsc ]Xp-s -am{xw hf-cp cmpy- Ä ]expw sam - n-epå hni-k-\- n\v ià-ambn \ne-sim-åp- Xv ImWmw. C cw cmp y- -sf-bmwv hni-kzc cm{ã- Ä F p-hn-fn- p- -Xv. cmp y- -fpss B`y- -c-þ-hn-tzi \b- sf ASn-Øm-\-am- n-bmwv hni-k-\ -{]-hà \ Ä Bkq-{XWw sn p Xv. Nne-t mä hni-kn-x-cm-py- -fnâ h³ hni-k-\-ap-t äw ImWmw. aäp-nne t mä hni-kz-c-cm-py- -fn-em-bn-cn pw hni-k-\-\n-c v DbÀ n-cn- p- -Xv. GsX- nepw Xm zn-i-amb N«- q-sn-\p-ånâ HXp- m-hp- -Xà hni-k-\- nsâ {]Xn-^-e-\- Ä. \½psS kui-cy- n-\p-th n kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k-\- a-þew Xmsg- m-wn- n-cn- p coxnbnâ tcjm-nn-{x- n-sem-xp- pw-hn[w thàxn-cn- mw. Nn{Xw 6.2: kmaqlni hnik\ nsâ LSI Ä 20

31 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw Irjnbpw A\p_Ô {]hà \ fpw. Cu hn`mk nâ Xmsg dbp {]hà \ Ä DÄs Sp- nbncn p p. 1. Xcn-ip-`q-an-bp-sSbpw I\ym-h-\- -fp-ssbpw (I-  m-sp-i-fp-ss-bpw) ]p-\-cp-]-tbm-kw, Pe-tk-N-\-h-Ip- nse DtZym-K-ØÀ PnÃm-Xe ]²- Xn-{]-tZ-i v \nàh-ln- p {]hr- n-iä. 2. PetkN\kuIcysamcp- Â, PehnX-cWkuIcy Ä Dd- m Â. 3. DbÀ -txm-xnâ hnf-\âip hn p-isf P\- Ä v ]cn-n-b-s - Sp- Â, B[p-\nI imkv{x-k-lm-b-t m-ss-bpå Irjn-k-{¼-Zmbhpw AXn-\pÅ D]-I-c-W- -fpw. 4. oc-kw-c- W kwcw-`- Ä pw, a v kwc- W ]²-Xn-IÄ p- apå hmbv]m-ku-icyw D m Â. 5. aõy-_-ô\ nsâ hnik\w 6. ] dnifpssbpw hr - -fp-ssbpw hfà -epw ]cn-]m-e-\hpw. klicwtaje kàho-kv kl-i-c-w-_m- p-iä kwl- Ä -hnhn-t[m-t±iy kl-i-c-w-kw- L- -Ä, I -h-s-kw-l- -Ä F nhbpss cq]o-i-cww ]c-am-h[n P\-]- mfn- -t mss \S- m- p-i. hnzym`ymkw kaq-l-hp-ambn CS-]-g-Im-³ t{]cw \ÂIp Xc nepå hnzym-`ym-kcoxn Bhn-jvIcn- -Ww. kup-\yhpw \nà_ônx-hp-amb hnzym-`ymk kui-cy- Ä {]myani, sk â-dn- X-e- -fnâ \ÂI-Ww. htbm-p\ hnzym- `ym-khpw tziob hnzym-`ym-k-zu-xy- nsâ tkh-\- fpw P\- -fnâ kmaqln-i-t_m[w hfà p-i-sb e y-t mss {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp- -Ww. sxmgnâ sxmgnenãmbva ]cn-l-cn- p- -Xn-\v, {Kma-{]-tZ-i -fnâ IqSp-X-embpw hym]m-cþ-- hm-wnpy sndp-ins hyh-km-bw, IpSn hyh-kmbw F nh hfà n simsp- -Ww. CXv a\p-jy-hn-`-h-ti-jn-bpss ]cn-]qàw D]-tbmKw hni-k-\- nâ Dd- m- p-w. BtcmKytkh\ Ä s]mxpp\m-tcmky kwc- -W- n-\på {Iao-I-c-W- Ä þ iunm-e-b- Ä, KÀ`n-Wn-I-fpsS kpc-, KÀ`n-Wn-IÄ pw \h-pmx inip- Ä p-apå NnInÕm klm-b- Ä, Bb-amcpsS tkh-\- Ä F n-h-bpäs -ss-bp-åh-bn-eqss k¼qàwam sbmcp Btcm-Ky-Po-hnXw Dd- m- -Ww. imkv{x kmt XnIhnZybpw Bibhn\nabhpw imkv{xkmt XnIhnZybpsS D]tbmKw, Bibhn\nab kwhn-[m\ Ä, tdmupifpss \nàamww, KXm-KXkuIcyw, {IaoIcWw F n-h-bmwv 21

32 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv Cu hn`mk nâ DÄs Sp Xv. hnzq-c-{km-a- sf tziob apjy-[m-c-bnâ sim p-h-cni F e y-t mss Ch s]mxp-hn-i-k-\- n\v {]tnm-z-\-iàn-bmbn amdpw. kmt -XnI þ hn-h-c-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m-\- Ä \ÂIn-bm kaq-l- nse D X-hn-`mK-t m-ssm w PohnX \ne-hmcw DbÀ m³ {KmaoW P\-Xbv pw Ign-bpw. sxmgnâ ]cnioe\w ac Wn, X Â, ` y-kw-kvicww, aqimcn Wn, kzàw Wn XpS- nb ]c-¼-cm-kx sxmgn-ep-i-fnâ hnz-kv[-]-cn-io-e\w \ÂI-Ww. Cu taj-e-bnâ, B[p-\nI imkv{x-km-t -XnI hnzy-i-fpss ]p ³ Is - -ep-iä IqSn D]-tbm-K-s -Sp n D m-z-\- -a-xbpw Imcy- -a-xbpw hà[n n mw. aäv t a{]hà \ Ä hr²-p\ ]p\-c-[n-hm-kw, hni-emw-k-t aw, sa -s «`h-\-ku-i-cyw, Btcm-Kyhpw hnt\m-tzm-]m-[n-ifpw, kmwkvim-cni {]hà \ -Ä, taf- Ifpw DÕ-h- fpw, Imbn-Ihpw A\p-_Ô ]cn-]m-sn-ifpw F n-h-sbãmw ka-{k-hn-i-k-\- n\v km[y-x-sbm-cp- p LS-I- -fm-wv. {i²n q ^nen-ss ³kn-se, CâÀ\m-j-W C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v dqdâ do I kv{s- ³ ({Kma ]p\à\nàam-w- n-\på cmjv{sm c Øm]-\w) Øm]-I³ tum. ssh.kn. spbnwkv db³, {Kma-]p-\-cp-²m-cW {]Øm-\- nsâ ASn-Øm-\-X- z-ambn ]dbp- -Xn-XmWv. ]mh-s -«-h-cp-ss ASpt v snãpi. AhtcmsSm w Pohn pi Ahcn \n v ]Tn pi AhtcmsSm w Bkq-{XWw sn pi AhÀ dnbmhp Xn \n v XpS pi. AhÀ mhiyap-åxv \nàan- pi Hmtcm pw ImWn v ]Tn- n- p-i, {]hà n n v ]Tn- n pi Hcp {]l-k-\-am-bã; kzm`m-hn-i-ambn ]g- ³ coxn-i-f-ãm k{¼-zm-b- -fn-eqss IWw, IW-am-b-Ã, kwtbm-pn-x-ambn cq]-s -Sp- m-\ã amän-sb-sp- m³ Bizm-k-aà th Xv tamn-\-am-wv. {]hà \w 6.3 hnik\]cn]msnifnse {][m\s «LSI Ä Fs ms bmwv? 10 an\n«v kab-sa-sp mw. 22

33 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw 6.6 kmaqlnihnik\ {]hà \ fnâ GÀs -Sp hnhn[ GP³knIÄ C y- Chn-Sps A -c-e w {Kma- -fn-eqss Pohn- p p. Irjn, ark-]-cn- ]m-e-\w, ] - -dn- r-jn, `qansb ASn-Øm-\-am- n-bpå aäv DÂ m-z-\- Ä F n-h-bn-eq-ss-bmwv Cu {Kma-hm-kn-IÄ D]-Po-h\w \S- p- -Xv. AXpsIm- pxs C y-bpss kar-²n-sb- Xv Cu {Kmao-W-cpsS Pohn-X-k-ar- ²n-bm-Wv. ka-{khpw kxz-c-hp-amb hni-k-t\m-zy-a- Ä, hnti-{µo-ir-x, kmaq-lni ]ptcm-kxn F n- s\ hnhn-t[m-t±iy- ]cn-]m-sn-i-fnâ GÀs - Sp kà mcnxc kwl-s-\-iä, _mly-g-p³kn-iä apx-em-b-hbv v Xt±-io-b-amb bmymàyy- Ä a\-ên-em n {]hà n m\pw AXp-hgn kmaq-ln-i-]p-tcm-kxn ssih-cn- p-hm\pw Ign-bpw. GsXmcp kmaqlnihni-k\ X{ hpw hnp-bn- -W-sa- p-s - nâ IrXy-amb \n_-ô-\-ifp- m-i-ww, {]m]y-am-bn-cn- -Ww, hn`-h- -fp- m-bn-cn- -Ww. IqSmsX ASn- Øm-\-X-e- -fnâ {]hà \ -a-hp-am-bn-cn -Ww, {]mtz-in-i-x-e- n-epå {]hà \ Ä kaq-l-xmâ -cy- Ä kwc- n- pw-hn-[-am-bn-cn- -Ww. `qanim-kv{x- hn[n{]im-c-apå kaq-l- sf e yw-h- m-bn-cn- Ww Bkq-{X- Ww. kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k-\-sa- Xv Hcp ZoÀL-Im-e-{]-hÀ \ ]²-Xn-bm-Wv. ]c-kv]c hnizm-khpw _lp-am-\hpw kaq-l- nse km[m-cw AwK- Ä n-s-bnepw hnz-kv[³amà n-s-bnepw Hcpt]mse hfà n-sb-sp- pi F -XmWv þ hni-k-\ -D-Zy-a- -fpss BXy- ni IS-a.' C\n \ap v hni-k-\-]-²-xn-i-fnse hnhn[ GP³kn-I-sf- p-dn pw AhbpsS ] n-s\- p-dn pw NÀ sn mw. ] mb ocmpv Øm]\ Ä 1957 þ Â kmaq-ln-i-hn-i-k\ ]cn-]m-sn-iä \S- m n ps n A p-hàj- Ä p-ti-jw, ]²-Xn-\-S- n- nse XS-Ê- Ä Hgn-hm- m-\på \nàtzi Ä kaà n- m-\mbn s_âh- v-dmbv talv m I½n-änsb \ntbm-kn- p. {KmaoW Xt±-i-k-an-Xn v Hcp {XnXe cq]w \ÂIm³ Cu kanxn \nàtzin p. ] m-b- o-cmpv kwhn-[m\w þ {Kma- ]- m-b- p-iä, t»m v ]- m- b- p-iä (k-an-xn-iä), PnÃm-]-cn-j- p-iä (Pn-Ãm -]- m-b- p-iä) F nh tncp XmWv, Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp- Â {]{Inb IqSp-XÂ hnti-{µo-i-cn- p-i P\- -tfm-s-sp v \nâ p A[n-Im-c-tI{µ Ä Øm]n- pi F nhbmbn-cp p Cu ]cn-jvimc \nàt±i- nsâ e yw. Hcp {Kma-k` tbmkw tncp- -Xnsâ Nn{Xw Xmsg-s m-sp- n-cn- p- p. A[n-Im-c-hn-tI{µoIc-W- nsâ Gähpw \Ã DZm-l-c-Wm-bn. Nn{Xw (6.4) Nn{Xw 6.3: Hcp {Kmak`m tbmkw 23

34 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv F p-x-s -bm-bmepw P\- -fp-ssbpw Bkq-{X-I-cp-sSbpw {]Xo- -bv s m v Db-cp-hm³ ] m-b- o-cmpv kwhn-[m-\- Ä v Bbn-Ã. CXnsâ {][m\ Imc-Ww, kmaq-ln-i-ambpw km¼- n-i-ambpw ap m w \nâ p {]mtz-ini kaq-l- nsâ ta[m-hn-xz-am-wv. aäv Imc-W- -fm-bn ]d-bmhp- Xv Cu {XnXe kan-xn-i-fn-te v Xnc-sª -Sp- -s «AwK- Ä X½nepÅ cm{ãob hn`m-ko-b-xbpw Agn-a-Xnbpw sisp-im-cy-ø-xbpw aäp-am-wv IfpsS a[y- nâ, Irjn-bn-te pw kmt -Xn-I- n-i-thm-ss-bpå Dev]m-Z-\- -a-x-bn-te pw tziob ap³k-w\ amdn. \mepw A pw ] -h- Õ-c-]-²-Xn-I-fn-eqsS (1967-þ74, 1974-þ79), kzx-{ -`-cw \nàh-l-w-\n-csb cq]-s -Sp n {]txyi ]cn-]m-sn-iä, ] m-b- o-cmpv Øm]-\- sf adn-i- S v \S- m- m³ XpS- n. sndp-in-s-þ-iàji hni-k\ GP³kn (SFA), DuÀPnX ImÀjnI tajem ]cn-]m-sn-iä (IAAP), DuÀPnX ImÀjnI PnÃm ]cn-]m-sn-iä (IADP), tkm{x hni-k\ GP³kn (TDA), ]màizhâir-x-þ-sndpins IÀjIþIÀjIs mgn-emfn hni-k\ GP³kn (MFAL), \nýnx taj-em-hn-i-k-\w, hcä km[y-xm-ta-jem hni-k-\w, Ip n³{]-tzi hnik\w F n-hbv v Bh-iy-amb ]Ww \ÂIn ti{µkà mà t\cn«v \S- p-hm³ XpS- n. kwtbm-pnx {Kma-hn-I-k\ ]cn-]m-sn-iä (IRDP) ImÀjn-tIm m-z\w hà²n n m³ e yw-h p XpS- nb {]txyi ]²-Xn- I-fpsS A\- -c-^-e-ambn `t ymâ m-z-\hpw hà²n p. F nepw CXnsâ KpW- Ä A\p-`-hn- m³ hn`-h-ti-jn-bp-å-hà p- am{xta Ign-ª n-cp- p- Åp. sndp-ins þ \ma-am{x IÀj-IÀ ]ns bpw Xg-b-s -«p. lcn-x-hn-¹hw AhÀ v t\cn«v {]tbm-p-\-s -Sm-Xn-cp- -Xp-t]m-se. CXnsâ {]Xym-Lm-Xsa-t mww Ch-cp-sS km¼- n-i-\ne hfsc tami-am-bn. k¼ cmb `qhp-s-a-iä Ah-cp-am-bpÅ ] pirjn v X m-dm-im-sx-bpwh- p. A - s\-bmwv ]mh-s «{Kmao-W-sc- D²cn p- -Xn-\p-th n 1979  kwtbm- PnX {Kma-hn-I-k\ ]cn-]msn AYhm sf.bà.-un.]n Bcw`n Xv. Zmcn-{Zy- nâ Ign-bp ZpÀ_e P\-hn-`m-K- -fm-bn-cp p Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS e yw. ]²Xn \S- n- nepw Cu P\-hn-`m-K- nsâ ] m-fn w Dd- m- p-ibm-bn-cp p BZy\S]Sn. kzbw-]-cym-]vxx ssih-cn- p- -Xn\v Ign-bm- hn-[- n-epå B\p-Iqey hnx-c-w- n-\m-bn-cp p ap³ime ]²-Xn-IÄ {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-bn-cp- -Xv. AXp-sIm- pxs Cu P\-hn-`m-K- nsâ km¼- ni ]ptcm-k-xn-tbm-ssm w A Êpw DbÀ -s -ts- Xp- v. hnaài-\- sf am\n- p-sim v Ggpw F«pw ]²-Xn-I-fn-embn IqSp-X amä- Ä hcp- n. ASn-Øm-\-ku-Icy hni-k-\hpw sxmgnâ hni-k-\hpw X½n _Ôn- n- p-sim v kzbw-sxm-gnâ hmbv]m-ku-i-cy- Ä \ÂIm³ XpS- n. k_vknun \ÂInbpw PnÃm-t_mÀUv GP³kn-IÄ hgn ]²-Xn- IÄ \S- m- n-bp-apå ]c-¼-cm-kx coxn-bnâ \n på ]cn-jvim-c-am-bncp p C m-es e yw. CXnsâ `mk-ambn ]e Xc- nepw t]cn-ep-ambn hnhn[ D]-]-²-Xn-Ifpw \S- m- m³ XpS- n. {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bnse kv{xoifp-ssbpw Ip«n-I-fp-sSbpw hni-k\w (DWCRA), kzbw-sxm-gnâ, ]cn-io-e\w (TRYSEM), tziob {Kmao-W -sxm-gnâ ]cn-]msn (NREP), PhlÀ tdmkvkmà tbmp\ (JRY) Ch-sbÃmw ZpÀ_e P\-hn-`m-K- -fpss PohnX \ne-hmcw DbÀ p- -Xn-\p-th- n-bpå ]²-Xn-Ifm-bn-cp p. 24

35 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw F ]XpIfpsS ]IpXnbnÂ, ]mh-s -«-h-cpss AXym-h-iy- Ä ]cn-l-cn- p-hm³ Kh saân\v Ign-ª p. {]my-ani hnzym-`ym-kw, Btcm-Kyhpw t]mj-im-lm-c-hpw, ]mà nsw, IpSn-sh-Åw, sshzyp-xo-i-c-ww, tdmup-iä F nh C q-«- nâs Spw þ97  ix-am\w P\- Ä C y-bnâ Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv v Xmsg-bm-bn-cp- p. s]mxp hn`m-k- -fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sn pt¼mä ]«n-i-pm-xn-þ-hàk hn`m-k- -fnâs -«-hà GI-tZiw ixam\w Zmcn{Zytc-Jbv v Xmsg-bm-Wv. \ma-am-{x-`q-anbpw `qcm-ln-xyhpw \nc- -c-xbpw CXn\v {][m\ Imc-W- -fm-wv. {KmahnIk\ n\v hnti{µoirx Bkq-{XWw inhcma³ I½nänbpsS ip]mài-{]-imcw 1987  t»m v taj-e-bm-bn-cn- Ww hni-k-\- nsâ ASn-Øm\ LS-I-sa v ti{µ Bkq-{XW I½o-j³ \nàtzin p. PnÃmXe- nâ Bkq-{X-W- n-\på Npa-Xe PnÃm Bkq-{XW hni-k\ kan-xn-iä v \ÂInbXp ImcWw CXn kaq-l- nsâ hnim-e-amb {]mxn-\n-[y-ap- m-ipw. Xncsª Sp- -s «P\- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw \nàtzin -s «{]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw DÄs -Sp Cu kan-xnbpss Xe-h³ PnÃm If-Îtdm Hcp a{ ntbm Xncsª Sp- -s «Hcp A\u-tZym-Kn-Imw-Ktam Bbn-cn- pw. GtIm-]-\w, \nco- -Ww, Ah-tem-I- \w, hmàjni ]²-Xn-Ifpw ] -h-õc ]²-Xn-Ifpw kw_ôn A na Xocp-am-\w, hnh-c-ti-j-cww F n-h-bv p ]pdta \b-cq-]o-i-c-whpw amàk- \nà-tzi- Ä X m-dm- epw Cu kan-xn-bnâ \n n-]vxamb A[n-Im-c- - fm-wv. t»m v Xe- nâ hnhn[ hip- p-i-fnse DtZym-K-Ø- mà X -fpss PnÃm tae-[n-im-cn-i-fpss amàk-\nàt±i {]Imcw {]hà n pw. {Kma-]- m-b- p- I-fp-ambn _Ô-s «v ]²Xn \S- n- n\v Imcy- -a-amb Hcp amàk-tcj cq]-s -Sp- p- Xv C -s\-bm-wv. {Kma-X-e- n-epå Bkq-{XWw Xmsg- -«n-epå ]ptcm-kxn ssih-cn- m-\m-hpw-hn[w Imcy- -a-am-bn-cn- -Ww. P\] mfn n\v {]m[m\yw kmaqlnihnik\]cn]msniä \S- m- p-t¼mä ]e-hn[ Xncn- -Sn-IÄ D m-bmepw ] m-b- o-cmpv kwhn-[m\w P\- Ä n-s-bnâ hym]-i-ambn Ah-t_m[w krãn- p- -Xn\pw Znim-t_m-[-apÅ Cfw Xe-ap-d-bnse cm{ãob t\xr-xzs hmàs -Sp- p- -Xn\pw klm-b-i-ambn F Imcyw \nkvxà -am-wv. CXv DtZym-K-Øcpw P\- fpw X½n-epÅ AIew Ipd- p. A[n-Imc ti{µoic-whpw P\- -fpss Hgnª p amdepw ] m-b- o-cmpv \S- m- n-b-t mä D m-bn-cp DXv -WvT-I-fm-Wv. P\m-[n-]-Xy- nsâ Bßmhv F p ]d-bp- Xv kpo-h-amb P\-]- m-fn w Xs -bm-wv. Cu X zw th {X km m-xv -cn- p- -Xn-\mWv hni-k\ DZy-a- Ä e yw h n-cn- p- -Xv. CXn-\mbn ] m-b- o-cmpv kwhn-[m-\- nâ th ]cnjvim-c- Ä sim p-h-cp- -Xn-\mbn 73-þmw `c-w-l-s\m t`z-k-xn-bneqss Ign-ª p. CXneqsS ] m-b- o-cmpv Øm]-\- Ä v IqSp-X A[n-Im-chpw Bkq-{X-W- nâ taâss bpw e`n p. AXp-hsc, FÃm {]hà \ fpw Kh saâv t\cn-«m-bn-cp p \S- n-h- -Xv. AhnsS {Kmao-W-hm-kn-IÄ v bmsxmcp ] pw D m-bn-cp- n-ã. 25

36 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv DtZym-K-Ø-cpsS B{in-X-cmbn P\- Ä Ign-tb- n-h-cn-ibpw Ah-cpsS \n_-ô-\-ifpw \nà_ô fpw P\- Ä ptaâ ASn-t  n- p-i-bm-bncp- p. Cu `c-w-l-s\m t`z-k-xn-bn-eqss (73-þmw) 29 C\- -fmwv ] m-b v cmpv Øm]-\- Ä v ssiam-dn-b-xv. Irjn, h\hpw ]cn-øn-xn-bpw, hyh-km-bw, ASn-Øm-\-ku-I-cyw, Ah-iym-h-iy- Ä, kmaq-ln-i-t -aw, Zmcn{Zy \nàamà P\w s]mxp-kz- p- -fpss ]cn-]m-e\w F nh CXnÂs -Sp- p. {Kma-]- m-b- p-i-fpss ZpÀ_-em-h-Øbpw ]cn-an-xn-ifpw adn-i-s- m³ {Kma-X-e- nâ sndp-in-s -]-²Xn Bkq-{XWw PnÃm-k-an-Xn-IÄ iàn-s -Sp- n. Xmsg «nâ hni-k\w ^e-{]-z-am-i-w-sa- nâ {Kma-k-`-I-fpsS iànbpw km[y-xbpw hà²n n -Ww. hmàjn-i-]-²-xn-iä NÀ -sn m\pw A n-a-xocp-am\w ssis m-åm-\p-apå thzn-bmbn amd-ww. hnhn[ hni-k-\-]-cn-]m- Sn-I-fpsS ap³k-w\ \ný-bn p Xv Cu k`-iä hgn-bm-bn-cn- -Ww. {Kmak-`-IÄ Imcy-ambn kwl-sn- n- p-sim v {Kmao-W-cpsS XmÂ]-cy- Ä kwc- n- -Ww. axn-bmb {]mxn-\n-[y-an-ãmsx h mâ kzimcy XmÂ]-cy- Ä IS p-iq-sn, Agn-a-Xn-IÄ v If-sam-cp- pw. IÀjI kwl-s-\-iä, kzbw-klmb kwl- Ä, hnzym-`ymk Øm]-\- Ä, aäv k ²kwL-S-\-IÄ F n-h \ma-\nàtziw sn p Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fpsS ] m-fn w km[m-c-w- m-cp-ss XmÂ]-cy- Ä kwc- n- p- -Xm-bn-cn- pw. Ct mä, P\m-[n-]Xy {]{In-b-bn-eqsS 3.3 Zi-e w Xncsª Sp- -s «t\xm- ³amÀ hnhn[ Xe- -fn-embn A[n-Imcw I m-fp- p. 227, 678 {Kma- ]- m-b- p-iä, 5906 t»m v ] m-b- p-iä, 474 PnÃm- ]- m-b- p-iä F nhbn-eqss ] m-b- o-cmpv `cww kpk-ö-am-wv. \nb-a- nâ hyhø sn p 33 ix-am\w kwh-cww (ti-cf- nâ 50 ix-am\w) h\n- X-IÄ pw ]«n-i-pm-xn-þ-hàk hn`m-k- Ä p-am-bp- v. C m-c-w- mâ ChcpsS ] m-fn w kpo-h-am-wv. kv{xoiä v Nne ap³k-w\m {]iv\- Ä KpW-I-c-ambn t\smw. IpSn-sh-Åw, s] Ip-«n-I-fpsS hnzym-`ym-kw, ASn- Øm\ BtcmKy tkh-\- Ä F nh ] m-b- o-cmpv kwhn-[m-\- nsâ {][m\ AP- -I-fm-Wv. kà mcnxc kwls\ifpss ] v kà mcnxc kwl-s-\-i-fp-ssbpw k ² kwl-s-\-i-fp-ssbpw ] v {KmaoW hni-k-\- nâ hfsc {][m-\-am-wv. C y-bnâ {Kma-hn-I-k\w hnp-b-i-c-ambn \S- m- p- -Xn\v ]mh-s «IpSpw-_- -fpss kpo-h-]- mfn w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. AÀY-]qÀW-amb hni-k-\- n\v CsXmcp Ahn- `mp y LS-I-hp-am-Wv. \nc- -ccmb ]mh-s -«-h-cpss t a- n-\på ]²-Xn- IÄ Ah-cn-S-s]«v F n- p- -Xn P\-Iob {]Øm-\- -fpss ] v sndp- X-Ã. hni-k\ {]{In-b-bn P\-]- m-fn w Dd- m- p-ibpw Ahsc hnizmk- n-se-sp- p-ibpw thww. {]mcw`l«w apxâ, AXm-bXv Bkq-{XW Xe- nâ s Chsc DÄs m-åm-\m-i-ww. _rl- mb ]²-Xn-IÄ v XpS- -an-sp- -Xn\v apt m-sn-bmbn \nc-h[n ]cn- ]m-sn-iä Gsä-Sp- p Ah-k-c- nâ km[m-c-w- m-cpss `mk p \n pw bpàn-k-lhpw {Inbm-ß-I-hp-amb \nàtz-i- -fmwv DbÀ p-h- - Xv. CXv ]²-Xn-IÄ Bbm-k-c-ln-X-ambn \S- m- p- -Xn\pw \à {]tbm- 26

37 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw P\w krãn- p- -Xn\pw klm-b-i-am-bn-«p- v. C cw ]cn-]m-sn-iä v Ab-th-dnb kao-]-\-co-xnbpw D m-i-ww. e yw hbv p IpSpw-_- sf Ah-cpsS D chmznxzw Gsä-Sp- p- -Xn\v t{]cn- n- p- p. {]hr- n-bnâ GÀs -Sp GP³kn-IÄ Hcp a[y-hà nbpss ] v \nàh-ln- p-ibpw thww. kwtbm-pnx {Kma-hn-I-k\ ]²-Xn-I-fn k -²-kw-L-S-\-IÄ v hfsc {][m-\-am-sbmcp ] v hln- m-\p- v. k ²kwL-S-\-IÄ AYhm kà mcnxc kwl-s-\-i-ä, s]mxp-hnâ km[m-c-w- m-scbpw AhÀ t\cn-sp shãp-hn-fn-i-sf-bp-amwv e yw shbv p- -Xv. A\p-I-¼m-]qÀWamb kao-]-\-amwv FÃm-bvt mgpw Cu kwl-s-\-iä v ]mh-s -«-h-tcm-sp-å-xv. ià-amb tiuà kz`m-h-apå k -²-kw-L-S-\-IÄ v ]²-Xn-IÄ Imcy- -a-ambn \S- m- m³ Ign-bpw. k -²-{]-hÀ IcpsS AÀ -W-t_m-[w, Ah-cpsS s]mxp-p\ k¼à w, ]cn-]m-sn-i-fnse Ab-th-dnb kao-]\w, {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c- Ä på ]p ³ Bi-b- Ä F nh hen-b -txm-xnâ hnp-b-ap- m- p- -h-bm-wv. {KmaoW taj-e-bnâ ASn-th-cp-I-fpÅ GP³kn-IÄ v IqSp-X Imcy- -a-ambn kaq-ls tkhn- m-\m-ipw Ifn am{x-amwv kà mcnxc k -²-kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS ] v Kh saâv Xncn- -dn-bm³ XpS- p- -Xv. CXn-\p-ap¼v ax-øm]-\- -fmwv kà mcnxc kwl-s-\-iä cq]o-i-cn v BXp-cm-e-b- fpw hnzym-`ymk Øm]-\- fpw \S- n-h- -Xv. A m-cm{ã GP³kn-I-fpsS kw`m-h-\-itfmspw klm-b-t m-spw-iqsn Irjn a{ m-ebw Hcp kwl-s\ '{^ouw {^w lwkà Iym¼-bn³' F t]cnâ cq]o-i-cn v {Kma-hn-I-k-\- n\v bxv\n- p kwl-s-\-isf klm-bn- m³ XpS- n. Cu kwl-s\ ]n osv ]p\x kwhn-[m\hpw ]p\à\m-a-i-cwhpw snbvxv þ (]o- näkv B ³ t^mà suh-e-]vsaâv þ C y (PAD I) Bbn. PAD I, 1986  Iu knâ t^mà AUvhm³kvsaâv Hm^v dqdâ ssivt\mfpnbpambn ebn pibpw Iu knâ t^mà AUvhm³kvsaâv Hm^v ]o näkv B ³ Bâv dqdâ ssivt\mfpn (CAPART) F v cq]m- -c-s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. A mew apxâ CAPART {KmahnIk\ GP³kn-IÄ v [\-k-lmbw sn m³ XpS- n. Ignª c p ]Xn-äm- p-i-fmbn kà mcnxc kwl-s-\-iä \S- n b ]cn-{i-a- Ä FSp p]d-bm-hp t\«fmwv hni-k-\-ta-j-e-bnâ krãn- -Xv. Cu {ia- -fpss hn]p-e-amb hnp-b-km-[yx ]cn-k-wn v ]e kwøm\ Kh saâp-ifpw P\-]- m-fn w Dd- m- p ]²-Xn-IÄ cq]- s -Sp- p- -Xn-\p-th n k -²-kw-L-S-\-Isf t{]mõm-ln- n- p-h-cp- p. CXpt]mse \nc-h[n ti{µ]²-xn-ifpw k -²-kw-L-S-\-Isf G n p h-cp- p. ] m-b- p-ifpss hnhn[ {]hr- n-iä Gsä-Sp v \S- m- p- -Xn\v tbm- Ky-amb GP-³knI-fmWv ]e kà mcnxc k -²-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw. IrjnbneqsSbpw aäv sndp-ins kwcw-`- -fn-eq-ssbpw [mcmfw kzbw-sxm-gnâ km[yxifmwv k ² kwl-s-\-iä krãn- p- -Xv. _m p-i-fnâ \n pw aäv [\-Imcy Øm]-\- -fnâ \n pw hmbv]-iä e`--n p- -Xn\v Chbv v henb ] v hln- m-\m-ipw. hni-k-\-{]-hà \ Ä p th n aqe-[\w kzcq-]n- p- -Xn-\mbn ]mh-s -«-h-cpss 25,000 cq]-h-sc-bpå hmbv]- IÄ v Ab-th-dnb \n_-ô-\-itf hyhø sn mhq F v dnkàhv 27

38 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv _m v \nàt±i-ap- v. CXnsâ ^e-ambn 1995-þ96 km¼- ni hàj- nâ 250 timsn cq]-bmwv {KmaoW hmbv]-bmbn A\p-h-Zn- -Xv. CXn 50 ixam\w XpIbpw kl-i-c-w-ta-j-e-bnâ \n m-bn-cp- p. _m n aäv _m nwkv Øm]-\- -fnâ \n pw Hu]-Nm-cnI _m nwkv CS-]m-Sp-IÄ km[m-c-w- mà v _p²n-ap-«m-b-xn-\mâ [mcmfw _m nwkv kui-cy- Ä k -²-kw- L-S-\-Isfmcp- n-bn-«p- v. BAIF þ s_bv^v Uh-e-]vsaâ v dnkà v ^ut -j³ ({Kma hni-k-\- nâ {]Xn-Úm-_-²-X-bpÅ ap³\nc kwl-s-\) s_bv^v (BAIF) hni-k\ Kth-jW ^ut -j³, 1967 emwv cq]o-ir-x-am-b- Xv. ]qs\-bv -Sp v Dfn-Im- -\-n-epå -Km-Ôn- injy-\mb tum.-a-wn-_mbn tzimbn CXnsâ Øm]-I-\m-Wv. ]mh-s «{Kmao-WÀ v kzbw sxmgnâ km[yxisfm-cp- p-i-sb- -XmWv Cu kwl-s-\-bpss {]Jym-]nX e yw. \ne-hmcw Ipdª `qan, I p-im-en, Pew, ] - dn F n-hsb icn-bmb coxn-bnâ hn\n-tbm-kn- p-sim v kwtbm-pnx {Kma hni-k\]²-xn-isf '_bv^v't{]mõm-ln- n- pw. Xt±-io-b-cmb P\- -fpss \à ka-bhpw CXn- \mbn D]-tbm-Kn- pw. Btcm-Kyw, \nc- -c-x, kv{xo imào-i-c-ww, ]cn- ØnXn aen-\o-i-cww F o {]iv\- -sf-sbãmw A`n-a-Jo-I-cn- p- -Xm-bncn pw hni-k-\-]-cn-]m-sn-iä. kaq-l- nse ZpÀ_e hn`m-k- sf e yw-h- p-sim v Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_- sf ASn-Øm-\-am n ]ip-h-fà en\pw Xcn-ip-`qan Irjn-tbm-Ky-am- p- -Xn-\p-apÅ ]cn-]m-sn-i-fp- v. CXp-hgn AhcpsS hmàjni hcp-am\w 20,000 apxâ 25,000 cq]-h-sc-bm n DbÀ mw. Cu ]cn-]m-sn-i-fn-eqss Zmcn-{Zy-\nÀamÀP\w F e yw 5 apxâ Bdv hsc hàj- Ä p-ånâ km m-xvi-cn- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. kzbw-k-lmb kwl- Ä cq]-hâ cn p-sim v 's_bv^v']²-xn-{]-hà \ -fnâ kz w {]iv\- Ä NÀ sn p Xn-\mbn Xt±-iob Bkq-{XW kan-xn- IÄ D m n P\-]- m-fn w Dd- m- pw. Cu kwl- -fnse AwK- Ä v ImÀjn-Im-\p-_Ô sshzkv[yw \ÂIn Ahsc {]mtz-ini hn`-h-þ-hn-jb hnz-kv[-cm- pw. ]²Xn \nàh-l-w- nse IrXy-Xbpw Imcy- -a-xbpw ]cnio-e-\- nâ ap³k-w\ t\sp- -txm-ssm- w, DNn-X-amb kmt -Xn-I-hn-ZybpsS Xncsª Sp- n\p {]m[m\yw \ÂIpw. I pimen hnik\]cn-]m-sn-iä BhnjvIcn Xv, Bdv kwøm-\- -fnembn 10,000 {Kma- fnemwv. 725 ti{µ Ä kwl-sn- n v FcpaIÄ XpS- n aäv Id-h-bn-\- sf IÀj-Isâ ]Sn-hm-Xn  F n Xv Ah-cp-sS I p-imen k¼- nsâ t]mj-w- n\pw hcp-am\ hà[\bv pw klm-b- I-am-bn. ]mâ D m-z\w hà[n txmss Hcp Zi-e- - n-tesd IÀj- IÀ v CXnsâ {]tbm-p-\-ap- m-bn. I p-ip«n ]cn-]m-e\w kv{xoiä pw sndp-ins Irjn- mà pw hen-b-txm- Xn sxmgnâ Ah-k-c- Ä krãn- p. ssph-irjn, ssph-hm-xi D m- Z-\w, ]mâ D]-t`mKw IqSp-X Ah-k-c- -sfm-cp- n. a-c Ä \«p-h-fà nbpw Pe-hn-`hhn\n-tbm-K- n-eqssbpw Xcn-ip-\n-e- - fpss hni-k\w Bbncw {Kma- -fn-embn kmt -XnI amàk-\nàtz-i- Ä \ÂIn \S- m- n. ]mh-s «IpSpw-_- -fpss Irjn-`qan Dev]m-Z-\- -aa-m- nbxv 0.5 slî-dnâ \n v 1.0 slî-dmbn DbÀ p. _ p-i-fnepw 28

39 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw AXnÀh-c-¼p-I-fn-ep-ambn hnhn-[-bn\w ac- Ä h p ]n-sn- n- p-i -hgn Imäns\ XS-ª p-\nà m\pw ] v \ne-\nà m\pw Huj-[-k-ky- Ä, Imen- o-ä, XSnbpw hndipw F nhbpss e`y-x Dd- m- m\pw CXv hgnsbm-cp- n. ` y-[m-\y- fpw ] - -dn-ifpw ` y-kp-c- -tbm-ssm w Ønc-hcp-am-\hpw {]Zm\w sn p p. Cu LS-I- -sfãmw DÄs -Sp- n-bpå Hcp tkm{x-hn-i-k-\-]-²xn KpP-dm- nse hâkmzv PnÃ-bnse [cw-]qà t»m nâ \S- n-em- n-b-t mä 16,000 IpSpw-_- -sf-bmwv ]p\-c-[n-h-kn- n- m³ Ign-ª -Xv. Xt±-io-b-amb Bh-iy- Ä IqSn ]cn-k-wn- på ]cnjvimc- -tfmss Cu ]²Xn C y-bpss aäv `mk fnepw \S- m- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. s]mxp-p-\m-tcmkyw ka-{k-hn-i-k-\- nsâ A\n-hmcy LS-I-am-Wv. ip²amb IpSn-sh-Åw, iunm-eb kui-cy- Ä, t]mj-im-lm-cw, {]Xn-tcm[ acp- p-iä A½-bp-sSbpw Ipª n-sâbpw kwc- -Ww, Btcm-Ky-hn-Zym- `ymkw F n-h-sbãmw ChnsS e yw hbv p- p. ]c-¼-cm-kx NnIn-Õm-co- Xn-Ifpw amen\y\nàamàp\ _ZÂ kwhn-[m-\- fpw Hcp- p- p. k p-enx hni-k\w Dd- m- m³ P\-Iob kwl-s-\-iä cq]hxvi-cn- p-i-sb- - XmWv s_bv^nsâ \bw. hnhn[ kwøm-\- -fnâ Irjn- mà Ah-cpsS DÂ - - -fmb Icn-¼v, F - p-cp, ]mâ, ]g-hàk Ä, ] - -dn-iä XpS nbh kwkvi-cn- p- - Xn\pw hn]-w\w sn p Xn-\p-ambn kl-i-cw kwl- Ä cq]-hâ cn n«p- v. sxmgnâ]-c-amb sshz-kv[y-t m-ssbpw B[p-\nI kmt -Xn- I-hn-Zy-bpsS DNn-X-amb D]-tbm-K- n-eq-ssbpw km¼- ni kpøn-cx ssih-cn- p-ibpw CS-\n-e- m-cpss NqjWw Hgn-hm- p-ibpw snbvxp. C cw kwl- sf cmp y-hym-]-i-ambn t{]mõm-ln- n-t - -Xp- v. IpSn-shÅ hnx-cww asämcp {][m\ hnj-b-am-wv. tzi-hym-]-i-amb Hcp ]cn-]m-sn-bn-eqss Pe-hn-`h hni-k-\- n-\mbn kà mcnxc kwl-s-\-isfbpw kwcw-`- -sfbpw Pe-D-]-t`m-IvXr kwl-s-\-i-sfbpw DÄs -Sp- ns m v kqjva-x-e-]-²-xn-iä t\cn«v \S- m- mw. IpSn-sh-Å-hn-X-cW cwk v henb amä- Ä v hgn-sx-fn p C cw ]²-Xn-IÄ Pe-þ-DuÀPt{km-X-Êp-IÄ kwc- n-t - -Xnsâ Bh-iy-I-X-sb- p-dn v hym]-i-amb Ah-t_m[w krãn- p-ibpw sn pw. aäv taj-e-i-fnâ qsn C cw kwl- Ä cq]o-i-cn- m³ Ign-ª mâ km¼- ni kar²n ssih-cn- m-\på ASn-Øm\ kui-cy- -sfm-cp- mw. P\- -fpss DZy-a- -sfbpw Xt±-iob kwl-s-\-i-fpss kzbw-k-lmb kwl- -sfbpw t{]mõm-ln- n- p- -Xn-\pth n H³]Xmw ] -h-õ-c-]-²-xn- m-e v (1999-þ2002) kzàw-p-b- n - {Kma ktcmpv tbmp\ (SGSY) þ 1999þ Â \S- m- n. kmaq-ln-ihpw km¼- n-i-hp-amb ]n m- m-h-ø-bn-epå ] v apxâ Ccp-]Xv hsc IpSpw- _mw-k- sf DÄs -Sp n kzbw-k-lmb kwl- Ä cq]hxvi-cn- p-i-bpw, Ah-cpsS k¼m-zy- Ä tij-cn v Bh-iy-amb AwK- Ä v hmbv] \ÂIpIbpw snbvxp. Cu {]{In-b-bn-eqsS AhÀ kz w {]iv\- Ä Xncn- -dn-bp-ibpw ]cn-lm-c- Ä Is - p-ibpw sn pw. P\- -fpss DZy-a- -fn-eqss am{xta imiz-xamb hni-k\w Dd- m- m-\m-iq. P\-Iob kwcw-`- sf ]n p-w-bv p-hm- \på CÑm-iàn Kh saâp-iä ImWn- -Ww, CXp-am-{X-amWv C ybnse ]mh-s -«-h-cpss k p-enx hni-k-\- n-\på GI t]mwh-gn. 29

40 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv {]hà \w 6.5 kmaqlni hnik\ nâ GÀs -Sp c p {][m\ GP³kn-IÄ GXmWv? CXn\v 10 an\n«v kabw FSp mw. 6.7 kaimeni hnik\ DZya Ä kzm{i-bxzw P\- -fnepw {Kma- -fnepw kwl-s-\-i-fnepw hfà n-sb-sp- pi F -XmWv Fhn-Sp-s bpw hni-k\ ]cn-]m-sn-i-fpss ImX-emb kn²m- w. AXv Irjn-bn-em-Imw, hyh-km-b- n-em-imw, {Kmao-Wtam \mkcnitam BImw. C ym Kh saâv k -²-kw-L-S-\-IÄ \S- p P\- Iob {]hà \ sf t{]mõm-ln- n- p-h-cn-i-bm-wv. kà mcnxc kwl-s- \-I-fmb s_bv^v (BAIF), suh-e-]vsaâv dnkà v ^ut -j³ F nh kpøn-c-amb Poh-t\m-]m-[n-I-fmb I p-imen ]cn-]m-e-\w, Pe-hn-`h hn\ntbm-kw, Xcn-ip-`qan hni-k\w aäv hcp-am-\-zm-bi {]hà \ Ä F o Imcy- -fnâ {i²-bq n \nc-h[n kwøm-\- -fnâ {]hà n p p. \nch[n kwøm-\- -fnâ Irjn- m-cpss kl-i-cw kwl- Ä {]hà n p p- v. Icn-¼v, F - p-cp, ]mâ, ]g-hàk Ä, ] - -dn-iä F n-h-bpss kwkvi-c-w- n-\p-th- n-bmwv C cw kwl- Ä hym]-iambn {]hà n p -Xv. C s\ am{xta k p-enx hnik-\- n\v km[m-c-w- m-csâ ] m-fn w Dd- m- m-\m-iq. Kh saâpw cm{ão-bm-[n- Im-c-i-àn-Ifpw P\-Iob kwcw-`- sf DbÀ n- m-«n-bmâ C y-bnse {KmaoW hni-k-\- n\v AXv Gsd {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-sa- -Xn XÀ -an-ã. kmaq-lnihni-k\w km mxvi-cn- p- Xv Xt±-iob Xm -cy- Ä, ] mfn- w, ]c-kv]c kl-i-cww F nh-bn-eq- n-bm-wv. hnp-b-i-c-ambn \S m- nb Hcp kmaq-lni hni-k\ ]cn-]m-sn v D a DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv tic-f- nse IpSpw-_{io anj³ (Nn{Xw 6.4 ImWp-I). Xt±-i-hn-`-h- fpw Xm -cy- fpw ASn-Øm-\-am- n-bmwv Cu ]²Xn apjy-ambpw \S- m- p- -Xv. ]cn-io-e\w {]ZÀi-\m-ßI coxn-bn-emwv CXn kwl-sn- n- p- -Xv. kmaq-lnihni-k-\- n-\v, km¼- nihni-k-\w, kmaq-ln-i-am-äw, P\m-[n- ]Xy hfà F o kp{]-[m\ e y- -fp- v. Cu aq v e y- fpw ]ckv]c _Ôn-Xhpw kl-i-c-wm-ß-i-hp-am-wv. C y-bnse hnik\ ]cn-]m- Sn-I-fpsS e y -Ä v ]n n-ep-åxv hn`-h-hn-i-k-\-hpw, kwtbm-pnx ImÀjn-tIm m-z-\hpw Bkq-{XWw sn pi F p-å-xm-wv. 30

41 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw Nn{Xw 6.4: ticf nse IpSpw_{io anj³ {]hà IÀ C cw ]²-Xn-I-fpsS {][m\ e y Ä. 1. {KmaoW-ta-J-e-bnse P\ fpss ho W nâ amäwhcp n AhcpsS _mly-cq-]m- cw hcp- pi. 2. \ne-hn-epå {KmaoW Ic-Iu-i-e-þ-Ip-Sn hyh-km-b- sf sa -s -Sp- p-ibpw ]pxn-bh kwl-sn- n- p-ibpw sn pi. 3. Bhi- ya- mb BtcmKy tkh\ fpw kuic- y - fpw GÀs S- p - pi-. 4. Ip«nIÄ pw apxnà hà pambn Bhiyamb hnzym`ymk kuicy Ä GÀs -Sp pi. 5. hnt\mzhn\n-a-b- Ä på kuicyw hà²n n pi. 6. {KmaoWcpsS ]mà nshpw IpSpw-_-Po-hnX kuicy fpw sa s Sp pi. 7. {Kmat\XrXzw, kwls\, Øm]\ Ä F nh hnikn ns Sp pi. 8. {KmaoW P\- sf kzm{ibcpw, D chmznxzapå ]uc mcpambn hmàs -Sp- p-i. 9. P\ fpss PohnX\ne-hm-chpw hcpam\hpw sa -s -Sp- p-i. 10. Xt±ikzbw-`-cW Øm]-\- -fnse `c-w-k-anxn AwK- Ä, k -²kw-L-S\m {]hà IÀ, hni-k\ DtZym-K-ØÀ, t»m v hni-k\ Hm^o-kÀamÀ F n-hà v bymimew ]cn-io-e\w \ÂIp-I. ] m-b v cmpv Øm]-\- -fnâ kv{xoiä v A³]Xv ix-am\w kwhcww snbvxn-«p-s - nepw `cww \S- p- Xv `À m- - m-tcm, ]nxm- - m-tcm, ktlm-z-c³am-tcm -Hs -bm-sw v A\p-`-hw. h\nxm AwK- Ä dºà Ìm¼m-bn-cn- p-t¼m-gm-wn-xv. Cu AhØ adn-i-s- m³ kmaq-ln-ihn-i-k\ GP³kn-IÄ ChÀ v {]txyi ]cn-io-e-\hpw t_m[-hâ cwhpw \S- -Ww. temim-tcmky kwl-s-\-bpss Hcp {]kvxm-h\ C cp-w- nâ {it²-b-am-wv. "Hcp imào-irx kaq-l- nâ hyàn-ifpw kwl-s-\-ifpw, Ah-cpsS hn`-h- fpw sshz-kv[yhpw D]-tbm-Kn v Iq«mb ]cn-{i-a- n-eqss Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\- -Ä v ap³k-w\ \ný-bn p-ibpw ]cnl-cn- p-ibpw sn pibm-wv''. (1998) 31

42 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv kzàw Pb n klmcn tdmkvkmà tbmp\ (SJSRY) (CSS) \K-c-{]-tZ-i -fnse sxmgn-âc-ln-xà v kzbw-sxm-gnâ kwcw-`- Ä Bhnjv -cn- p- -Xn-eq-sS-bpÅ Hcp kwtbm-pnx Zmcn-{Zy-\nÀamÀP\ ]cn-]m-snbm-wn-xv. ]mh-s -«-hà sxmgnâsshzkv[yw ssih-cn v hcpam\t\«-ap- m- p- -Xn\pw Cu ]²Xn e y-an-sp- p. Cu ]cn-]msn tic-f- nse 58 ap\n-kn- m-en-än-i-fnepw Zmcn-{Zy-\nÀamÀP\ ZuXy- nsâ taât\m-«- nâ IpSpw-_{io hgn \S- m n hcn-i-bm-wv. Cu ]cn-]msnbpss {][m\ LSI Ä Ch-bmWv: \Kckzbw-sXm-gn ]cn-]msn (USEP) \Kckv{Xo kzbw-k-lmb ]cn-]msn (UWSP) \KcsXmgn-en\v Iqen ]²Xn (UWEP) \K-c- -fnse ]mh-s -«-hà v hnzkv[ ]cn-io-e-\hpw sxmgnâ kwcw- `- Ä v t{]mõm-l-\hpw \ÂIpI (STEP-UP) \Kc kmaq-lni hni-k\ irwje (UCDN) kwtbm-pnx ]mà ns þ tncn hni-k\ ]cn-]msn (IHSDP) kwtbm-pnx ]mà ns þ tncn hni-k\ ]cn-]msn Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) ti{µ ]²-Xn-I-fmb hmevaoin Awt_ZvIÀ Bhmkv tbmp\ Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) bpw \mjwâ Éw Uhe]vsaâv t{]m{kmw National Slum Development Programme (NSDP) bpw tbmpn- n- p-sim v \K-c- - fnse tncn-\n-hm-kn-i-fpss ]mà ns kuicyw sa -s -Sp- pi--bmwv {][m-\-ambpw (IHSDP) e yw hbv p- -Xv. Cu ]²Xn C ybnse FÃm ]«- W- -fnepw \K-c- -fnepw \S- m- m-\p-t±-in- p-å-xm-wv. Ph-lÀem s\lvdp tziob ]p\-cp-²mcw - ZuXyw \S- m- p \K-c- sfm-gn v þ (Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw, sim n). ]mà nsw, A`-b-tI{µ hni-k-\w,- iu-nm-e-b- Ä, tdmup-iä, Agp- p-nm-ep-iä, \S- m-x-iä, {]my-ani BtcmKytI{µ- Ä, AwK³hmSn si«ns Ä F nh \nà½n p -Xn\pw D]-tbmKtbmKy-am- p- -Xn-\p-am-Wv ]²Xn e y-an-sp- Xv. amxrim ]²-XnbpsS {]ZÀi-\w, tncn hni-k-\hpw ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-hpw, htbm-p\ hnzym- `ym-kw, ]p\-cà W {]hà \ Ä F n-hbpw Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS `mkam m-hp- -Xm-Wv. ^ nwkv A\p-]mXw 80:20 F -Xm-Wv. kwøm\ hnln-x-amb 20 ix-am\- nsâ ]IpXn ]²Xn \S- m-hp Xt±-i-Øm-]-\- nsâ hnln-x-am-bn-cn- -Ww. IpSpw-_-{io-bmWv ]²-Xn-bpsS t\muâ GP³kn-bmbn {]hà n pi. PhlÀem s\lvdp tziob \K-c-]p-\-cp-²m-cW ZuXyw (JNNURM) Xt±-io-b-amb DZy-a- sf t{]mõm-ln- n p Xnepw kpk-a-amb A co w krãn- p- -Xnepw kmaq-lni hni-k-\- n\v kp{]-[m\amb ] m- Wp-Å-Xv. C y-bnse \K-c- fpw ]«-W- fpw tnà på Cu ]²Xn C c nâ temi nepå c mat XmWv. Xncsª Sp- -s «\K-c- -fn-embn ZuXy-\nÀh-lW kao-]-\-tc-j-bn-epäs -Sp n ka-b-_-ôn-x- 32

43 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw amb \K-c-ku-Icy hni-k\w hnpbi-c-ambn C y \S- n-em n hcp- p. Cu ]²-Xn-IÄ Ph-lÀem s\lvdp \K-c-]p-\-cp-²m-cW ZuXyw F Npcp- - t -cnemwv Adnbs -Sp- -Xv. ]²-Xn-bpsS/ZuXy- nsâ {][m\ Dt±iy Ä ASnØm\ kuicy tkh\ Ä kwtbm-pn- n- pi. kz v D m-z-\hpw hn\n-tbm-khpw ASn-Øm-\-ku-I-cyhpw tkh-\- fpw Imcy- -a-ambn \ne-\nà pi. \Kc fnse ASnØm\ kuicy tkh\ Ä v Bhiyamb ^ v \nt ]w \S- p-i. \Kc]p\-cp-²m-cW {]hà \ Ä Gsä-Sp- Â, \K-c- nse DÄ{]- tz-i -fnse hni-k\w \S- p-i. \Kc nse Zcn{ZÀ v ASnØm\ tkh\ Ä {]Zm\w sn pi. ticf nâ Xncph\ ]pcw, sim n timà tdj\piä am{xamwv ]²XnbpsS ]cn[nbnepå-xv þ11 hàj- nâ IpSn-shÅ hnxcww, Jcamen\ykwkvIc-Whpw ]p\-cp-]tbmkhpw, HmS \nàam-ww, Pe-am-en\y \nàamàp\w XpS- nb ]cn-]m-sn-iä Gsä-Sp- p. Xncph\ ]pcw timà tdj\nâ _kpiä hm p Xn\pw XpI hn\n-tbm-kn- p. t\muâ GP³knbmbn {]hà n p Xv ticf k p-enx \K-c-hn- I-k\ ]²Xn (KSUDP) bmwv. \Kc Zcn-{ZÀ på ASn-Øm\ tkh\ ]²Xn (BSUP) C-Xv JNNURM sâ Hcp LSIamWv. IpSpw_{io hgn-bmwv CXv \S m p Xv. Xncph\ ]pcw, sim n timà tdj\pifmwv ]²Xnbn DÄs -Sp -Xv. Jcamen\y kwkvicww, IpSn-shÅ hnxcww, tncn]p\-cp-²m-cww, HmS-IfpsS ]p\à\nà½mww, sxcphv hnf piä I n- Â, BtcmKy ]cn]me\w F nhbmwv ]²-Xn-bpsS Dt±iyw. Cµncm Bhmkv tbmp\ (IAY) ]«nipmxn ]«nihàkhn`m-k- nâs Sp -hà pw IcmÀ sxmgn-em-fn- IÄ pw kup\yambn hosv \nàan v \ÂIp ]²-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. {KmaoW `qcln-xà på sxmgn-epd v ]²-Xn-bpsS `mkamwn-xpw. 1993þ94þ hàjw apxâ 10% XpIbmWv PhlÀ tdmkvkmà tbmp\ (JRY) bnâ \n pw Cu ]²Xn mbn sne-h-gn- p- -Xv þ86-þ Cu ]²Xn XpS- n-b-xp- ap-xâ 1994 \hw-_à hsc timsn cq] sne-h-gn v e w `h-\- Ä \nà½n n«p- v. ticf k p-enx \K-c-hn-I-k\ ]²Xn (KSUDP) \K-c- -fpss k p-enx hni-k-\hpw Zmcn-{Zy-e-Lq-I-c-W-hp-amWv ]²-XnbpsS Dt±-iyw, ]²-Xn v kmt -XnI klmbw \ÂIp- Xv Gjy³ suh-e- ]vsaâv _m v (ADB) Bbn-cn pw 33

44 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv apjy Dt±-iy- Ä Xmsg d-bp- -h-bmwv 1. \K-c-k-`-I-fn kzv`-cww 2. \Kc kuicy Ä hnikn n pibpw hn]p-e-s -Sp- p-ibpw sn pi 3. \Kc fnse kmaqlnitkh\ {]hà \ Ä þ Hä-s «p Ign-bp hr²-cmb kv{xoi-ä pw sxcphpip«niä pambpå tkh-\- Ä. ticf k p-enx \K-c-hnIk\ ]²Xn A v \K-c- -fnâ \ne-hn-epå kui-cy- Ä hà²n n phm³ e yam p p. 70: F Xm-Wv ^ nwkv A\p-]mXw. CXv F.U- n._- n, ticfm Kh saâv, \Kc- k- ` F nh- À ] ns- «S- p - pw. C.-Fw.-Fkv k¼qàw `h\ ]²Xn kwøm-\s `qc-ln-xcpw hosn-ãm- -h-cp-amb apgp-h³t]à pw hospw `qanbpw {]Zm\w sn p ]²-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. ]qàw-ambpw kwøm-\- nsâ ^ v hn\n-tbm-kn- mwv Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS \nàh-l-ww. \nýnx \nc- nâ \n pw IqSp-X ]Ww Bh-iy-am-bn-h- mâ ]²-Xn-hn-ln-X- nâ \ns -Sp- mw. kl-i-c-w-kw-l- -fnâ \n på hmbv]-i-sf-sp- mw. NRI IfpsS klm-bw, kà mà Poh-\- mà, kà mcnxc Poh-\- mà F nhcnâ \n v kzcq-]-n p, ]qàw-ambpw k_vkn-un-bpå Hcp ]²-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. s]mxphn-`mkw 75,000, Fkv.kn 1,00,000, Fkv.Sn 1,25,000 F n- -s\-bmwv XpI A\p-h-Zn- p- -Xv. {]hà \w 6.6 ]e ]²XnIÄ / ]cn-]m-sn-i-ä DÅXnÂ, GXmWv \n fpss {]tzis ]mh-s - «-hà v KpW-{]-Z-am-bXv? Cu {]hà \w ]qà nbm p -Xn\v \n Ä v GItZiw 15 an\n«v A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amWv. 6.8 kw{klw Cu A[ym-b-- nâ Ah-X-cn- n- Xv C y-bnse hnhn[ hni-k\ \b fpw ]cn-]m-sn-i-fp-am-wv. \nc-h[n GP³kn-IÄ, LS-I- Ä, hni-k\ DZy-a- Ä F n-h-sbãmw ChnsS NÀ -sn s «p. kmaq-ln-i-\o-xn, kzbw -\nàw-bm--h- Im-iw, sfiyw, Iq«mb {]hà \w, kpoh ] m-fn- w, XpeyX F o aqey- -fnâ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn Ww hni-k\sa v \mw I p-i-gn-ª p. k oàw-amb kmaq-ln-i, BtcmKy Ak-a-Xz-{]-iv\- Ä \ne-\nâ p p. Ah-bpsS ]cn-lm-c- nâ A À-þ-sXm-gn imjm kao-]\w Bh-iy-am-Wv CXn\v hyàn-bp-ssbpw {Kq p-i-fp-ssbpw ] m-fn- hpw imào-i-c-whpw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. 34

45 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw \½psS {Kma- Ä Hcp ]cn--hà \ Zi-bn q-sn-bmwv IS- p-t]m-ip- -Xv, {KmaoW kaq-l-am-i-s«, {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-epÅ amä- n\p hnt[-b-am-bn-s m- ncn- p- p. kmaq-lni hni-k\w Iq«p- -c-hm-zn-xz-t mspw ] m-fn- -t m- Spw-IqSn \S- m- -Ww. Btcm-Ky-kp-c- bv v {]txyi Du  simsp- psim v kmaqlniirwje hn]p-e-s -Sp- p-ibpw thww. Ah-cpsS tijn sa -s -Sp- m\pw {]iv\- Ä ]cn-l-cn- m-\p-apå Ah-k-c- Ä krãn- - Ww. 6.9 {]hà \ Ä på amxrim D c Ä 1. kmaqlnihnik\w sim v Dt±in p Xv F mwv? Hcp kaq-l- nsâ km¼- n-i, kmaq-ln-i, kmwkvimcni, ]mcn-øn-xni Ah-Ø-I-fpsS ]ptcm-k-xn-bmwv kmaqlnihn-i-k\w e yw-h-bv p- -Xv. {]mtz-ini Xe- nâ tbmpn {]hà \ n-eqss kmaq-lni hni-k\w km[yam- m-hp- -XmWv. Cu {]{In-b Bi-b- -fpss {]tbm-khâ cwhpw Bkq-{X-Whpw ]²Xn \S- n pw DÄs m-åp- Xpw Pohn- X-\n-e-hmcw DbÀ m-\p-å-xp-am-wv. 2. {KmahnI-k-\- nâ kmaq-lni hni-k\ ]²-Xn-IÄ på {]m[m\yw {KmaoW ]p\-cp-²m-c-w- nâ kmaq-lni hni-k\ ]cn-]m-sn-iä hfsc {][m-\-s «] mwv hln- p- -Xv. kmaq-lni hni-k\ ]cn-]m-sn-iä på {]m[m\yw C s\: 1. Irjnhym]-\- n-epå ] v 2. a\pjyhn`htijn-bpss hnik\w 3. hnik\\s- n- nsâ kwlms\w 4. BtcmKytkh-\- Ä 5. cm{ã\nà½mw nâ P\ Ä v Xm -cy-ap- m- p-i.. 6. tziob k¼-zvl-s-\-bpss hfà sb klm-bn- pi 7. PohnX\nehmcw DbÀ pi 3. kmaqlnihnik\]cn]msnifpss {][m\ IÀ -hy- Ä? 1. ImÀjnIm`n-hr-²n- m-h-iy-amb kui-cy- Ä {]Zm\w sn pi 2. P\-]- m-fn w e y-am- n-bpå kl-i-c-w-kw-l- Ä cq]- hâ cn pi 3. FÃm-hÀ pw kup\yhpw \nà_ônxhpamb hnzym`ymkw {]Zm\w sn pi 4. {KmaoW tajebnse sxmgnâ{]iv\ Ä ]cnlcn pi. 5. s]mxpp\mtcmky tkh-\- n-\p-th- n-bpå Hcp- - Ä sn pi. 6. sxmgnâ ]cn-io-e\w \ÂIp-I. 7. htbm-p-\- Ä, tcmkniä, hni-emw-kà, A\m-YÀ F n- -s\-bp-åhsc ]p\-c-[n-h-kn- n- p-ibpw Ah-cpsS t a-{]-hà \ Ä \S- p-ibpw sn pi. 35

46 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv 4. kaimeni kmaqlni hnik\ ]cn-]m-sniä 1. kzàwpb n klmcn tbmp\ 2. kwtbm-pnx ]mà ns tncn hni-k\ ]cn-]msn 3. PhlÀem s\lvdp \Kc ]p\-cp-²m-cw ZuXyw 4. \Kc Zcn-{ZÀ m-bpå ASn-Øm\ tkh-\- Ä 5. ticf k p-enx \K-c-hn-I-k\ ]²Xn 6. C.Fw.Fkv k¼qàw `h\ ]²Xn 6.10 A[ymbmhkm\ tnmzy Ä 1. C ybnse {][m-\-s «kmaqlni hnik\]cn]msnisf p-dn v hniie\w \S pi. 2. hnhn[ GP³kn-IÄ \S- p kmaqlni hnik\]cn]msnisf p-dn v Hcp kàth \S pi. 36

47 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw A[ymbw7: Xt±ikzbw`cWØm]\ fpw (LSGIs) aäv hnik\ GP³knIfpw 7.1 BapJw 7.2 ]Tt\mt±iy Ä 7.3 Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ Ä DÛhhpw hnik\hpw {]hà \ Ä {]mtzini hni-k-\- nâ Xt±iØm]\ fpss ] v 7.4 Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ fneqss \S m p kmaqlnihnik\]cn]msniä 7.5 kmaqlnihnik\ nâ Xt±i kzbw`cw Øm]\ fpss kzm[o\w 7.6 kmaqlnihnik\ nâ GÀs -Sp aäv hni-k\ GP³knIÄ 7.7 kw{klw 7.8 {]hà \ Ä på amxrim D c Ä 7.9 A[ym-bmhkm\ tnmzy Ä B[mc{KÙ Ä A[nIhmb\bv v 7.1 BapJw Ignª A[ymb nâ kmaqlnihnik\ ]cn]msnifpss Ncn{Xhpw kaimeni hnik\]cn-]m-sn-ifpw \mw ]Tn pignª p. Cu A[ym-b- nâ Xt±ikzbw-`-cW Øm]-\- -fpss ] pw Npa-X-e-Ifpw Ah-bpsS DZv`hhpw hfà -bp-amwv NÀ -sn p- -Xv. ] m-b- v, ap\n-kn- m-en-än, timà -td-j-\p-iä F nh s]mxpsh Xt±ikzbw-`-cWØm]-\- sf v A-dn-b-s -Sp- p-. kaq-l- nsâ hni-k-\- nâ hfsc {][m-\-s «Hcp ] mwv Xt±ikzbw-`-cWØm]-\- Ä hln- p- -Xv. Xt±i-`-cWØm]-\- Ä v Iogn hnhn-[- -fmb GP³kn-IÄ {]hà n p p- v. kaq-l- n\v KpW-{]-Z-amb hnhn[ ]²-Xn-IÄ Cu GP³kn-IÄ hgn-bmwv \S- nem- p- -Xv. C cw Imcy- -sf- p-dn v A w Bg- n-te v \ap v t]mti- -Xp- v. Ggv awn- q-dp-sim v \n Ä Cu A[ym-bw ]qà nbm p-sa v {]Xo- n- p- p. 7.2 ]Tt\mt±iy Ä Cu A[ym--bw -]Tn tijw \n Ä v sn m³ Ign-tb Imcy Ä:þ C³Uybnse Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ fpss DÛ-hhpw hfà bpw {]Xn-]m-Zn- p-i. Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ fpss ] pw Npa-X-e-Ifpw hnhcn pi. Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ fneqss \S m p kmaqlni hnik\ ]cn]msnisf pdn v FgpXpI. Xt±iØm]\ Ä kmaqlni hnik\ nep m- p kzm[o\w hàwn pi. kmaqlni hnik\ nâ GÀs S- p GP³knIsf a\ê- n e- m - pi-. 37

48 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv 7.3 Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ Ä C\n \ap v Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ sf kw_-ôn- p hni-zmw-i- -fn-te v t]mimw. Kh saân-s\bpw AXnsâ {]hà \ -sfbpw aq mbn Xncn- mw. {]mtz-in-iw, kwøm-\w, ti{µw F n- -s\. {Kma- -fn-sebpw ]«-W-þ-\-Kc- -fn-sebpw `cww \S- p-ibpw \nipxn ]ncn v P\- -fpss \ -bv p- th- n-bpå hni-k\w \S- p-ibpw sn p Øm]-\- -sf-bmwv Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ sf v hnfn- p- -Xv. Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ sf am{xw aq mbn Xncn mw þ ] m-b- p-iä, ap\n-kn- m-en-än-iä, timà -td-j-\p-iä Ch aq pw kwtbm-pn- n- mwv {XnXe ] m-b vkan-xn-i-fmbn tic-f- n-ep-å-xv. 978 {Kma-]- m-b- p-iä, 152 t»m v ] m-b- p-iä, 14 PnÃm ] m-b- p- IÄ, 60 ap\n-kn- m-en-än-iä, 5 timà -td-j-\p-iä C s\ sam w 1209 Øm]-\- -Ä. Xmsg-s msp- n-cn- p ]«ni {i²n- mâ tic-f- nse hnhn-[- X-e- -fn-epå Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ sf a\-ên-em- mw. ]«ni 7.1 ticf nse {]mtzini kzbw`cw Øm]\ Ä \¼À Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ nsâ t]pv {Kma ] mb v t»m v ] mb v PnÃm ] mb v ap\nkn menän timà tdj³ BsI F w , 74 `c-w-l-s-\m-t`-z-k-xn-bn-eq-s S-bmWv {XnXe ] m-b v kwhn-[m\w C y-bnâ \ne-hnâ h Xv. tic-f- nâ A[n-Imcw am{x-a-ã, hn`-h- fpw Xmsg- -«n-te v hnti-{µo-i-cn- n-«p- v. hni-k-\-]-cn-]m-sn-iä ] m-b v kan-xn-iä kwtbm-pn- n- mwv \S- p- -Xv. {Kma-k-`-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv hnik\-{]-hà \ Ä ChnsS \S- m- p- -Xv. A[n-Im-c-hn-tI{µoIc-W- neqss Xt±-i-`-cW hip v ASn- -«nâ hni-k-\-sa- n- p- -Xn \nàwmbi kzm[o\w snep- p- p. ] m-b v Ub-d-Ivt{Säv, \K-cm-kq-{XW hip- v, \K-c-Im-cy- Ä på Ub-d-Ivt{S-äv, {Kma-hn-I-k\ I½o-j-W-tdäv F n-h-bmwv Xt±i`-c-W-hp-ambn _Ô-s «A\p-_Ô hip- p-i-ä. thsd Nne A\p-_Ô Øm]-\- fpw ]cn-io-e-\-ti{µ fpw Xt±i-`-c-W- Øm-]-\- Ä v Iogn-embn {]hà n p p v. ] m-b v hip v, \K-c-Imcy hip- v, {Kma-hn-I-k\ I½o-j-W-tdäv F nh aq v hip- p-iä p- Iogn-emWv {]hà n p -Xv. Xt±i kzbw`cw hip v ] mb v hip v \KcImcy hip v {KmahnIk\ hip v Nn{Xw 7.1: Xt±ikzbw`cW hip nsâ LS\ 38

49 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw {]hà \w 7.1 hn«pt]mb `mkw ]qcn n pi. 1. Khs â ns\bpw AXnsâ {]hà \ sfbpw XcwXncn ncn mhp -Xn- s\... Dw,...Dw... ({]mtziniw, kwøm\xew, ti{µw) 2. {]mtzini kzbw`cwøm]-\- sf aq mbn Xncn mw (] mb v, ap\nkn menän, timà tdj³) 3. ticf nse t»m v ] mb pifpss F w... BWv. 4. ticf nse {Kma] mb pifpss F w... BWv. 5. \nipxn tijcn p Xv DÛhhpw hfà bpw C\n \ap v Xt±ikÀ mcpi-fpss DÛh nte pw hnimk n-te pw t]mimw. EtKzZ- nsâ Ime-L-«- nâ {Kmao-W-th-Z-nIÄ "k`'iä F mwv Adnbs «ncp Xv. CXv ]n osv ] mb pifmbn cq]m- -c s- «p (A- vt]à DÄs m-åp ). '] m-b v' F hm v kwkvir-x- nse "] ' F hm nâ \n p mbxmwv. {Kma] mb piä v [mcmfw \nàælw]chpw, \oxn\ymb]c-hp-amb A[n-Im-c- -fp- m-bn-cp- p. `qan hnx-cww snbvxn-cp- Xv Cu kan-xn-i-fm-wv. B `qan-bnâ \n v \nip-xnbpw ]ncn- n-cp- p. PmXo-b-Xbpw ^yquâ k{¼-zm-bhpw apkä `cwime v {Kma fpss kzbw`cwmhim-i- n\v XS-Ê- Ä krãn- p. CuÌv C ym I¼\n ] mb v k{¼-zm-bs sam - nâ XIÀ p. {KmaoW `qtcjm Hm^o-kp-IÄ \nà em n-s m v "]Xvhmcn' F A[n- Im-cnsb I¼\n \ntbm-kn- p. ]Xvhmcn HutZym-KnI `qtcjm DtZym-K-Ø- \mbn \nc-h[n {Kma- -fnâ {]hà n p. ]Xvhmcn Imew _wkm-fnâ Gsd B`y- c {]iv\- -fn-te v \bn- p. {KmaoW kaq-l- sf CXv Akz-Ø-cm p-ibpw ] m-b v kwhn-[m- \s \in- n- p-ibpw snbvxp. hnti-{µo-i-c-w- n-\m-bpå 1907 se tdmbâ I½o-j³ ] m-b v Xe- nse `c-w-kw-hn-[m-\- nsâ {]m[m\yw FSp- p-im-wn- p se samt Kp þ snwkv t^màuv ]cnjvim-c- Ä Xt±ikzbw-`-cWw {]txyi {]m[m-\y-apå hnjb-ambn AwKo-I-cn- n-cp- p. \nc-h[n {]h-niy-i-fnâ {Kma]- mb piä Øm]n- Xm-bn-cp p Cu Imes \nàwm-b-i-amb {]m[m-\yw  F«v {]hn-iy-i-fnâ ] m-b v \nbaw ]mêm- n, sxm«p-]n- m-se, Bdv kwøm-\- ÄIqSn ] m-b v \nbaw {]m_-ey- nâ sim p-h- p se Kh saâv Hm^v C y BÎv ] m-b- p-i-fpss ]cn-wm-a-k- Xnsb AS-bm-f-s -Sp- p- -Xm-bn-cp- p. alm-ßm-km-ôn-bpss t\xr-xz- nâ C y³ \mj-wâ tim {KÊv C ybpss kzmx{ yw e y-am n \nc-h[n P\-Io-b-ap-t -ä- Ä \S- n-s m- n-cp- p. KmÔnPn kz]v\w I n-cp- Xv {Kma-kz-cmPv Bbn-cp- p. {Kma- -fpss kzbw-\nàwbmh-im-ihpw kzbw ]cym-]vxxbpw At±lw 39

50 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv FSp p ]dª p. \½psS cmp ys kmaq-lni {]iv\- fpss imiz-x-]- cn-lmcw Xmsg- -«n-te v A[n-Imcw hnti-{µo-i-cn- p-t¼mä am{x-am-bn-cn- p-sa v At±lw ]d-ª p. Cu Bi-bs tum.-_n.-bà.-aw-t_-zv À FXnÀ p. bmym-øn-xni C y-sb-bmwv {Kma- Ä {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- p- Xv F mwv Awt_-Zv À hniz-kn- n-cp- -Xv. F nepw ] m-b v cmpv Øm]-\- Ä C y³ `c-w-l-s-\-bnâ DÄs -Sp- n. H mw ] hõc]²xn P\ fpss ] mfn hpw kpohamb CSs]Sepw km[yam p Xn XoÀ pw ]cmpbs «n-cp p. c mw ] hõc]²xn cmp ys sam w hni-k\ t»m p-iäh-gn-bmwv \S- m- n-b-xv. F mepw hnti{µoicww sim p-h-cp- -Xn ]cmpbs «p. CXns\ XpSÀ v hnhn[ D]-tZi kan-xn-iä cq]-hâ cn p. {][m\ kan-xn-iä Ch-bm-Wv. _Âh v dmbv talv m I½nän (1957) si. k m\w I½nän (1963) AtimIv ta I½nän (1978) Pn.hn.sI dmhp I½nän (1985) FÂ.Fw. knwkvhn I½nän (1986) Cu I½n-än-I-fpsS {][m\ ip]mài-iä Xmsg simsp- p- p. 1. {KmahnIk\ hip piä C y-bnse FÃm hnzqc ti{µ fnepw XpS pi. 2. {Kma] mb pifneqss A[nI- mc hnti{µoicww k^e- a- m - pi-. 3. {Kma- -fnse ]mh-s -«-hà v {]txy-in v ]«nipmxnhà kv{xo, \yq\-] hn`m-k- Ä v {]txyi ]cn-k-w\ \ÂIp-I. F mâ kà mcnb I½o-j³ taâ -dª ImgvN- m-sp-i-tfmsv hntbm-pn- p-i-bm-wp- m-b-xv. A -cn ap³ {][m-\-a{ n cmpo-hvkmôn 64-þmw `c- W-L-S\m t`z-kxn 1989  Ah-X-cn- n- p. Cu _nãv cmp y-k-`-bnâ ]cm-pb-s -«p. ]n osv tzio-b-ap- Wn kà mà þ hn.-]n.knwkv 74-þmw `c-w-l-s-\mt`-z-kxn _nãv Ah-X-cn- n- p. 9þmw temivk` ]ncn- p-hn-«-xn-s\- p-sà v Cu _nãv Hcp \nb-a-ambn {]m_-ey- nâ h n-ã. CXn-se \nàtzi fpw ip]mài-ifpw ]n osv h t`z-kxn \nb-a- -fnâ DÄs -Sp- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. ] m-b ocmpv Øm]-\- fpss A[n-Im-chpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw Hmtcm kwøm-\- -fnepw Ct mgpw hyxy-kvx-am-bn-cn- p- p Nn{Xw 15.2: Hcp {Kmak`tbmKw, hnhn[ {]iv\ Ä NÀ sn p p. 40

51 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw {]hà \w 7.2 tncpw]sn tnà pi 1. {KmathZn-IÄ þ ] mb v þ k`iä 3. ]Xvhmcn þ tdmbâ I½oj³ þ 5 t]c-s- p Iu knâ 5. samt KpþsNwkvt^mÀUv - þ HutZymKnI tcjifpss ]cnjvimc Ä kq n pim-c³ {]hà \w 7.3 hn«pt]mbh ]qcn n pi. 1. "] mb v ' F ]Zw kwkvirx nse... ]Z nâ \n pw DÛ-hn XmWv Dw... Dw apkä`cw nsâ Iogn Xt±i`cW Øm]\ sf {Kma- Ä \njv m- kn-x-am- n C ybnse ] mb pifpss ]cnwmaw AS-bm-f-s -Sp- n. 4. KmÔnPn kz]v\w I Bibw hn.si.dmhp I½nän cq]oicn hàjw... {i²n q ] m-b- o-cm-pn-\p-th n alm-ßm-kmôn hmzn- -Xv, Hcp hnti-{µo-irx cq]- nepå Kh saân-\pw, AhnsS Hmtcm {Kmahpw kzbw-]-cym-]vxamip- -Xn\pw A s\ C y³ cm{ãob kwhn-[m-\- n\v ASn- -d-bm-ip- -Xn\pw th n-bm-bncp- p Npa-X-e-IÄ ] mb ocmpv Øm]\ fpss {][m\ NpaX- e- IÄ Xmsgs msp - p p. 1. IpSnshÅhnX-cWhpw Agp- p-nmâ (HmS) \nàam-w-hpw. 2. {]myanimtcmkyti{µ fpw {]my-ani hnzym-`ym-k-ti{µ fpw Øm]n- p-i. 3. {KmaoWP\Xbv v AXymhiy tkh\ fpw kuicy fpw {]Zm\w sn pi. 4. {KmaoWtaJebn hmb\imeiä Øm]n v {]hà n n pi. 5. sxmgnehkc Ä krjvsn pi. 6. Jcamen\y \nà½màp\ n\v ]pxnb ]²XnIfpw ]cn-]m-sn-ifpw kwl-sn- n- p-i. 7. IpSn þ sndp-ins hyhkmb sf t{]mõmln n pibpw kl-icw kwl- Ä Xpd- p-ibpw sn pi. 8. ImÀjnI hnik\ n\mbpå ]²XnIÄ \S m pi. 9. ]me Ä, tdmupiä XpS- nb s]mxpkuicy Ä \nà½n pibpw ]cn]men pibpw sn pi. 10. bphp\ k ²kwLS\IÄ cq]o-icn pi. 41

52 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv 11. ]«nipmxnþhà hn`m-k- -fpss hnik\ n\mbn ]²XnIÄ Bkq-{XWw snbvxv \S- m- p-i. BZnhmkn Ip«nIÄ mbn tlmìepiä \nà½n pi. 12. {KmaoW sxmgnâ ]²XnIÄ mbn sndpins hyhkmb Ä XpS- m³ kwcw`isc t{]cn n pi. 13. Irjn- mà v sa -s «hn n\ Ä hnx-cww sn pi. {]hà \w 7.4 ] mb ocmpv Øm]\ fpss Ht m ct m Npa-X-e-IÄ ]«nibm pi. D cw Is - p- -Xn\v 10 an\n«v A\p-h-Z-\obw {]mtzini hnik\ nâ, Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ fpss ] v Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ fpss ] v hnimeamwv. {KmaoWcpsS PohnX\ne-hmcw DbÀ p Xn\pw, {Kma fnse s]mxphnik\ n \pambn \nc-h[n ]²XnIfmWv kà mà \S- m- p- -Xv. Xt±-i-`-cW kan-xn-iä hs ³ {]hniym Xt±-i-`-cW \nb-a-{]-imcw \nhmkn-iä pw kµài-ià pw tkh-\- fpw kui-cy- fpw {]Zm\w sn p p. Cu \nb-a- nsâ apjy-amb {]txy-i-x-iä Ch-bm-Wv. 1. D chmznxzapå Hcp {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn \b-cq-]o-i-c-w- nâ apjy ] p hln- -Ww. 2. kpiàhpw kplsn-x-hp-amb kmaqlni PohnXw \nhm-kn-iä v Dd- m- pi. 3. hn`h hnx-cww. 4. PohnX\ne-hmcw DbÀ p Xc- n-epå hni-k\ DZy-a- sf {]tnm-zn- n- p-i. 5. s]mxp tkh\ sfbpw kuicy sfbpw GtIm]n n pi. 6. Cu taj-e-bnse P\-Xm cyw Hcp hnime kaq-l- n-te v F n- p-i. 7. Cu \nb-a- n-sâbpw aäv \nb-a- -fp-ssbpw ]cn-[n-bn-epå A[n-Imc- fpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw \nàh-ln- p-i. 42

53 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw ]cnioe\samgn på FÃm ]²XnIfpw {XnXe ] mb v kwhn-[m- \ neqssbmwv \S- m- p- Xv. ]²Xn\S- n v Bkq-{X-W- nepw \S- n- nepw ImX-emb amä-t m-ss-bmwv. Ct mä ]mà nshpw iunm-e-b- fpw ap³k-w\ \ÂIn \nàan- p- p. t`z-kxn hcp- nb ticfm ] mb v cmpv, ap\n-kn- m-enän \nb-aw, kà mcnsâ CS-s]-S A[n-Imc- nâ kmc-amb Ipdhv hcp- n-bn-«p-å-xm-wv. ti{µþkw-øm\ \nb-aa- \p-k-cn v s]mxp-hmb am\-z-þ- Ä ]pd-s -Sp-hn- mt\ Kh saâp- IÄ v Ignbq. Hcp ] m-b v kan-xn-bpss Xocp-am\w d±v sn p Xn\v ] m-b v Imcy-Im-c-W-k-lnXw A teäv {Sn_yqWepambn _Ôs ts nh-cpw. Xt±-i-`cW Øm]-\- Ä p-ta-epå Khs âv \nb- { Ww Ipd-bv p- -Xn\v \nbaw A\p-im-kn- p- Xv kzx-{ -Øm-]-\- Ä þ hnhn[ hi- Ä ssiimcyw sn m\på A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i- - tfmss Øm]n- p-i-sb- -Xm-Wv. Cu Øm]-\- Ä v {]mtz-ini AtXm-dn- «n-iä F \nebv v AXnsâ Ah-Im-i- fpw Ign-hp-Ifpw \nb-a-{]-imcw hn\n-tbm-kn- p- -Xn\v km[n- pw. {]hà \w 7.5 icntbm sxtäm F v ]dbpi. 1. ] mb v, ap\nkn menän, timà tdj³ F n-hsb s]mxp-hmbn Xt±ikzbw`W Øm]\ Ä F p hnfn p p. 2. ]²Xn Bkq-{X-W- nâ ]mà ns n\pw iunm-e-b- n\pw c m-as ]cn-k-w-\tb \ÂIp- p-åp. 3. ticf (] mb v cmpv ap\nkn menän \nb-aw, Xt±ikzbw-`-cW Øm]- \- Ä vta-epå \nb-{ -Wm-[n-Imcw hn]p-e-am p- p. 4. Xt±iØm]-\- Ä \nba ]cn[n pånâ Ah-bpsS AhImi fpw Ignhp-Ifpw hn\n-tbm-kn- p AtXm-dn-än-I-fm-Wv. 7.4 Xt±i kzbw-`-cw Øm]-\- Ähgn \S- m- p kmaq-lni hni-k\ ]cn-]m-sn-iä Cu ]pkvx-i- nsâ XpS- - nâ F mwv "kmaqlniw' F v \n Ä ]Tn- p. Ct mä kaq-ls \nàh-nn- p- -Xn\v \n Ä v {]bm-k-ap- m- In-Ã. Hcp `q{]-tz-i v PohnXw si«n Sp- p- -Xn\v hyxykvx Xm -cy- -tfmss Hcp-an v Xma-kn- p P\-hn-`m-K-amWv Hcp kaq-l-sa v hnh- n- -s -Sp- -Xv. hn]p-e-amb kmaq-lni k{¼-zm-b- nâ kmaqlniw Hcp `mkwam{x-am-wv. CsXmcp {]txy-i-amb kmaq-lni LSI-ambn hà n p p. kmaq-lni hni-k\ ]cn-]m-sn-i-fpss apjy-e yw {Kma- -fpssbpw Ahn-Sps A{]m-]y-cmb P\- -fpssbpw ka-{k-amb ]ptcm-k-xnbm-wv. {Kma-hn-I-k\ hip- v, {Kmao-W-cmb ]mh-s -«-h-cpss km¼- n-iw, ]mà ns kui-cyw, ASn-Øm\ kuicyw F n-h-bpss hni-k\w ssiimcyw sn p p. kzbw-k-lmb kwl- -fpss kl-i-c-w-t mss hnhn-[- hcp-am-\-zm-bi ]²XnIÄ {Kma-hn-I-k\ hip v \S- m- n-h-cp- p. \oà Sm[n-jvTnX ag-shå kw`-cw kmt -Xn-IX-bn-eqsS Xcn-ip-\n-e- Ä Irjn-tbm-Ky-am n ]cn-hà \w sn p {]hà \w Cu hip v Gsä-Sp- p- p- v. PnÃm {Kma-hn-I-k\ GP³kn (DRDA) ti{µmhnjvirx 43

54 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv ]²-Xn-IÄ Gsä-Sp v \S- m- p asämcp Øm]-\-am-Wv. PnÃm {Kma-hn-I-k\ GP³kn v Iogn \S- m- p {][m\ ]cn-]m-sn-iä Xmsgs msp p- p. kzbwsxmgnâ ]cn]msn kzbw sxmgnâ ]cn]msnifneqss aq v hàj- n-\p-ånâ Hmtcm IpSpw-_- n\pw Zmcn-{Zy-tc-J- a-dn-i-s m³ Ign-bp- -Xm-Wv. A cw ]cm-]m-sn-iä Ch-bm-Wv. 1. kzàwpb n {Kma kztcmkvkà tbmp\ (SGSY) Cu ]cn-]m-sn-bpss Iogn Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv v Xmsg-bpÅ IpSpw-_- Ä v kzbw-sxm-gnâ ]²-Xn-IÄ Gsä-Sp- p- -Xn\v klmbw \ÂIp- p. C s\ aq v hàj- n-\p-ånâ Zmcn{Zy-tcJ adn-i-s- m-\m-ipw. 2. kzàwpb n kztcmkvkà tbmp\ (SSY) {Kmao-W-cmb ]mh-s -«-hà p am{x-ambn (_n.-]n.-fâ hn`m-kw) 1995 G{]n 1 apxâ XpS- nb kzbw-sxm-gnâ ]cn-]m-sn-bm-wn-xv. {Kmao-W-ta-Je-bn sndp-ins kwcw-`- Ä Øm]n- p- -Xn\v Cu ]cn-]msn e yw hbv p- p. 50 ixam\w ]«n-i-pm-xn-þ-hàk nâ \n p-å-hcpw 40 ixam\w kv{xoi-fpw, 10 ix-am\w hni-emw-k-cp-am-bn-cn pw CXnsâ KpW-t`màm- Ä. 3. tziob {KmaoW D]-Po-h-\-ZuXyw (NRLM) Ct mä \S- n-em- n-h-cp kzàwpb n {Kma kztcmkvkà tbmp\bpss asämcp ]Xn mwnxv. tic-f- nse IpSpw-_{io amxr-ibnâ CXv B{Ôm-{]-tZ-in {KmaoW Zmcn{Zyw elq-i-cn- p- -Xn\v \S- m- n-h-cp p. Zcn{Z IpSpw-_- -fnâs «Hcm-sf- nepw, {]txy-in pw h\n-x- Isf CXnsâ KpWt`m-àm-hmbn Is - pw. ka-b-_-ôn-x-amb coxnbnâ kzbw-k-lmb kwl- -sf Cu irwj-e-bnâ sim p-h-cpw. NRLM sâ e yw kzbw-k-lmb kwl- -fn-eqss kmaq-lnine\w krãn- m-sa- m-wv. {XnXe ] m-b- p-iä ti{µoicn v SHG s^u-td-j³ cq]o- I-cn- p-i {][m\ IÀa-]cn]mSn-bm-Wv. Cu ]²Xn 12-þmw ] -h-õc ]²- Xn-tbmsS FÃm PnÃ-I-fnepw t»m p-i-fnepw hym]n- n- m-sa- mwv Dt±-in- p- -Xv, Xmsg- m-wp Nn{Xw Hcp NRLM ]²XnbpsSXmWv. Nn{Xw 15.3 tziob {KmaoW D]-Po-h-\-ZuXyw \S- p Hcp X  ti{µw 44

55 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw thx\w þ sxmgnâ kwcw-`- Ä sxmgn-en\v Iqen ]²Xn {]Imcw Hcp ]mh-s «IpSpw-_- n\v thx\w t\sm³ Ign-bp- -Xm-Wv. CXn-\pÅ ]²-Xn-IÄ Xmsg- -d-bp- -h-bm-wv. 1. PhlÀ {Kmakar²n tbmp\ (JGSY) PhlÀ tdmkvkmà tbmp\bmwv JGSY Bbn ]p\cmhn-jvi-cn ncn- p- Xv. CXnsâ apjy Dt±iy Ä:þ kaq-l- nsâ s]mxp-kz v D m-z\w {Kma-X-e- nâ Imcy- -a-am- p-i. Fkv.kn/Fkv.Sn hn`m-k- Ä på k p-en-x-hn-i-k\w hcp- -pi. sxmgnâclnxcmb ]mh-s -«-hà v A\p-_Ô sxmgnepiä Is - p-i. 2. sxmgn-ep-d v ]²Xn (EAS) 1993 XpS- nb Cu ]²Xn Hcp Bh-iym-\p-krX ]cn-]m-sn-bm-wv. 1999þ CXv ]p\xkwhn-[m\w snbvxp. Zmcn{ZytcJbv v Xmsg A[n-hkn p P\ Ä v tpmen v Iqen \ÂIp ]²-Xn-bm-WnXv. sxmgnâ Ønc-Xbpw k p-enx hni-k-\hpw {]Zm\w snbvxpsim v kmaq-lni imào-i-c-ww Dd- m- p p. 3. almßmkmôn tziob {KmaoW sxmgne- pd- v \nbaw (MGNREGA) 2005þ ]mkm- nbxmwv Cu \nb-aw, {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bnse kv{xo sxmgnem-fn-iä v Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-]p-tcm-KXn ssih-cn- m-\p-x-ip ]²-Xnbm-Wn-Xv. \qdv Znh-ks sxmgn-e-hkcw Cu ]²Xn Dd m p p. Hcp IpSpw-_- nse apxnà AwKw ] m-b- nâ t]cv cpn-ìà snbvxv sxmgnâ ImÀUv t\sp- p. CXn t]cv, hnem-kw, t^mt«m F n-h-bp- m- Ipw. Znhkw 60 cq]-bnâ Ipd-bm thx\w \qdv Znh-ks sxmgnâ Dd- m n \ÂI-W-sa- mwv hyh-ø. At]- n v 15 Znh-k- Ä p-ånâ sxmgnâ \ÂIWw. BgvN-bn 6 Znh-k- nâ IqSmsX 14 Znhkw XpSÀ -bmbn tpmen \ÂI-Ww. ti{µkh saâv ]²-Xn- m-h-iy-amb 90 ix-am\w ^ v \ÂIpw. _m n 10 ix-am\w _Ô-s «kwøm\w \ÂI- Ww. Gem hni-k\ ]cn-]msn (ADP) {]IrXn hn`h Ä icnbmb hn[- nâ D]tbmKn v Ah-bpsS D m-z-\- -ax hà²n n p ]²-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. 1. Xcn-ip-`qan hni-k\ ]cn-]msn (DDP) PnÃm-X-e- nâ Bkq-{XWw snbvxv \S- m- p Cu ]cn-]msn 1995 emw vxps- n-bxv. e y Ä Ch-bm-Wv. \oà Sm[n-jvTnX {]IrXn hn`-h- -fmb `qan, shåw, ] dniä 45

56 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv F nh btym-nnxw D]-tbm-K-s -Sp n {KmaoW P\-X-bpsS km¼- ni ]ptcm-kxn ssih-cn- p-i. a\pjy km¼- ni hn`-h- Ä hni-kn- n v sxmgneh-k-c- Ä krjvsn pi. ]mcnønxni k pe\w hos -Sp- p-i kmaqlni{]hà \w t{]mõmln n pi. kmt XnI ]cnlmc Ä Bh-iy-amb Øm]\ fnâ CS-s]«v Hcp- - Ä sn pi. 2. Xcnip `qan kwtbm-pnx hni-k\ ]cn-]msn (l-cn-bm-en) Gem hnik\]cn]msnbpss Iogn \oà Sm[njvTnX ]cn-]m-sn-iä \S m p- -Xn {KmaoW P\-X-bpsS ] m-fn- w Dd- m pibmwv Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS e yw. 3. {][m\a{ n {Kma ku v tbmp\ (PMGSY) 2000 Unkw-_À 25\v C ymkhs âv XpS- nb ]²XnbmWv.\qdv ixam\w ti{µmhn-jvirx ]²-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. apjy e y Ä Ch-bmWv: FÃm ImemhØbpw tbm-pn- tdmuv KXm-K-Xw. hnzqc {Kma-{]-tZ-i -fn-te v tdmuv KXm-KXw Øm]n- p-i. 4. {KmaoW IpSn-shÅ hnx-c-w-]-²xn {Kmao-W-X-e- nâ IpSn-shÅ hnx-cw pa-xe PnÃm ] m-b- p-i-fnâ AÀ n-x-am-wv. aq v Xc- n-epå IpSn-shÅ ]²Xn \S- m- n-bn-«p- v. ss] neqss-bpå PehnXcWw: 1000 P\kwJybpÅ kaxe{]tzi fnepw 600 t]à h-kn- p Ip n³{]-tz-i -fn-epamwv Cu ]²Xn \S nem p Xv. Ipg nwdpiä: sndnb txmxnâ P\-hm-kapÅ -ti{µ -fnemwv CXp-Å-Xv. sndp-ins Pe-tk-N\w: 500 t]à A[n-h-kn- p {]tz-i -fn-te v IpSn-sh-Å-sa- n- p ]²Xn 5. kwtbm-pnx {KmaoW DuÀP-]-²Xn B`y- c D]-t`m-K- n-\pw ]mn-i n-\p-ambn Xt±-io-b-ambn e`n p DuÀP-t{km-X-Êp-IÄ D]-tbm-K-s -Sp n ]²Xn \S- m- p- p. {KmaoW P\-X-bv p- th- n-bmwv Cu ]²-Xn. k_vknun \nc- nâ AÀl-cmb KpW-t`m-àm- Ä v kui-cy- Ä {]Zm\w sn pw. 6. ssph hmxiw ti{µkhs ânsâ Ccp]Xn\ ]cn]msnbnâ DÄs -Sp- -XmWv tziob ssph-hm-xi hni-k\ ]cn-]m-sn. ]mnimhiy n\v hosp-iätxmdpw _tbmkymkv ¹mâpIÄ Øm]n- p-i-sb- -XmWv Dt±-iyw. iunm-e-b- sf _tbmkymkv ¹mâpIfpambn _Ô-s -Sp n {Kma-X-e- nâ ip²o-i-cw kwhn-[m-\-ap- m- pw. 46

57 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw 7. sndp-ins Pe-tk-N\w hfà psim n-cn p hnhn[ hnfiä v a pw shåhpw F n- p- - XmWv PetkN\ ]cn-]msn. {]IrXn Pe t{kmxêpifmb Umap-IÄ, Pekw-`-c-Wn-IÄ, I\m-ep-IÄ F nh \nàan pibpw ImÀjn-I-ta-J-e-bv m-hiy-amb shåw hnx-cww sn pibp-amwv CXp-sIm v Dt±in p Xv. 8. ]Ýn-a-L«hnI-k\ ]cn-]msn kmaqlni h\hxvicww, a v kwc Ww, sndpins PetkN\hpw, ] dn rjnbpw F nhbmwv {][m-\-ambpw ]Ýn-a-L«hnI-k\ ]cn]msnbpss ]cn-[n-bnâ hcp- Xv. Hcp kwtbm-p\ kao]\ neq-ssbpå \oà Sm[njvTnX ]cn-]m-sn-bm-wn-xv. kmaq-lni klmb ]cn-]m-sn-iä kmaqlni Xn IÄ D q-e\w sn p Xn\v kaq-ls klm-bn- pi sb -XmWv Cu ]²-Xn-bn-eqsS e yw hbv p- -Xv. {][m\ ]cn-]m-sn-iä Ch-bm-Wv. 1. k¼qàw ipnnxz {]Nm-cWw (TSC) C ym Khs âv 1986þ ti{µ {KmaoW ipno-i-cw ]cn-]msn XpS- n. Hmtcm IpSpw_ n\pw I qkv \nàamw- n\v c m-bncw cq]-hoxw hnxcww sn pibmwv Cu ]cn-]m-sn-bnâ. 1999þ Cu ]²Xn ]p\xkwhn- [m\w snbvxp. ticf nse 14 PnÃIfpw Cu ]²-Xn-bn DÄs -Sp- p. Dt±iye y Ä:þ {KmaoW PohnX nsâ ]ptcm-kxn {KmaoW tajebnse ipnoicw {]hà \ Ä DuÀPnXs Sp pi. {KmaoW tajebnse kviqfpifnâ ipnnxzkui-cy- Ä Dd m pi 2. Cµncm Bhmkv tbmp\ (IAY) Cu ]cn-]m-sn-bpss IognÂ, `h-\-c-ln-x-cmb Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv v Xmsg-bp-ÅhÀ v Ccp-]-Xn-\m-bncw cq]-hoxw \ÂIp-w. ]Xn-\m-bncw cq] hosv ]p\-cp- ²m-c-W- n-\pw, ]pi-bnãm ASp- n\pw I q-kn-\p-ambn \ÂIpw. 3. hmbv]m k_vknun {KmaoW `h-\-\nà½mw ]²Xn (CCSSRH) 1999-þ XpS- nb Hcp ]pxnb ]²XnbmWn-Xv. 32,000/þ cq]hsc hcpam\apå Hcp IpSpw_ nâ 40,000/þ cq] hmbv] \ÂIpw. CXn 10,000/þ cq] k_vknunbmbn A\p-h-Zn- p- -Xm-Wv. 4. IpSpw_{io k¼qà Zmcn{Zy \nàamàp\w e yam n ticf Kh saâv Xt±-i-kzbw-`-cW Øm]-\- -fn-eqss \S- m- p ]²XnbmWnXv. cmpys Gähpw henb kv{xo imàoicw ]²-Xnbpw CXm-Wv. ticf nse 50% IpSpw_ sfbpw DÄs m-åp BsI 37 e w AwK fpå Hcp {]Øm-\-ambn IpSpw-_{io hfà n-«p- v. 47

58 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv 5. {KmaoW {Kq v C³jpd³kv ]²Xn C ymkhs ânsâ \nàt±i{]imcw {KmaoW IpSpw_ Ä v kmaqlni kpc Dd- m- p Cu ]²Xn, sse^v C³jpd³kv timà tdj³ Hm^v C³Uy (FÂ.-sF.kn) 1995emWv XpS- nbxv. Cu ]²-Xn-bn tncp GsXm-cmÄ pw 5000/þ cq]bpss dqdâ sse^v IhtdPn\v tbmky-x-bp- m-bn-cn- pw. Cu ]²-Xn-bn c p Xcw t]mfnkniä \ne-hn-ep- v. 1. s]mxp-hn-`mkw : {KmaoW tajebnse FÃm hn`mkw P\- Ä pw th n. 2. k_vknun t]mfnkn : Zmcn{ZytcJbv p XmsgbpÅ IpSpw-_mw-K- Ä p am{x-am-bp-å-xv. Hcp IpSpw-_- n\v Hcp t]mfnkn am{xw. {Kmaþt»m v ] mb piä hgn-bmwv Cu ]²Xn \S m nhcp- Xv. 6. `h\ \nàamw ]²-Xn-IÄ km¼ niambn ]n m mhø-bn-epå P\-hn-`m-K- Ä p-th n Kh saâv hnhn[ `h\ ]²-Xn-IÄ Bkq-{XWw snbvxv \S- m- p- p- v. B{ib, tum. Awt_ZvIÀ, Cµncm Bhmkv tbmp\ F nh CXn {][m-\-s -«-h-bm-wv. {KmaXe- nâ PnÃm ] mb pifmwv Cu ]²Xn \S nem p Xv. Cµncm Bhmkv tbmp\: cq]bnâ Xmsg hcpam\apåhà Cu ]²XnbpsS KpWt`màm fmipw. {Kmak`IfneqsSbmWv KpWt`màm sf Xncsª Sp p Xv. tum. Awt_ZvIÀ `h\ ]²Xn: cq]bnâ Xmsg hcpam\apå `h-\-c-ln-x-cmb ]«nipmxnþhà hn`mk nâs Sp h-cmwv CXnsâ KpW-t`m-àm- Ä. B{ib tbmp\: cq]bnâ Xmsg hcpam\apåhcmwv KpWt`m-àm- Ä. {KmaoW sxmgnâ cln-xà v sxmgnâ {]Zm\w sn piiq-sn-bmwv ]²-Xn-bpsS e yw. 9. PhlÀ {Kma kar²ntbmp\ {KmaXe- nâ ASnØm\kuIcy hnik\ n\pth n \S m p ]²- Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. {Kma mb pifmwv CXnsâ k¼qàw \S- n v NpaXe Gsä-Sp-t - -Xv. ]²Xn Bkq-{X-Whpw \S- m- -ep-saãmw {Kmak`IfpsS AwKo-Im-c- n\v hnt[-b-am-bn- -s. Ømh-c-kz- p- Ä (`q-an) {Kmao-Wcmb ]mh-s -«-hà piqsn hn\n-tbm-kn- m-\på kuicyw Hcp- n-s m v IqSp-X sxmgn-e-h-k-c- Ä krãn- p-i-bmwv ]²-Xn-bpsS BXy- ni e yw. taâ -dª ]²-Xn-I-sfÃmw {Kmao-W-cmb ZpÀ_e P\-hn-`m-K- -fpss \ -bv p-th- n-bm-wv. {]hà \w 7.6 I. ]qcn n pi 1....C ym Khs ânsâ {Kmao-W-hn-I-k\ 48

59 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw a{ m-e-b- nsâ ]cn]msniä \S m p GP³kn-bm-Wv aq v hàj n\pånâ Zmcn{ZytcJ adn-i-s- m³ IpSpw-_- sf klmbn p p , k¼qà Zmcn{Zy \nà½mà\p n\mbn ticf Khs âv \S m p ]²-Xn-bmWv. 4. {][m\a{ n {Kma kmuiv tbmp\ XpS- nb hàjw... {]hà \w. 7.7 icnbmbxv Xncsª Sp pi. 1. kaqlw F XpsIm v AÀY-am- p- Xv... (Pohn p `q{]tziw, Hcp-Iq«w P\- Ä) 2. kmaq-lni hni-k-\- nsâ {][m\ e yw... ({KmaoW P\XbpsS ka{k hnik\w, \KchmknIfpsS hnik\w, {KmaoW \KchmknIfpsS hnik\w) 3. DRDA \S m p Xv... (ti{µ nsâ kvt]m kàjnt mspiqsn \S p \Kc nse ]cn]msn (ti{µw \S- m- p {KmaoW]cn]mSnIÄ, {]mtzini ]cn-]m-sniä) 4. kzbwsxmgnâ kwcw-`- Ä IpSpw_ sf Zmcn{ZytcJbn \n v apà-am- m³... hàj Ä th n-hcpw. (3, 5, 8) {KmaoWcmb ]mhs «hcpss kzbwsxmgnâ ]²-XnbmWv. (kzàwpb n {KmakztcmkvKÀ tbmp\, kzàwpb n kztcmkvkà tbmp\, tziob {KmaoW D]---Po-h-\-ZuXyw) {]hà \w 7.8 tncpw]sn tnà pi. 1. F tziob {KmaoW D]---Po-h-\-ZuXyw _n \qdv Zn\ sxmgnepd v 2. tpmen v Iqen ]²Xn thx\ k¼m-z\w 3. tziob {KmaoW sxmgn-ep-d v \nbaw 2005 kmaq-lni ] m-fn w 4. {]IrXn hn`h fpss ]cn-k-w\ Gem hnik\ ]cn]msn 5. ti{µmhnjvirx ]²Xn {][m\a{ n {Kma kuiv tbmp\ {]hà \w 7.9 icntbm sxtäm F p ]dbpi. 1. k¼qàw ipnnxz {]Nm-cWw ticf nse 8 PnÃIfn A\p-h-Zn v \S- m n hcp- p. 2. hmbv]m þ k_vknun ]²-Xn-b-\p-k-cn- på ]mà ns ]²Xn 1999 emwv XpS- n-b-xv. 3. ticf nâ k¼qàw Zmcn{Zy \nàamàp\w e y-am n \S- n-em- n-h-cp ]²-Xn-bmWv IpSpw_{io. 4. \½psS {KmaoW IpSnshÅ hnxcww kwøm\ n\v Hcp henb {]iv\aã. 49

60 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv 5. kwtbmpnx {KmaoW DuÀP]cn]mSn {][m\ambpw {KmaoW P\XsbbmWv e y-an-sp- -Xv. {]hà \w 7.10 ]qcn n pi 1....]pcpj imàoicw n\på Gähpw henb ]cn]msnbmwv. 2. kwtbm-pnx Xcn-ip-`qan hni-k\ ]cn-]msn... t]cnepw Adn-b-s -Sp- Xv ti{µmhnjvirx ]²-Xn-IÄ \S- m- p DbÀ GP³kn-bmWv 7.5 kmaqlni hnik\ nâ Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ Ä snep- p kzm[o\w \nb-a-]-cn-[n- p-ånâ \n p-sim v Xt±-io-b-cmb P\- -fpss Xm -cy-{]- Imcw s]mxp-im-cy- Ä \nàh-ln- p A[n-Im-chpw D -c-hm-zn-xz-hpapå {]mtz-ini kà mcpi-fmwv Xt±-i-kz-bw-`-cW Øm]-\- Ä Â Ah-km-\n- p km¼- ni hàj- w hnhn[ ]²-Xn-IÄ ssih-cn t\«- Ä a\-ên-em- m³ Xmsg- m-wp ]«ni {i²n- mâ axn. \w ]«ni 1.2: hnzymà niä amxribm p Xn\mbn NCERT ip]màisnbvxn«å PohnX aqey- Ä ]²XnbpsS t]cv kzàwpb n kztcmkvkà tbmp\ Cµncm Bhmkv tbmp\ tziob {KmaoW sxmgnepd v ]²Xn k¼qàw ipnnxz Iym¼-bn³ kwtbm-pnx Xcn-ip-`qan hni-k\ ]²Xn {]hà \ nsâ C\w kzbw-k-lmb kwl- Ä apxâ cq]o-i-cn p \S- p-hàjw cq]oicn SHG apxâ klmbw e`n SHG IÄ \S v hàj w SHG v e`n klmbw SHG bnâ tnà AwK Ä hyànkx ]²Xn v e`n klmbw \yq\-] Ä v e`n klmbw hnx-cww sn p sxmgnâimàupiä I qkv \nà½mww iunm-eb \nàamww kviqä I qkv \nà½mww _mehmsniä v \nà½n I q-kp-iä \S- m- nb taje t\«ä (F w) slivtsgvkv 50

61 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw 7.6 kmaqlni hnik\ nâ GÀs Sp aäv GP³knIÄ {KmaoW P\XbpsS t a- n-\p-th n \nc-h[n GP³knIÄ {]hà n p p v. Ahbn NneXv Xmsg ]cm-aàin p p PnÃm {KmaoW hni-k\ GP³knIÄ (DRDA) C y³ skmsskäokv cpnkvt{sj³ \nb-a-{]-imcw PnÃm-X-e- nâ ]²- Xn-\nÀh-l-W- nsâ taât\m«w hln- p- p. C ym Kh saânsâ {KmahnIk\ a{ m-ebw \S- m- p hni-k\ ]²-Xn-IÄ Gsä-Sp v \S- m- p Gähpw {][m-\s «GP³kn-bm-Wn-Xv. CXn\p Iogn {]hà n p {]txyi hn`m-k- Ä:þ 1. kwø-m\ Xncsª Sp v I½oj³ Xt±ikzbw-`-cW Øm]-\- -fn-te- på Xncsª Sp v \S- p `c-w-l- S\m Øm]-\-am-Wn-Xv. hmàuv ]p\à\nàwbw \S- p- Xpw Cu I½o-j- \m-wv. \nb-a- nâ hogvn-h-cp- p ] m-b v/ap\n-kn- m-enän/timà td-j³ AwK- sf Atbm-Ky-cm- m-\på A[n-Im-chpw I½o-j-\n \n n- ]vx-amwv. 2. ticf C³Ìnäyq«v Hm^v tem  AUvan\nkvt{Sj³ (KILA) {]mtzini `cw n\pw A[nImc hnti{µoicw n\pw Bh-iy-amb ]cn-io-e\w \ÂIp Øm]-\-am-Wn-Xv. hnti-{µo-i-cw `c-w- nâ hcmhp {]iv\- Ä ]cn-l-cn- p- -Xn-\v, Xmsg- -«nâ ]cn-io-e\w, \b]camb D]tZiw, KthjWw, k¼à ]cn-]msn, hnh-c-hn-\n-abw F o ]cn-]m- Sn-IÄ kwl-sn- n- p hcp p apxâ Xt±-i-`-cW Øm]-\- Ä p-th- n-bpå Kth-j-W- n\pw ]cn-io-e-\- n-\p-apå t\muâ GP³kn-bmbn ticf kà mà Cu Øm]-\s Npa-X-e-s -Sp- n-bn-«p- v. Xncp-hn-Xmw- IqÀ þ sim n enäddn kbân^niv Bâv Nmcnä_nÄ skmsskän BIvSv 1957 {]Imcw cpnìà snbvxv {]hà n p kzbw`cw Øm]-\-am- WnXv. {Kmaþ\Kc \nàh-l-w- n\v FÃm-hn-[- nepw klm-bn- p GI Øm]-\-am-Wn-Xv. 3. Xt±ikzbw-`-cW Øm]-\- Ä m-bpå Hmw_p-Uvkvam³ Xt±i`cW Øm]-\- -fnâ \S- p hni-k\ {]hà \ -fnse N«-hncp-²-amb Imcy- sf XS-bn-Sp- -Xn\v k¼qàw-amb A[n-Im-c-apÅ Øm]-\-am-Wn-Xv. {KmahnIk\ I½o-j-W-td-äp-ambn tnà v {Kma-hn-I-k\ hip v kmaq-lni hni-k-\- nâ henb ] mwv hln- p-sim- n-cn- p- - Xv  A[nImchntI{µoIcWw \S- m- n-b-txm-ss-bmwv Cu Øm]- \hpw XpS- p- -Xv. PnÃm-X-e- nâ If-ÎÀamÀ Npa-X-e- m-c-m-bn-cn- pw. sam - n-epå \nb-{ -Whpw taât\m-«hpw {Kma-hn-I-k\ I½njWtdäv Bbn-cn pw HtÎm-_À 2þ-\mWv {Kma-hn-I-k\ hip v {]hà \w Bcw-`n- p- -Xv. 4. kwøm\ hni-k\ Iu knâ a{ n-k` sam - n-epw, apjya{ n, No^v sk{i«dn, PnÃm ] mb v 51

62 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv {]knuâpamà kwøm\ Bkq-{XW t_màuv sshkv snbàam\pw aäv \ne-hm-c- -fn-epå Xt±-i-`-cW Øm]-\- -fpss {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ F n-hà DÄs m-åp- -Xm-bn-cn pw kan-xn. \b-cq-]o-i-c-w- nepw ]²Xn \nàh-l- W- nepw Cu kan-xn v D -X-amb A[n-Im-c-ap v. 5. Xt±ikzbw-`-cW Øm]-\- Ä m-bpå ss{s_qwepiä PnÃm/taJem Xe- -fnâ {]hà n p Cu Øm]-\- Ä Xt±ikzbw-`cW Øm]-\- -fpss taepå ]cm-xn-iä ti«v XoÀ p I n- m-\p-å- Xm-Wv. A\p-aXn ]{X- Ä ssek³kv F nh \ÂIp- -Xnse A]m-I-X- Ifpw CXnsâ ]cn-[n-bnâ hcpw. 6. kwøm\ [\-Imcy I½nj³ `cwls\ hn`m-h\w sn p Xp-t]m-epÅ A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i- -fmwv CXn-\p-Å-Xv. {]hà \w 7.11 I. icntbm sxtäm F v tcjs Sp pi. 1. A[n-Imc hnti{µoicw- n-sâbpw {]mtzini `cw nsâbpw ]cymbambn ticf C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v tem  AUvan-\n-kvt{S-js\ Icp- Xm-hp- -XmWv. 2. kwøm\ hni-k\ Iu knâ PnÃm / tajem Xe fnâ cq]-hâ cn ncn- p- Xv (ss{s-_yq-w-ep-iä) {]mtz-ini kà mcpi-fpss Xocp-am-\- - fnepw {]hà \ -fn-ep-å ]cm-xn-iä XoÀ p-iâ n p-hm³ Npa-X-e-s «thzn-bm-wv. 3. Xt±-i-`-cW Øm]-\- -fnâ \S- p Xncn-a-dn-IÄ XS-bp- -Xn\pw ]cm-xn- IÄ XoÀ p-iâ n- p- -Xn-\p-ambn PpUo-jy A[n-Im-c-t mss {]hà n p Øm]-\-amWv Hmw_pUvkvam³. {]hà \w 7.12 tncpw]sn tnà pi 1. Ine þ Hmw_pUvkvam³ 2. kwøm\ hnik\ Iu knâ þ dnkà v 3. Xt±-i-`-cW Øm]-\- Ä på ss{s_yqwâ þ Ce ³ \S m³ 4. Xncsª Sp v I½oj³ þ tem  skâ^v Khs âns\xncmbn «på A oâ \ÂI 5. D Xm[nImc Øm]\w þ t]mfnkn \nà½mww 7.7 kw{klw Cu A[ym-b- n-ep-s-\ofw \½Ä Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]\ sf p-dn pw, ] mb ocmpns\ p-dn- pw hni-z-ambn NÀ snbvxp. ] mb ocmpv F k  w Dcp- n-cn-bp- Xv {_n«ojv `cwime mwv. 'cmpv' F ]Zw AÀYam p- Xv Khs âv F mwv. KmÔnPn ] mb ocmpn\p th n hmzn- -Xv, kzbw-]-cym]vx {Kma- sf kz]v\w-i- p-sim- m-wv.- Hcp hnti{µoirx kà mà cq]-am-bn. hni-k\ ]cn-]m-sn-iä kz w-\n-e-bnâ 52

63 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw \S- m- p \ne-hm-c- n-te v Xt±ikzbw-`-cW Øm]-\- Ä DbÀ p-ign-ª p. PnÃm {Kma hnik\ GP³kn, C ym Kh saâ nsâ {Kma-hn-Ik\ hip v \S- m- p hnhn[ ti{µmhnjvirx ]²-Xn-I-fpsS \S- n v Npa-X-e-bpÅ DbÀ kwl-s-\-bm-wv. Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv v Xmsg-bpÅ IpSpw- _- -fnse Zmcn{Zy \nàamàp-\-amwv Cu ]²-Xn-I-sfÃmw e yw shbv p- -Xv. Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]-\- Ä \nb-a-]-c-ambn cq]-hâ cn -s «kwhn- [m-\-am-wv. kzx{ Øm]-\- -fmbn Cu {]mtzini kà mcpiä v {]hà n m\m-hpw. ] mb v, ap\nkn m-enän, timà -td-j³ F nh aq pw tnà v Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]-\- Ä F mwv ]d-b-s -Sp- -Xv. A[n-Im-c-hn-tI{µoIc-W- nsâ Imcy- nâ Cu Øm]-\- Ä henb kw`m-h-\-bmwv \½psS cmpy v snbvxp-sim- n-cn- p- -Xv. Xt±ikzbw`cW Øm]-\- fpss Iogn \nc-h[n A\p-_Ô Øm]-\- fpw ]cn-io-e-\-ti{µ fpw {]hà n p p- v. ] m-b v hip- v, \Kc-Imcy hip- v, {Kma-hn-I-k\ I½o-j-W-tdäv F nh aq v a{ m-e-b- - fpss Iogn-emWv tic-f- nâ {]hà n psim- n-cn- p- -Xv. CXp kw_- Ôn v Cu A[ym-b-- nâ hni-z-ambn ]cm-aàin- p- p- v. Cu A[ymbw hmbn Xn-\p-tijw kmaq-lni hni-k-\- nâ kà mcpw hnhn[ Xt±i kzbw-`-cw Øm]-\- fpw hln- p ] n-s\- än IrXyamb hnhcw \n Ä p- m-ipw. Xmsg-s m-sp- n-cn- p amxrim D -c- -fn-te v It m-sn- n«v 'htbm-p-\-þ-xp-sàhn-zym-`ymkw' F ASp A[ymb nte v IS- mw {]hà \ fpss amxrim D c Ä {]hà \w {]mtz-in-iw, kwøm-\w, ti{µw 2. ] mb v, ap\nkn menän, timà tdj³ \nipxnhâ -cww {]hà \w {Kma kan-xn-iä þ k`iä 2. ] m-b v þ A wk Iu knâ 3. ]Xvhmcn þ HutZym-Kn-I-tcJm kq n- p-imà 4. tdmbâ I½o-j³ þ samt -Kp-þ-sNwkv-t^mUv ]cnjvim-c- Ä þ

64 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv {]hà \w ] 2. PmXo-b-Xbpw P³an k{¼-zm-bhpw 3. Khs âv Hm^v C y BÎv {KmakzcmPv {]hà \w IpSnshÅ hnxcwhpw aen-\-pe \nà½màp\ kwhn-[m-\hpw 2. {]my-ani Btcm-Ky-tI{µ fpw {]my-ani kviqfp-ifpw Øm]n- pi {]hà \w icn 2. sxäv 3. sxäv 4. icn {]hà \w PnÃm {KmaoWhnIk\ GP³kn (DRDA) 2. kzbwsxmgnâ]cn-]msn 3. IpSpw_{io lcnbmen {]hà \w Hcp Iq«w P\- Ä 2. {KmaoW P\ fpss ka{k hnik\w 3. ti{µmhnjvirx {KmaoW ]cn]msniä kzàwpb n kzckvkmà tbmp\ {]hà \w tziob {KmaoW D]---Po-h-\-ZuXyw þ kmaqlni AWn-\n-c-  2. tpmen v Iqen ]²Xn þ Iqen k¼m-z\w 54

65 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw 3. tziob {KmaoW sxmgn-ep-d v \nbw 2005 þ \qdvzn\ sxmgn-ep-d v 4. {]IrXn hn`h fpss ]cn-k-w\ þ Gem hnik\w 5. ti{µmhnjvirx ]²Xn þ {][m\a{ n {Kma kuiv tbmp\ {]hà \w sxäv 2. icn 3. icn 4. sxäv 5. icn {]hà \w IpSpw_{io 2. lcnbmen 3. ssph hmxi ]²Xn \S- m- Â {]hà \w icn 2. sxäv 3. icn {]hà \w Ine þ ]cn-io-e-\hpw Kth-j-Whpw kwl-sn- n- pi 2. kwøm\ hnik\ Iu knâ þ \b-cq-]o-i-cww 3. Xt±-i-`-cW Øm]-\- Ä på ss{s_yqwâ þ ] m-b- p-i-fpss Xocp-am-\- n-s\-xnsc A oâ 4. Xncsª Sp v I½nj³ þ Xncsª Sp v \S- pi 5. D Xm[nImc Øm]\w þ Hmw_pUvkvam³ 7.9 A[ymbhkm\ tnmzy Ä 1. ] mb o cmpns\ pdn v Hcp elp-hn-h-cww X m-dm- pi. 2. Hmw_pUvkvam³, Ine F n-hsb \nàhnn pi. 55

66 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw A[ymbw 8: htbmp\ XpSÀhnZym`ymk ]cn]msn BapJw ]Tt\mt±iy Ä htbmp\ þ XpSÀ hnzym`ymkw htbmp\ hnzym`ymkw þ ImgvN msv htbmp\ hnzym`ymkw C ybnâ {][m\ htbmp\ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msniä XpSÀ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msniä 8.4. km c `mcxv Dt±iy Ä A[ym]\ þ A[yb\ ]cn]msn sxmgne[njvtnx hnzym`ymk nsâ {]m[m\yw amt\pvsaâv LS\ 8.5 sxmgne[njvtnx hnzym`ymkw sxmgne[njvtnx hnzym`ymk ImgvN mspiä sxmgne[njvtnx hnzym`ymk X z Ä sxmgne[njvtnx hnzym`ymk nsâ {]m[m\yw sxmgne[njvtnx hnzym`ymk nsâ t\«ä 8.6 kv{xo imàoicww kv{xo imàoicw ImgvN msv kv{xo imàoicw nsâ {]m[m\yw kv{xoifpss ] pw imàoicwhpw km¼ ni hnik\hpw kv{xo imàoicwhpw kv{xo imàoicw nsâ XSÊ Ä 8.7 kw{klw 8.8 {]hà \ Ä på amxrim D c Ä 8.9 A[ymbmhkm\ tnmzy Ä kqnni A[nI hmb\bv v B[mc{KÙ Ä {]XnIcWt mzy Ä 8.1 BapJw htbmp\ Ä v AhcpsS Adnhv hnikn n m\pw kv{xoiä v ]pcpj³amtcmssm w Imcy aambn D chmznxz Ä \nàhln m\pw Ignbp kmlncy nâ am{xta kmaqlni hnik\w hnpbicambn km[yamiq. Ignª A[ymb nâ hnik\ \b fpw ]cn]msnifpw hnik\ GP³knIfpw Fs v \n Ä a\ênem nbtã? C\n \ap v htbmp\ þ XpSÀhnZym`ymk ]cn]msnisf Ipdn v ]Tn mw. kzmx{ y n\v tijw hnhn[ kà mcpiä \S nem nb ]cn]msnifmb, sxmgne[njvtnx hnzym`ymkhpw, kv{xo imàoicw {]hà -\- fpw a\- Ên-em mw PohnX nâ hnzym`ymk n\på {]m[m\ys pdn v \n Ä XnIª t_m[hm³amcmbncn Ww. hnzym`ymkw Hcp BPoh\m {]{Inb BsW pw \n Ä a\ênem Ww. kmaqlni amä n\på 56

67 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv iànbmà A[ymbamWnXv. kmaqlnihpw km¼ ni hpamb \oxn t\sp Xn\v BXy niambn hnzym`ymkw klmbiamip p. \½psS cmpy v \S nem nb hnhn[ htbmp\ hnzym`ymk þ kv{xoimàoicw ]cn]msnifmwv Cu A[ymb nâ hnizam p Xv. Hcn  C mcy sfms a\ênem nignª mâ \n Ä pw Cu ]cn]msnifnâ Hcp kpoh {]hà I\mbn amdmw. \n Ä v In«p CSthf kab Ä kz w kaql nâ CS]gIn aäpåhcpss kmaqlni km¼ ni hyhø sa s Sp p Xn\pÅ Ahkc sf pdn v t_m[ys Sp mw. 8.2 ]Tt\mt±iy Ä Cu A[ymbw Ignbp txmss \n Ä C\n kqnn- n- p Adn-hp-IÄ BÀÖn- n-cn- Ww hnhn[ htbmp\ þ XpSÀ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msnisf pdn v hnizoicn p Xn\ v, C ymkh saâ nsâ Ct mgs km c `mcxv ]²Xnsb pdn v hnizoicn p Xn\v, sxmgne[njvtnx hnzym`ymk nsâ BhiyIXbpw {]m[m\yhpw a\ênem p Xn\v, kv{xo imàoicw nsâ {]m[m\yw ]cntim[n p Xn\v, \nehnepå kv{xo imàoicw nsâ {]tbmk X{ Ä hniie\w sn p Xn\v, 8.3 htbmp\ þ XpSÀhnZym`ymkw \n fnâ IqSpX t]cpw htbmp\ þ XpSÀ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msnisf pdn v t\cn«v Adnbp hcpw, sndpxpw hepxpamb txmxnâ AXn ] mfnifmbn«påhcpw Bbncn pw. htbmp\ þ XpSÀ hnzym`ymks pdn v \n Ä F mwv a\ênem nbncn p Xv? AXnsâ ImgvN msp IÄ Fs ms bmwv? sndp-{]m-b- nâ kviqfnâ t]mim³ Ign-bm-Xn-cn- p apxnà -hà p- th- n-bpå hnzym-`ymk kui-cy- -fmwv s]mxphnâ htbm-p\ hnzym- `ymkw sim p-t±-in- p- -Xv. htbm-p\ hnzym-`ym-k- n-eqss bymày a\pjys\ krjvsn- pi F Xe- n-te v CXv amdn-bn-«p- v. imco-cn-iwþ _u²n-iþkmaq-ln-iþkm¼- n-iþkuµ-cym-ßiþxe- Ä - pdw am{x-aã [màan-ihpw Bßo-b-hp-amb amà - n-eqss a\p-jys\ icn-bmb AÀY- nâ hnzym-k-¼- \pw kwkvim-ck¼- -\p-am- p- -Xn\mWv htbm-p\ hnzym-`ymkw Du  simsp- p- Xv. hnhn[ \ne-hm-c- n-epå ]Tn-Xm- Ä p-th- n Kh saâv AXnsâ hnhn[ hip- p-iä kwtbmpn- n v htbmp\ þ A\u-]-Nm-cnI hnzym-`ymk ]cn-]m-sn-iä \S- m- n-bn-cn- p- p. \h-km- -cà pw \nc- -cà p-ambn C ym-k-h saâv hnhn[ ]cn-]m-sn-iä XpS- n-bn-«p- v. kwøm\ Kh saâv C cw ]²-Xn-IÄ Bkq-{XWw snbvxv \S- n-em- n-h-cp- p. 57

68 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw kà m-cn-xc kwl-s-\-ifpw Cu {]hà -\- -fnâ Kh saâv ]cn-]m-sn-ifnâ ]s -Sp- p- p htbmp\ hnzym`ymkw: ImgvN- msv ImtemNnXambn htbm-p\ hnzym-`ym-k- nsâ ImgvNv m-sp-i-fnâ auen-iamb amä- Ä kw`-hn- p-sim- n-cn- p- p. km -cx am{x-aã htbm-p\ hnzym-`ymkw, Npäp-]m-Sp-IÄ, {]iv\- Ä, Ah-Im-i- fpw IS-a-Ifpw F nhsb pdns- Ã- ma- på XnIª Aht- _m[- a- mwv CXps- Im v Dt±i- n - p - X- v. 15hb-Ên\v api-fnâ {]mb-ap-å-hà mwv Cu A\u-]-Nm-cnI hnzym-`ymk k{¼-zmbw \S- m- p- -Xv. PohnXkw-_-Ôn--bm-bXpw BPo-h-\m- -hp-amb Hcp hnzym-`ymk ]²-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. Adn--hv, ss\]p-wyw, P\- -tfm-spå kao- ]-\w F n-h-bnâ KpW-]-c-amb amä-ap- m- pibmwv CXnsâ {]txy-i-x. Bh-iym-\p-kcWhpw kàh-x-e-kv]àin-bp-amwv CXnsâ kao-]\ coxn. ]co- -WmÀ hpw _lp hnj-bm-ßihpamb kao]\- n-\mwv Cu ]T\ k{¼-zm-b- nâ {]m[m-\yw. htbm-p\ hnzym-`ymk neqss A\p- `húm\w, D chmznxzw, ]Iz-X, k p-en-xm-hø F nh BÀPn- m³ ]TnXm Ä v Ign-bWw. {]hà \w 8.1 (CXn\v 15 an\n«v kabw FSp mw) I. ]qcn n pi. 1. htbmp\ hnzym`ymksa mâ... Dw {]mb- mà v th n-bmwv Dt±-in- p- -Xv e y-am- p- Xv Adn-hv, ss\]p-wyw, P\- -tfm-spå kao- ]\w F n-h-bnâ KpW-]-c-amb amäw krjvsn- -em-wv. II. icntbm sxtämsb v FgpXpI. 1. htbmp\hnzym`ymkw PohnX_²amWv. 2. ]co- -Wm-ßI ]T\ coxnbv v htbm-p\ hnzym-`ymkw Du  simsp- p- n-ã. III. htbmp\hnzym`ymkw sim v \n -sf- mwv AÀYam p Xv? htbmp\ hnzym`ymkw C ybnâ C\n \ap v C y-bnse htbm-p\ hnzym-`ymk ]cn-]m-sn-isf Ipdn v a\-ênem- mw. C y³ hnzym-`ymk cwk- nsâ ]Ým- ew a\-ên-em- p- -Xn\pw AXp-hgn \n -fpss kaq-l- n-epå hn`h t{kmx-êp-iä F s\ Is - m-sa- -Xn\pw CXv klm-b-i-am-bn-cn- pw. ]pcm-x\ C y-bnse hnzym-`ym-k- nsâ Bcw`w Is pi F Xv hfsc {]b-xv\-i-c-am-sbmcp ZuXy-am-Wv _n.kn apxâ 1200 F.-Un. hsc-bpå Ime-L-«- n-emwv C y-bnse ]pcm-x\ hnzym-`ymkw \ne-\n- n-cp- -Xv. Xm zn-ihpw kmaq-ln-i-hp-amb kml-n-cy- sf ASn-Øm-\-am- n-bmwv hnhn[ hnzym-`ymk k{¼-zm-b- Ä hni-kn- p-h- -Xv. P\- -fpss [mà½n-ihpw kmaqlnihp-amb IS-a-IÄ t_m[y-s -Sp- pi F -XmWv hnzym-`ym-k- nsâ {]my-ani e yw. B[p- 58

69 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv \ni C y-bnâ hnzym-`ymk ]cn-]m-sn-iä cq]w simåp- Xv kzmx-{ y-{]m- ]vxn-tbm-ss-bmsw v \ap v a\-ên-em- m-\m-hpw. \nc- -cx ]m]hpw \nµyhp-amsw v Icp-Xnb KmÔnPn CXv ]cnlcn- p- -Xn\v ITn-\-amb ]cn-{i-a- -fn-teàs -Sm³ Blzm\w snbvxp. 3 R IÄ AXm-bXv dounwkv (hm-b-\) ssdänwkv (F-gp- v) AcnXvam-änIv (I-W- v) F nh apxnà -h-scbpw Ip«n-I-sfbpw \nà_-ô-ambpw ]Tn- n- -W-sa v At±lw \njviàjn- p. kzmx{ ym\ c C ybnse Kh saâv, htbmp\ hnzym`ymk nsâ BhiyIX Xncn dnª p. CXv km[mcw msc AhcpsS AhImi sf pdn pw D chmznxz sf pdn pw t_m[hm³amcm p Xn\pw kmaqlni hnik\ {]hà \ fnâ ] mfnifm p Xn\pw klmbn p {][m\ htbmp\ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msniä \nc ccpss F w AÛpXIcambn s]cpip Xv a\ênem nb C ym Kh saâv htbmp\ hnzym`ymk cwk v \nch[n {]txyi ]cn]msniä \S m n. Hmtcm ]cn]msnisf pdn papå elphnhcww Xmsg s msp p p. CXv \n Ä v \nc cxm{]iv\w ]cnlcn p Xn\pÅ \qx\ Bib Ä ]IÀ p \ÂIpw. 1. kmaqlnihnzym`ymkw kzmx{ yw In«nb DS³Xs C ym Kh saâv kmaqlni hnzym`ymk ]cn]msn \S nem n. kmaqlni {]hà \ neqss kmaqlni ]ptcmkxn F Xmbncp p e yw. ]ucsâ AhImi sf pdn pw ISaIsf pdn pw t_m[ys Sp pi F Xmbncp p {][m\ Dt±iyw. P\ fpss D mz\tijn hn]pes Sp p Xn\pw k¼qàwhpw k¼ hpamb PohnX nte v \bn p Xn\pw Cu ]cn]msniä Du  simsp p p. kmaqlni nsâbpw cmpy nsâbpw Xm cy Ä v hnt[bambn kz w Xm cy sf cq]s Sp pisb Xv asämcp {][m\ e yambncp p. A[ym]IÀ, hnzymk¼ À, bq v ºpIÄ, alnfm kamp Ä, k ² kmaqlni kwls\iä F nhbpss klmbt mssbmwv Cu ]cn]msnisfãmw \S m nbxv. 1952 kmaqlni hnik\ ]cn]msn XpS nbtxmss kmaqlni hnzym`ymkw, hnik\ ]cn]msnifnâ apjyøm\w t\sm\pw XpS n. CXnsâ `mkambn km cxm ti{µ Ä, kmaqlni ti{µ Ä, hmb\imeiä, P\Xm timtfppiä F nh cmpyhym]iambn Bcw`n p. 2. {Kmain samlow 1952  {Kmain samlow F t]cnâ Hcp {]Øm\w almcmjv {Sbnse k mcm PnÃbn Bcw`n p. c p hàj n\nsbnâ Cu ]cn]msn AhnSps FÃm PnÃIfnte pw hym]n n p. almcmjv{sbnse km cxm \nc v h³txmxnâ DbÀ m³ CXv klmbiambn. 59

70 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw 3. IÀjI hnzym`ymkhpw {]hr yp³apj km cxbpw km cxm {]Øm\w 1960 Ifn XpS nb ]pxnb ImgvN msmwv. 1967þ68 Ime mwv FFLP (Farmers Functional Literarcy Programme) F Npcp t cnâ Adnbs Sp Cu ]cn]msn {]mtbmkniambn XpS nbxv. \nc cà pw `mkni km ccmb IÀjIÀ pambn XpS nb Cu ]²Xn DbÀ KpW\nehmcw ssihcn m³ Ignª XmWv (HYVP). CXv IÀjIsc km cx t\sp Xn\pw Irjn hnúm\w k¼mzn p Xn\pw henb txmxnâ klmbn p. CXnsâ KpWt`màm fmbn h Xv IÀjIcmWv. AhÀ v ]pxnb ImÀjnI coxn Ahew_n p Xn\v Cu ]cn]msniä {]tbmp\{]zambn. 4. {KmaoW {]hr yp³apj km cxm ]cn]msn ( RFLP) (Rural Functional Literarcy Programme) IÀjI hnzym`ymk {]hr yp³apj km cxm ]cn]msnbmwv (FFLP) {KmaoW km cxm ]cn]msnbmbn ]p\à\maicww sn s «Xv. tziob htbmp\ hnzym`ymk (NAEP) ]cn]msnbpss Bhn-jvI-c-W-t m-s- \p-_-ôn v Bcw-`n Cu ]cn-]msn {][m\ambpw e yw h Xv {KmaoW \nc c P\XsbbmWv. IÀjIscbpw CXn DÂs mån ncp p. CXv Nne kwøm\ fnâ hnzym`ymk hip pw Nne kwøm\ fnâ {Kma hnik\ hip pamwv CX-v GsäSp v \S m nbxv. CXnsâ `mk-ambn htbmp\ þ hnzym`ymk ti{µ Ä {KmaoW tajebnâ Bcw`n p. 5. tziob htbmp\ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msn (NAEP) 15 \pw 35\pw CSbn {]mbapå 10 timsn \nc ccmb apxnà hsc A v hàj n\pånâ km ccm m\på e yan«mwv 1978 HIvtSm_À 2\v Cu ]cn]msn Acw`n Xv. CXnsâ ssk²m ni LS\ cq]s Sp nbxv {][m\ambpw Xmsg dbp aq v e y fpss ASn d bnemwv. kmaqlniambpw km¼ niambpw ]n m mhøbnepåhà km cx t\sn ss\]pwyw ssihcn pi. AhÀ nsbnse \nêlmbxsb AXnPohn v kzm{ibxzw ssihcn pi. sxmgnâ]camb sshzkv[yw DbÀ pi. 6. {]hr yp³apj _lpp\ km cxm ]cn]msn (MPFL) kmaqlni ]n pwbpw klmbhpw Dd m p Hcp P\Iob ]cn]msn bmwnxv. A[ym]IcpsS kpohamb ] mfn t mssbpå \nc cxm \nàamàp\amwv e yw. Hcp {]hà I kwlambn Hcp henb hn`mkw P\ fnâ kmaqlni amä nsâ AesbmenIÄ F n pi F XmWv Cu _lpp\ {]Øm\ nsâ BXy ni e yw. kàhiemime A[ym ]IÀ, hnzymà niä, kviqä þ timtfpv A[ym]I hnzymà niä, sxmgnemfn kwls\m {]hà IÀ, ] mb v cmpv GP³knIÄ, k ² kwls\iä F nhscãmw AW-n tncp XmWv Cu ]cn]msn. \mjwâ kàhokv kviow (NSS) hmfâobàamà \mjwâ tiuäv 60

71 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv timà vkv (NCC) `S³amÀ F nhcpw CXn kpoh ] mfn w hln p. \nc ccpss sndp kwl Ä e yw h mbncp p {]hà \ ]²Xn. 7. tziob km cxm anj³ (NLM) '\nc cxm \nàamàö\ n\på kmt XnI ZuXyw Ct mä tziob km cxm anj³ F mwv Adnbs Sp Xv. htbmp\ hnzym`ymk tajebnâ ka{k ti{µmhnjvirx ]²Xnbm n 1988emWv CXv hnikn n Xv. cmpys hnik\ nâ \nàwmbi ] v hln m³ siâ på 15\pw 35\pw CSbn {]mbapå \nc cscbmwv anj³ e yw h Xv. tziob {]Xn_²X, ]TnXm sfbpw A[ym]Iscbpw t{]mõmln n pi, _lpp\] mfn w, kmt XnI þ A[ym]\ coxn, Imcy amb \S n pw \nco Whpw F nhsbãmw AhiyLSI fmbn hà n p. Hcp Kh saâv ^ nwkv ]cn]msn F \nebnâ \n pw XnI pw Hcp P\Iob ]cn]msnbmbn CXns\ ]cnhà n n pi F e yt mss tziob km cxm anj³ CXns\ Hcp P\Iob {]Øm\am n hfà n. tziob km cxm anj³ GsäSp {][m\ ]cn]msniä k¼qàw km cxm búw km cxm\ c ]cn]msn XpSÀ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msn Cu ]cn]msnifpss Ahiy LSI fmb {]txyixiä C\n NÀ sn mw. 1. k¼qàw km cxm búw C ybnâ apxnà hà nsbnepå \nc cx \nàamàp\w sn m\på Cu ]cn]msn C ybv msi amxribmwv. {]txyi {]tzi fnâ, kab_ônxambn, k ²tkh\ambn snehv Ipdª F mâ ^e{]m]vxamb ]cn]msnbmwnxv. km cxbnepw ASnØm\ KWnX nepw {]hr yp³apj t\«w ssihcn pibmwv ]²XnbpsS e yw. {]Xn^ew IqSmsX ]qà ambpw k ² {]hà IcneqsS bmwnxv \S m n hcp Xv. thkxbnepw DÅS nepw KpWta bpå B[p\nI coxnbmwv CXn ]n pscp Xv. kwtbm-pn-x-hpw _lpxe- \nehmchpapå ]T\ ]²XnbmWv kzoicn n«påxv. 2. km cxm\ c ]cn]msn {]myani hnzym`ymk n\pw XpSÀ hnzym`ymk n\pansbnepå ]me ambn«mwv C-Xv ]cnkwn s Sp Xv. \hkm cà v ]T\ sshzkv²yw ssihcn p Xn\v km cxm búw henb txmxnâ klmbn n«p v. \hkm cà pth nbpå ]T\mhiy Ä Is pi, Bhiym\p kcwapå ]T\ kuicy sfmcp pi, ]T\m co w kpkaam p Xc nâ kmaqlni þ km¼ ni cmjv{sob kmwkvimcni ]Ým ew cq]s Sp pi F nhbmwv km cxm\ c ]cn]msnbnse apjy ]cnkw\mhnjb Ä. CXv \hkm cà v kzbw ]T\ n\pw BPoh \m ]T\ n\papå kmlncysamcp pw. 61

72 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw XpSÀ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msniä Hcp cmpys _lp `qcn] w P\ fpw \nc ccmbn Ignbpt¼mÄ kmaqlni hnik\ nâ hnpbw t\sm³ IgnbpIbnÃ. ]cn]msniä, ]²XnIÄ, ZuXy Ä F nh hnhn[ Ime fnembn C ym Kh saâv CXnte mbn \S nbn«p v. ChsbÃmw cmpy nsâ km cxm \nc v DbÀ p Xn\v klmbn pibpw snbvxp. Ct mgs ZuXyw XpSÀ hnzym`ymks t{]mõmln n pi F XmWv. ASn-Øm\ km -c-xbv pw {]my-ani hnzym-`ym-k- n\pa pdw P\- Ä mhiy-amb ]T-\- n\v Ah-kcw \evip hnim-e-amb Hcp ImgvN- m- SmWv XpSÀ hnzym-`ymkw F -XmWv bps\kvtim \nàh-n\w. BPoh \m w XpScp Hcp {]{InbbmWnXv. C ybnse XpSÀ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msn Bkq{XWw snbvxncn p Xv Xmsg dbp X z sf ASnØm\am nbmwv. ASnØm\ km cx, km cxm\ cþxpsà hnzym`ymk ]cn]msn kpønc ]T\ {]{Inbbmbn ]cnkwn pi. D chmznxz]qàwhpw _ZÂ LS\bpÅXpamb Hcp BPoh\m ]T\ ]²Xn X mdm pi. kaql nse FÃm hn`mkw P\ tfmspw AhcpsS {]iv\ tfmspw kwhzn pi. A c Ä sim på {]hà \ambn Npcp n ImWmsX a\pjytijn \nàamw n\på FÃm coxnifpw ]n pscp {]{Inbmbn hnzym`ymks kao]n pi. kmaqlni þ km¼ ni kmlncys A\pIqeam p Xc nâ hepxmb hnik\ ZuXy Ä v ASnØm\ kuicysamcp pi. XpSÀhnZym`ymk Ä, t\muâ ti{µ Ä F nhbmwv {][m\ambpw XpSÀhnZym`ymk ]cn]msnbpss \S n p NpaXe GsäSp ncn p Xv. \nýnx {]mtzini, kmaqlnimsnøm\ kao]\amwv Cu ti{µ Ä påxv. Hcp XpSÀ hnzym`ymk ti{µ nâ e`n p h {KÙimebpw hmb\imebpw A[ym]\ þ ]T\ ti{µw sxmgnâ ]cnioe\ ti{µw aäv hip pifpss hnik\ti{µ Ä Bib Ä ] p hbv p Xn\pw {]iv\]cnlmc n\papå NÀ mthzn hnhc hn\nab PmeIw kmwkvimcni ti{µw ImbnI, hnt\mz ti{µw XpSÀ hnzym`ymk ti{µ Ä Øm]n p Xp IqSmsX Xmsg dbp ]cn]msnifpw GsäSp p p. 62

73 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv XpeyXm]cn]mSn þ Hcp _Z hnzym`ymk coxnbmwnxv. Hu]NmcnI, s]mxphnzym`ymk, sxmgne[njvtnx kao]\w Xs bmwv CXnepw ]n³xpscp Xv. hcpam\zmbi ]cn]msn þ CXn ]s Sp p hà AhcpsS sxmgnâ ss\]pwyw hn]pes Sp n hcp-am-\m-zm-bi {]hà -\- Ä \S p p. PohnX KpW\nehmcw sa s Sp Âþ]TnXm Ä pw kmaqln I n\p s]mxpshbpw Ahiy hnúm\hpw, aqeyt_m[hpw, sshzkv²yhpw \ÂIp kao]\coxn ]n³xpscp p. PohnX KpW\nehmcw DbÀ p Xnte på e yamwv Cu ]cn]msn påxv. hyànkx Xm cy t{]mõml\ ]cn]msn þ ]TnXm Ä v AhcpsS hyànxz hnik\w, kmaqlni kmwkvimcni, Bßob, BtcmKy, Iem]camb Xe fneqss km[yam pi bmwv e yw. kwtbmpnx a\pjyhn`h tijn hnik\amwv XpSÀhnZym`ymk ]² XnbpsS ImXemb ImgvN msv. {]hà \w 8.2 CXn\mbn 20 an\n«v kabw tncpw]sn tnà pi I. A B a. \nc cx ]m]hpw A]am\hpamWv KmÔnPn, PhlÀem s\lvdp k oà lpssk³ b. 3 R IfpsS A²ym]\w KmÔnPn c. {Kma in tamlow 1978 HIvtSm_À 2 d. tziob htbmp\hnzym`ymk]cn]msn almcmjv{s II. a. b. c. hn«pt]mbxv ]qcn n pi. ImÀjnI km cxm ]cn]msn ]p\à \maicwhpw ]p\xkwhn[m\hpw snbvxv þþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþ C ym Kh saâv e yan«xv FÃm {KmaoW \nc csc bpamwv. htbmp\ hnzym`ymk cwk v 1988 sim ph þþþþþþþþ Ct mä tziob km cxm anj³ F dnbs Sp p. htbmp\ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msn \S m p Xn\p th n þþþþþþþ Dw þþþþþþþþþdw Øm]n Ww. III. kzmx{ y n\p tijw C ybnâ \S m nb {]m[m\ ]cn]msnifpss Hcp NmÀ«v X mdm pi. ]«ni 1 þ ]«nibpss DÅS w \¼À ]cn]msnbpss t]cv e yw {]txyix t\«w 63

74 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw IV. tziob km cxm anj³ \S m p XpSÀ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msnbpss X\Xmb {]txyixiä Fs ms bmwv? 8.4 km c `mcxw 2009 sk]vxw_à þ 8\v A Àt±-iob km cxm Zn\ nâ {][m\a{ n XpS nh ti{µmhnjvirx ]²XnbmWnXv. htbmp\ hnzym`ymkw {]txyin pw kv{xoiä nsbnâ hym]iam p Xn\mWv ]²Xn IqSpX Du  \ÂIp Xv. FÃm kmaqlni hnik\ ]cn]msnifpw hnpb{]zamim³ kv{xo km cxm \nc v hà[nt Xps v Kh saâv IcpXp p e y Ä hnimeamb \mev e y fmwv Cu ZuXy n\påxv. ChbmWv þ {]hr yp³apj km cxbpw KWnXmht_m[hpw \nc ccnâ F n pi. ASnØm\ km cxbv pdw \hkm cà v Hu]NmcnI hnzym`ymk n\v Xpeyamb ]T\kuIcy Ä XpSÀ pw e`yam pi. \nc cà pw \hkm cà pw AhcpsS sxmgnâ ss\]pwyw t\sp Xn\pw hcpam\ hà[\hn\pw PohnX \nehmcw DbÀ p Xn\pw klmbn pi. XpSÀ hnzym`ymk kuicy tfmss Hcp ]T\ kaqls krjvsn pi A[ym]\ þ A[yb\ ]cn]msniä \nc cà pw \hkm cà pw th hnhn[ fmb Bhiy tfmsv {]XnIcn pibpw Ah ]cnlcn pibpw snbvxpsim v \nch[n A[ym]\ þ ]T\ ]cn]msniä Kh saâv BhnjvIcn n«p v. {]hr yp³apj km cxm ]cn]msn, ASnØm\ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msn, sxmgne[njvtnx ]cn]msn, XpSÀ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msn F nh ChbnÂs Sp p. km cxm ]cn]msnbpss {]myaniamb e yw \nc ccmb htbmp\ Ä v {]hr yp³apjamb hnzym`ymkw \ÂIpIbmWv. {]hr yp³apj km cx sim v AÀYam p Xv hmb\, Fgp v, kwjymht_m[w F nhbnâ kzbw ]cym]vxx t\spi F XmWv. HcmÄ kaql nâ \n v Häs Sp Xn\v Cu aq v R IfpsS AdnhnÃmbva ImcWamIpw. ]²Xn kao]\w km cxm ]cn]msnbnâ hnhn[ kao]\ coxnifmwv ]n pscp Xv. 64

75 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv k ² {]hà I þ _lpp\ Iym¼bn³ kao]\w. Cu kao]\ neqss Hcp k ² {]hà I³ Hcp henb hn`mkw _lpp\s A`napJoIcn v ]Tn n p p. Hcp k ² {]hà I³ ]cn]msnbpss kwlmsi³ IqSnbmbn amdpw. ]cnioei³, A²ym]I³ F o \neifnepw D chmznxzw \nàhln p k ² {]hà I³ 8þ10 hsc ]TnXm fpss D chmznxzw GsäSp p p. Hcp ti{µs ASnØm\s Sp nbpå kao]\w þ ChnsS A²ym]I³ ti{µ nâ Xmakn v ]Tn n p p þ GsX nep samcp {Kma nâ tbmkycmb k ² {]hà IÀ CÃmXncn pt¼mä AhnsS Xmakn v ]Tn n phm³ Hcp A²ym]Isâ kuicyw _Ôs «]T\tI{µ nâ e`yam pw. þ ]cnioe\ Iym¼pIÄ þ 15\pw 25\pw CSbn {]mbapå \mev, A v mkpiä ]qà nbm nsb nepw XpSÀ hnzym`ymkw sn m³ kviqfnâ t]mim³ IgnbmXncp hensbmcp hn`mkw P\ sf e yam nbmwv Cu ]²Xn {]hà n p Xv. k{¼zmbni hnzym`ymk coxn v ]pd mb hensbmcp hn`mkw P\ Ä v Cu ]cn]msn B{ibamIpw. `mkniþklhmk Iym¼v P\ fpss hnhn[ Iq«mbvasb e yam nbpåxmwv C cw ]cnioe\ ]cn]msn. kzbw klmb kwl Ä, kv{xoiàn{kq piä, ] mb v AwK Ä XpS nbhbnse \nc ccmb kv{xo P\ Ä mbn ]I kabw apgp\of ]cnioe\w \ÂIpw ASnØm\ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msn ASnØm\ km cxbv pa pdw \hkm cà v A\u]NmcnI hnzym`ymk kuicy Ä {]Zm\w sn pibpw XpSÀhnZym`ymk n\v klmbihpamip ]²XnbmWnXv. XmcXtay\ sndp mcmb apxnà \nc cà v t{kuv 3 apxâ 8 hscbpw AXn\p apifnte pw Hm kviqä ]T\w XpScm³ Ignbpw sxmgnâ hnzym`ymk (ss\]pwy hnik\) ]cn]msn \nc ccpw \hkm ccpamb P\ Ä v sxmgnâ sshzkv²yw t\sp Xn\pw hcp-am\w hà²n- n v Imcy fnâ ]ptcmkxn ssihcn p Xn\pw e yw h påxmwv Cu ]cn]msn XpSÀ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msn XpSÀ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msn e yw hbv p X \hkm cà pw aäv \nýnx hn`mk Ä pambn Hcp ]T\ kaqlambn hfcp Xn\v XpSÀ BPoh\m w hnzym`ymkw t\sp Xn\pÅ kuicysamcp p IbmWv. 65

76 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw t]cv kqnn n p Xpt]mse, \nýnx kab p am{xw {]hà \apå ]cn]msnbã. CXv XpSÀ bmbn kwlsn n s Sp XmWv. ]TnXm Ä v AhcpsS kmlnxym`ncpnnifpw k^eam m³ Ignbpwhn[ nâ k penxamsbmcp ]T\m co w krjvsn pibmwv ]cn]msn sn p Xv temiv in m ti{µ Ä htbmp\ hnzymti{µ Ä FÃm {Kma] mb pifnepw Øm]n p ]²XnbmWnXv. ]TnXm fpss cpnkvt{sj³ Cu ti{µ nemwv \nàhln p Xv. Xmsg «nâ ]²Xn \S n n\på ap³ssi Fsp p Xv Cu ti{µ fmwv. FÃm \nehmc nepapå {]hà \ Ä \S m\på D chmznxzw Cu ti{µ Ä p Xs bmwv. km cx, ASnØm\ hnzym`ymkw, sxmgnâ þ XpSÀ hnzym`ymkw F nh CXn s Sp p. ASnØm\ hnzym`ymkhpw XpSÀ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msnifpw ]qàwambpw Cu ti{µ sf ASnØm\am nbmwv. Hu]NmcnI tajebnse Hcp kviqfn\v kam\amb ]ZhnbmWv in Iv ti{µ Ä påxv. CXnsâ \S n pimc³ k ²{]hÀ I\mb Hcp km cxm A[ym]I\mbncn pw ti{µ nâ Xmakn v ]Tn n p ]cnioei³. {]hà \w km c `mcxw ]cn]msnbpss e y Ä Fs ms bmwv? 2. km c `mcx w ]cn]msnbpss {][m\ kao]\ coxniä F v? 3. ASnØm\ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msnbpss khntijxiä Fs ms? 4. temiv in m ti{µ sf pdn v hnizoicn pi. 66

77 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv 1951 þ 2011 hsc ticf nsâ km cxm \nc v ixam\ W nâ (]pcpj þ kv{xo þ sam w) hnizam p Hcp ]«ni X mdm pi 8.5 sxmgnâ hnzym`ymkw sxmgnâ hnzym`ymks Ipdn v \n Ä v AdnbmatÃm. P\ sftbm sxmgnemfnisftbm sxmgnâ kw_ôambn hnzym`ymkw sn n p XmWv sxmgnâ hnzym`ymkw. a\pjy PohnX nâ auenihpw iàhpamb Hcp kzm[o\ iànbmwnxv. hyànisf IqSpX Imcy aambn tpmen sn n phm\på hnzym`ymk ]cnioe\ ]²XnbmWnXv. D]tbmK{]Zamb Adnhnsâ ]qà oicw n\mbn \ÂIp {]txyi hnzym`ymksa mwv sxmgnâ hnzym`ymkw sim pt±in p Xv sxmgnâ hnzym`ymk ImgvN msv ]«ni 2 þ NmÀ«nse LSI Ä \¼À hàjw sam w B s] kz w sshzkv²yw hnikn n m\mbn Hcp sxmgnemfn ]s Sp p hnzym`ymk þ ]cnioe\ {]{InbbmWv sxmgnâ hnzym`ymkw. sxmgnensâ kmt XnIX Hcp hi pw s]mxphnzym`ymk w adphi pw tnà m bncn pw Cu hnzym`ymk ]²Xn. sxmgnâ hg sf A`ykn n p ]cnioe\ coxnbmwnxv F asämcp ImgvN mspap v. GsX nepw {]txyi sxmgnenâ {]mhowyw t\sm\pxip ]cnioe\ ]cn]msnbpw CXnsâ `mkambp v sxmgnâ hnzym`ymk nsâ X z Ä sxmgnâ hnzym`ymk nsâ X z Ä Xmsg dbp hbmwv: Hcp hyàn v km[yamb Dbc nâ Xsâ sxmgnâ]camb Xm cyhpw hmk\bpw {]mtbmkni _p²nbpw hfà nsbsp pi. HcmÄ ]cnioe\w t\sp A co hpw At±lw sxmgnâ sn p A co hpw kam\ambmâ Imcy ax hà²n pw. Htc coxnbnepå ]cnioe\amàkw, {]hà \w, D]IcW Ä, b{ kma{kniä F nh sxmgnâ tajebnâ D]tbmKn p Xp Xs bmiww. sxmgnâ hnzym`ymkw HcmfpsS Nn mioe sfbpw a\\ coxnisfbpw sxmgne\p_ôambn hnikn n pibpw 67

78 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw timà nw pibpw sn p p. ^e{]zamb sxmgnâ hnzym`ymkw {]txyiw Xncsª Sp s «Hcp kwl n\p am{xta \ÂImhq. em`icambn sxmgnens\ amänsbsp m³ CXp]Icn pw. sxmgnâ hnzym`ymkw {]txyi ]cnioe\m\p`h Ä ]TnXm Ä v {]Zm\w sn pw. icnbmb {]hà \ amxriiä Is m\pw Nn m ]²Xn cq]s Sp m\pw AXphgn Bhiyamb sxmgnâ \nehmcw krjvsn m\pw IgnbWw. ]cnioeisâ sshzkv²yhpw A\p`h k¼ pw ]TnXm Ä v ]IÀ v In«pt¼mÄ AhcpsSbpw Adnhnsâ \nehmcw DbÀ mw. sxmgnâ hnzym`ymksa Xv hfsc {][m\s «Hcp kmaqlni tkh\amwv. Bhiyamb coxnbnâ CXv D]tbmKs Sp p ]TnXm Ä v ]cnioe\w aqew t\«ap mipw. kmaqlniambpw Imcy ax ssihcn m\pw ]TnXm Ä v sxmgnâ hnzym`ymkw D]Icn pw. ]cnioe\ n\nsbnâ t\sp hyàn _Ô Ä v {]txyiamb khntijxiä DÅXmbncn Ww. {]hà \w 8.4 Xmsg dbp tnmzy n\v 8 an\n«v sim v D cw FgpXpI sxmgnâ hnzym`ymk nsâ kp{][m\ X z Ä Fs ms bmwv? sxmgnâ hnzym`ymk nsâ {]m[m\yw C\n \ap v sxmgnâ hnzym`ymk nsâ {]m[m\yw hniie\w sn mw. 1986se tziob hnzym`ymk \bw sxmgnâ ]p\xkwls\m {]{Inbbn \Ãh w Bkq{XWw snbvxv Imcy aambn \S m nbxmwv sxmgnâ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msn. sxmgnâ hnzym`ymk n\v {]txyiamb Nn m[mc bp v. \nch[n tajeifneqss IS pt]mbn Xm cyapå sxmgnâ km[yxiä Is p Xn\v hnzymàynisf X msdsp n pisb Xv CXnsâ aueni ISabmWv. ]gbime A{]âokvjn v coxntbmsv _Ôs «v InS pibmwv Ct mgpw sxmgnâ hnzym`ymkw. sk ³Udn hnzym`ymkw Ignª v sxmgne[njvtnx hnzym`ymk n\v GsX nepw kmt XnI Øm]\tam {]mtzini kaqltam ]TnXm Ä v kuicysamcp Ww. sxmgnâ hnzym`ymk 68

79 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv ]cnioe\ Øm]\ Ä, Hcp hyàn v \nýnx {]mb n\pånâ kzbw ]cym]vx\mim\pxip sxmgnâ kw_ôamb {]txyi anihpw {]mtbmkni Úm\hpw \ÂIp p. hnzkv[ sxmgnemfnifpss Bhiyw Xncn dnª v, cmpys hnhn[ kzimcy Øm]\ fpw AwKoIrX hyhkmb kanxnifpss amàkzài\ Ä v hnt[bambn sxmgnâ ]cnioe\w \ÂIp p v sxmgnâ hnzym`ymk nsâ t\«ä sxmgnâ hnzym`ymk nsâ {][m\ t\«ä Xmsg dbp p. bphp\ sf AhcpsS CÑm\pkcWw Hcp sxmgnâ taje Is m³ klmbn p p. cmjv{sm c \nehmcapå kpköamb sxmgnâ tk\sb hmàs Sp p p. temi\nehmc nâ sshzkv²yw t\snbhsc krjvsn pi hgn sxmgnenãmbva Ipdbv pi. cmjv{sm c \nehmc nepå a\pjym[zm\ tijn hn\ntbmkn v hne \nb{ n pibpw tkh\ fnse D mz\ ax hà[n n pibpw sn p p. Hu]NmcnIhpw A\u]NmcnIhpamb hnzym`ymk k{¼zmb fneqss sxmgnâ hnzym`ymkw \ÂIp Xn\v FÃm Kh saâpifpw _²{i²amsW Xv FSp v ]dtb ImcyamWv. CXv Hcp hnzkv² kmaqlnis hmàs Sp p Xpw AXphgn kmaqlni hnik\s XzcnXs Sp p Xpambncn pw. 8.6 kv{xo imàoicww {i²n pi kv{xosb cmpy nsâ amxrxzambn ]cnkwn pi. At mä cmpyw iàhpw Pm{K pamipw. temi P\kwJybn 50 ixam\w kv{xoifmwv. AhcpsS kmaqlni ]Zhnbpambn _Ôs Sp n t\m pt¼mä FÃm awvue fnepw ]pcpj\v Xpeyamb ]cnkw\bps v ]dbm\mhnã. Cu enwkhnth N\ n\v AdpXn hcp m³ kv{xo imàoicww A\nhmcyamWv. hnzym`ymk e`yxbpw km¼ ni cwks ] mfn hpw kv{xo imào IcW nsâ kp{][m\ LSI fmwv. GsXmcp cmpy nsâbpw iàamb km¼ ni hfà bpss kpoh LSIambn hà n p Xv kv{xoifpss km¼ ni imàoicwamwv. kv{xo imàoicw neqss AhÀ v amä sf kzm[o\n phm\pw \sãmcp kaqls krjvsn phm\pw Ignbpw. krjvsnbnepw hfà bnepw ]cnhà \ nepw ]cn]qàwx ssihcn m³ Gsd tijnbpåhcmwv kv{xo P\ Ä. C v, kv{xoiä hnhn[ tajeifnâ DbÀ \nehmc nepå t\xr\nc-bn-te v hfà p sim ncn p p. ss\]pwy hnik\ n\pw hnúm\ hnik\ n\pw 69

80 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw hnzym`ymkw kv{xoisf {]m]vxcm pibpw PohnX {]bmk sf AXnPohn m³ t{]cn n pibpw sn pw kv{xo imàoicw ImgvN mspiä kv{xotbm ]pcpjt\m iàamsw v ]dbp Xv A[nImc ti{µ nâ B hyànbpss \nb{ WmhImis ASnØm\s Sp nbmwv. Iq«mb ]cn{ia fneqss kv{xoiä iàcmbn ocpw. \bxocpam\ sf Sp p Xn AhÀ på ] v kmaqlni amä nâ kp{][m\ GPâpam cmbn {]hà n m³ Ahkcw \ÂIpw. am\htijn hnik\hpw kv{xo imàoicwhpw kaql nsâ B[p\nIh cw n\p hmxmb\ Ä Xpd nspi Xs sn pw. kv{xo imàoicww km[yam p KpW Ä Xmsg dbp p hyànkxhpw kmaqlnihpamb kmlncy fnâ DNnXamb Xocpam\saSp m\på Ignhv. Xocpam\saSp p Xn\pÅ ASnØm\ hnhc fpw t{kmxêpifpw Is phm³ IgnbWw. ]cnlmc amàk fpss Hcp \nc ap nâ v ]cnkwn m\på Ignhv. Iq«mb Xocpam\saSp p Xn Dd \ne]msv kzoicn pi. kmaqlni amät msv ip`m]vxn hnizmkhpw A\pIqe Nn bpw hfà nsbsp pi. hyàn]chpw Iq«mbXpamb kmlncy fnâ kmaqlni ]ptcmkxn mbn sshzkv²yw Is m³ ]Tn pi. CS]gIeneqsSbpw hnzym`ymk þ hn\nab fneqssbpw aäpåhcpss ImgvN mspifpw kzmwioicn Ww. hfà m {]{Inbbnepw kmaqlni amä nepw A\pkyqXamb kzbw CSs]S \S pi. kz w hyànxzhpw ]Zhnbpw DbÀ m³ A]hmZ {]Nmc sf adnis pi. icnbpw sxäpw hnthnn dnbm\på Ignhv DbÀ pi kv{xoimàoicw nsâ {]m[m\yw kv{xoxz nsâ ]cn-ip²-amb {]I-S-\-am-bn-cn- Ww kv{xoimàoicw nsâ ]c-a-amb e yw. enwk-k-a-xz-t_m[w DbÀ p- -Xn\pw Ign-b-Ww. kmaq-ln-i-þ-km-¼- n-i-þ-cm-jv{sob axm-ßi DbnÀs -gp-t  v kv{xoimàoicw nsâ {]my-ani ]cn-]m-sn-bn-ep- m-i-ww. kv{xoiä Ah-cpsS hospi-fnâ \n v ]pd p h v kaq-l- nsâ cq]-l-s-\-bnâ amäw hcp- m-\på {]hà -\- -fnâ ]s -Sp- -Ww. kpo-h-amb s]mxp- Po-hnXw \bn- p- -Xn\v Xpey-amb Ahkcw kv{xoiä v Ah-cpsS imào-i-c-w- n-eqss t\sm-\m-h-ww. F nâ am{xta kaq-l- nsâ amä- n-\mbn Iq«mb ]cn-{iaw D m-hp-ibpw hnp-bn- p-ibpw sn q. FÃm 70

81 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv Xe- -fn-ep-apå kv{xoim-ào-i-cww {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Xs k p-en-xm-h- Øbv v Imc-W-am-Ipw. ]ptcm-k-xn-bn-te- på BZy Nph-Sv, kv{xoi-fpss km¼- ni imàoi-c-w-am-wv kv{xoi-fpss ] pw imàoicwhpw hnzym`ymkhpw icn-bmb ]cnioe\hpw ]mhs «kv{xoifpss PohnX nâ KpW-]-c-amb amä-ap m- p- -Xn henb ] v hln p p v. Ct mä \nc-h[n Øm]\ Ä FÃm- cw sxmgnâ ]cn-io-e-\hpw hcpam\ ZmbI {]hà -\- fpw kzbw sxmgnâ kwcw-`- fpw ]mh-s «kv{xoiä mbn \S- p- p- v. \b]c-amb- Xo-cp-am-\- -sf-sp- p- -Xnepw, hn`h hnx-c-ww, hcp-am-\w, \nt -]w, sne-hp-iä F n-h-bnepw kpo-hamb ] m-fn- -amwv kv{xoim-ào-i-c-w-hp-ambn t\cn«v _Ô-s -«n-cn- p- Xv. ]mcn-øn-xni k p-en-xm-hø ]cn-]m-en- p- -Xn\v kv{xoim-ào-i-c- W- nsâ A\n-hm-cy-X-bp- v.-im-c-ww, ]mcn-ønxni A]-N-b- Ä v AdpXn hcp- m\pw {KmaoW P\-X-bpsS BtcmKy kwc- -W- n\pw CXv Bhiyw Xs kv{xoimàoicw nsâ XSÊ Ä ]e kv{xoifpw ]pcp-js\ kw_-ôn v A]-IÀjmhØ-bn-em-Wv. A[n- Imc ti{µ- -fnâ F n- n-sn- p-- Xn\pw ]Z-hn-IÄ t\sp Xn\pw kv{xo imào-i-cww Ahsc ]mi-s -Sp- pw. kz w \ne-bnâ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp- p- -Xn\pw aäp-å-h-cpss Xocp-am-\- -fnse {]Xn-Iq-em-h-Øsb {]Xn-tcm-[n- p- -Xn\pw kv{xoiä v Icp v ]I-tc- -Xp- v. Xpey-amb Ah-Im-i- fpw Ah-k-c- fpw \ÂIp- -Xn-eqsS enwk-hn-th-n\w XS-bm-sa v Ct mä hym]-i-amb hnizm-k-ap- v. {]hà \w 8.5 Xmsg dbp hsb hni-zo-i-cn v \nàænn pi (8 an\n«v sim v) 1. kv{xo imàoicw nsâ AÀYhpw \nàhn\hpw. 2. kv{xoimàoicw nsâ {]m[m\yw. Cu A[ym--b- nâ C ym Khs âv \S- m n hcp htbmp\þ XpSÀhnZym`ymk ]cn]msnisf- p-dn- på Hcp Ah-tem-I\w Ct mgs km c `mcxv DÄs ss \n -fpss ap¼msi Ah-X-cn- n- p. sxmgnâ hnzym-`ym-k-s - p-dn pw kv{xoimàoicws p-dn pw hni-z-ambn s NÀ snbvxp. Ch-sbÃmw kmaq-lni hni-k-\- nsâ AhiyLSI fmsw pw a\-ên-em- n. 71

82 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw 8.8 {]hà \ Ä på amxrim D c Ä {]hà \w 8.1 I. ]qcn n pi. a. A\u]NmcnIw, 15\pw AXn\p apifnepw b. htbmp\hnzym`ymkw II. a. icn b. sxäv III. P\- Ä kzbw apt m«p h v Ah-cpsS ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X- nsâ `mk-am-bn- s ka-bhpw DuÀPhpw sne-h-gn v {lkz-ime-þ-zoàl-ime {]iv\- Ä ]cn-l-cn- p- -Xn-te v _u²n-i-amb X m-sd-sp v \S- p Hcp {]{InbbmWv htbm-p\ hnzym-`ym-kw. ]pxnb Ad-nhp-IÄ t\sp- -Xn\pw [mc-w-iä cq]-s -Sp- p- - Xn\pw sshz-kv[yw, Xm -cyw, aqey-t_m[w F nh krjvsn-- p- - Xn\pw kv{xoisfbpw ]pcp-j³am-scbpw CXv ]mi-s -Sp- pw. {]hà \w 8.2 I. tncpw]sn tnà pi a. \nc -cx ]m]hpw A]-am-\-hp-amWv þ KmÔnPn b. 3 R IÄ ]Tn- n-t - Xv þ KmÔnPn, PhlÀem s\lvdp, k oà lpssk³ c. {Kma-in- samlow þ almcmjv{s d. tziob htbm-p\ hnzym-`ymk ]cn-]msn þ HIvtSm_À 2, 1978 II. ]qcn n pi. III. a. {KmaoW {]hr- yp³apj km -cxm ]cn-]msn b. Zmcn-{Zy \nàamàp-\- n-\på kmt -XnI anj³ c. XpSÀhn-Zym-`ymk ti{µ- Ä, AwKoIrX hn-zym-`ymk ti{µ- Ä. kzmx{ ym\- cw C y-bnâ \S- m- nb {][m\ km cxm ]cn- ]m-sn-i-sf- p-dn v hni-z-am- p Hcp ]«ni X m-dm- pi. \w ]cn]msnbpss t]cv 1 kmaqlni hnzym`ymkw e y Ä {]txy-i-x-iä t\«ä km[mcw mcmb kv{xoi-sfbpw ]pcp-j³am-scbpw hnzym-`ymkw \ÂIn-s m v Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i- -sf- p-dn v t_m[y-s -Sp- p-i, k¼qà hpw k¼- -hp-amb Hcp PohnXw \bn- m³ Ah-cpsS D m-z\ tijn DbÀ p-i. kmaqlni {]hà -\- n-eqss kmaq-lni ]ptcm-k-xn- m-bpå ka{k ]cn]msn. kmaqlni hnzym`ymk ti{µ Ä Øm]n v km cxm bpvr- Ä Gsä-Sp v kmwkvimcnihpw kàkm-ß-i-hp-amb {]hà \ sf t{]mõm-ln- n p. 72

83 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv 2 {Kmain samlow 3 IÀjI {]hr- yp³ apj km -c Xm ]cn-]msn 4 {KmaoW {]hr- yp³ apj km -c Xm ]cn-]msn 5 tziob htbm-p-\-þhn-zym-`ymk km -cxm ]cn-]msn 6 tziob km -cxm anj³ almcmjv{s kwøm-\s \nc cx elq-i-cww. kpkw-l-snx {]hr- yp³apj km -cxm ]cn-]msn \nc- -cà p th n FÃm {KmaoW \nc cscbpw DÄs m- v, -IÀj-IÀ v ap nb ]cn-k-w-\. 1.kaq-l- nse kmaq-ln-iþ km¼ ni ]màiz -fnâ Ign-bp ZpÀ_e hn`m-k- Ä v km -c-xbpw sshz-kv[y hpw {]Zm\w sn p-i. 2. kzbw ]cym-]vxx t\sm³ t{]cn- n p sim på t_m[- hâ -cw ]cn-]m-sn-iä \S- p-i. 3. {]hr- yp³apj Ign-hp-IÄ hni-kn- n v sxmgnâ sshzkv[yw ssih-cn- p-i. 1995þHmsS 80 anãy P\- Ä v {]hr- yp³apj km -cx ssih-cn- pi. 1959þ almcmjv{s bnse k mc Pnà bnâ Bcw`n p. ]n osv kwøm-\ s FÃm PnÃIfn te pw hym]n n p. {][m-\-ambpw 3 LSI Ä IÀj-IÀ v ]cnioe\w, {]hr- yp³apj km -cx, ImÀjnI {]t ]Ww. IÀjI {]hr- n-i fpss km -cxm ]cn-]msn FFLP {KmaoW {]hr- yp³ apj km -cxm ]cn-]msn RFLP Bbn ]p\:\ma-i-cww snbvxp. kwøm\ hnzym-`ymk hip- p-ifpw {Kmahn-I-k\ hip- p-ifpw \S- m- p ]cn-]m-sn-iä kwl-sn- n- p-i. IÀjI {]hr- ypapj km -cxm ]cn-]msn FFLP {KmaoW {]hr- yp³ apj km -cxm ]cn-]msn RFLP Bbn ]p\:\ma-i-cww snbvxp. kwøm\ hnzym-`ymk hip- p-ifpw {Kmahn-I-k\ hip- p-ifpw \S- m- p ]cn-]m-sn-iä kwl-sn- n- p-i. htbm-p\ hnzym-`ymk taj-e-bnâ ka-{k-amsbmcp ti{µm-hn-jv IrX ]²Xn Bhn-jv -cn- p. tziob {]XnÚm-_-²-X-bpw Xm -cyhpw ]Tn-Xm- -fnâ P\n- n- p-i. P\-Iob ] m-fn- -t mss kmt -XnI A[ym-b-]-\-coXn Imcy- -a-amb \S- n pw \nco- -Whpw km cxm \nc v hà²n- n p. tziob htbm-p\ hnzym-`ymk t_màupw Irjn hnúm\ ti{µ- fpw Øm]n- p. htbmp\ hnzym ti{µ Ä {KmaoW taj-e-bnâ Øm]n p. hnik\ ]cn]msni fpambn _Ôn n p. htbmp\ hnzym ti{µ Ä {KmaoW taj-e-bnâ Øm]n p. hnik\ ]cn]msni fpambn _Ôn n p. hnzym`ymk ]cn]msniä. 73

84 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw II. XpSÀhn-Zym-`ym-k-sa- mâ Hu]-Nm-cnI hnzym-`ymkw t\sm³ IgnbmsX t]mb apxnà -hà kzbw k -²-cmbn Gsä-Sp- p hnzym- `ymk {]{In-b-bm-Wv. apxnà -h-sc- q-smsx sndp- - mà pw CXn Ah-k-c-ap- v. Ah-cpsS Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw hnzym-`ym-k- nsâ FÃm D]-ta-J-eIfn \n pw A\p-`-h- fpw DÄs m-åmhp- -Xm-Wv. BPo-h-\m ]T-\- n-\på Ah-kcw Cu k{¼-zm-bsam-cp- p- p. inip-hn-zym-`ym-k- n-sâbpw htbmp\ hn-zym-`ym-k- n-sâbpw Imgv - m-sp-iä ChnsS ka-\z-bn- n- p- p. XpSÀhn-Zym- `ymk ]cn-]msn Xmsg- -d-bp X z- -fn-eq- n-bmwv \S- m- p- - Xv. ASnØm\ km -c-x-bpw, km -cxm-\ c hnzym-`ym-khpw k pen-x-am- n-bpå BPo-h-\m ]T\ ]²-Xn-bm-bn-cn pw. BPo-h-\m ]T\ n\v DX-Ip Xc- n-epå _ZÂ-þ-{]-Xn-I-c-WmßI kao-]-\-am-bn-cn pw ChnsS kzoi-cn- pi. kaql nse FÃm hn`mkw P\- -fp-ssbpw Bhiy tfmsv XmZmßyw {]m]n- p- -Xm-bn-cn pw ]T-\-coXn. A came-iä am{xw ]Tn- pi F -Xn-\- p-d-t v a\p-jy-km-[yamb FÃm Ign-hp-I-sfbpw hni-kn- n- p- -Xm-bn-cn pw. hnim-e-amb hni-k\ DZy-a- Ä på ASn-Øm\ kuicyw {]Zm\w sn p- -Xn-\mbn kaq-l- nsâ kmaq-ln-i-þ-km-¼- ni LS- \bv p ]cn-k-w\ \ÂIn kzm[o-\n- p kao-]-\-ap- mipw. AXp-sIm- v, XpSÀhn-Zym-`ym-k-sa- mâ _lp-ap-jhpw DZm-c-hp-amb kao- ]\w kzoi-cn- pi hgn Xmsg- -«n-epå P\-hn-`m-K- -fpss ] m-fn- hpw Imcy-\nÀh-l-W-ti-jnbpw Dd- m- pw. Xmsg- -d-bp ]cn-]m-sn-iä ]²-Xnbn-epÄs -Sp- p. 1. XpeyXm ]cn]msn \nehnepå Hu]NmcnI hnzym-`ym-k- nsâ Hcp _Z cq]-am-bn-«mwv CXv ]cn-k-wn- -s -Sp- -Xv. 2. hcpam\zmbi ]cn]msn CXn ]s -Sp- p- -Xn-eqsS ]Tn-Xm- Ä Ah-cpsS sxmgnâ sshzkv[yw t\sp-ibpw hcp-am\w t\sp-ibpw sn pw. 3. hyànkx A`n-cpNn t{]mõm-l\ ]cn]msn ]TnXm fpss hyànkxamb A`n-cp-Nn-IÄ Is n t{]mõm-l-\hpw Ah-k-c- fpw e`y-am- pw. kmaq-ln-i-þ-kmw-kvim-cn-i-þ-b-ßo-bþbtcm-kyþ Imbn-IþIem-]-c- Ign-hp-Isf hfà n-sb-sp- pw. PohnX KpW-\n-e-hmc hà[i ]cn-]msn: hnúm-\w, A`n-cp-Nn, aqey-t_m- [w, sshzkv[yw F o taj-e-i-fnâ AXym-hiy kui-cy- Ä e`y-am- pi hgn PohnX \ne-hmcw DbÀ p-i. A -s\, XpSÀhn-Zym-`ymk ]²Xn a\p jy-hn-`h tijn-bpss ka-{khpw kmt -Xn-I-hp-amb hn-i-k\w ap nâ - mwv {]hà n- p- Xv F v ]d-bmw. kpkw-l-sn-xhpw GtIm-]n-X-hp- 74

85 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv amb ASn-Øm\ kui-cy- Ä e`n mâ C y-bnse km -c-x-bnepw apt -ä-ap- m n Hcp ]T-t\m pj-k-aq-ls krjvsn-s -Sp- p-hm³ A\mbmkw Ign-bp- -Xm-Wv. {]hà \w 8.3 km c `mcxv anj³ 4 hnim-e-amb e y Ä DÄs måp- p. 1. \nc- -ccpw KWnX-Úm-\-an-Ãm- -h-cp-amb apxnà -h-cnâ {]hr- yp³apj km -c-xbpw kwjym-h-t_m-[hpw krjvsn- p-i. 2. apxnà \hkm ccpss ]T\ \ne-hmcw ASnØm\ km cxbv pa pdw IS m\pw Hu]NmcnI hnzym`ymk n\pw X peyamb Adnhv t\sm\pw klmbn p p. 3. ASn-Øm\ km cxbv pa- pdw Hu]-Nm-cnI hnzym-`ymk k{¼-zmb- n\v kam-\-amb XpeyX ssih-cn- p-hm³ \hkm -csc {]m]vxcm- p-i. 4. Imem-\p-kr-X-amb ss\]pwy hni-k-\- n-eqss \h-km- -cà v k¼m-zyhpw Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-chpw sa -s -Sp- m³ Ign-b-Ww. 5. Hcp \nc- c ]T\kaq-l- nsâ krjvsn- mbn \h-km- -cà v XpSÀhn-Zym-`ymkw \ÂIp-I. 2. P\-Iob {]Nm-cW ]cn-]msn Hcp kp{]-[m\ X{ -]-c-amb kao-]-\- amwv. {]my-ani km -cx e`y-am- p- Xv Nne-t mä kmµà`n-i-am-bn-cn- pw. aäv Nne-t mä Hcp hn`m-ks D w h m-bn-cn- pw. ]pxp-]p- ³ kao-]-\- Ä F m-bmepw Cu cwk v t{]mõm-ln- n-t - -Xp- v. ]²- Xn-IÄ AwKo-I-cn- p Imcy- nâ DZm-c-amb kao-]\w kzoi-cn- pw. _lp-p\ {]Nm-c-W- nsâ {][m\ kao-]-\- Ä Xmsgs msp- p- p. 1. thmfâ nbà þ A[n-jvTnX {]Nm-cWw Cu coxn-bnâ k -²-`-S³ A[ym--]-I-\mbn _lp-p-\- sf ]Tn- n- p- p. Hcp thmf nbà {]Nm-c-I-\mbpw ]cn-io-e-i-\mbpw A[ym--]-I-\mbpw Hs km -c-xm-b-ú- nâ ]s -Sp- p- p. 8 apxâ 10 hsc ]Tn-Xm- sf Ct±lw e yw hbv p- p. ]Tn-Xm- Ä pw thmf- n-bàamà pw km -cxm Inäp-IÄ \ÂIp p. Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hv-þ-thm-f- n-bà {Kq nsâ {]hà \ ]ptcm-kxn CXn tcj-s -Sp- p- p. ]Tn-Xm-hnsâ tijn-b-\pk-cn v ]T-\- nâ thkx ssih-cn- pw. t\cs ]Tn- Xv ad p t]mip- n-ãm-sb pw Dd- ph-cp- p p. 2. ti{µm-[n-jvtn-x-þ-k-l-hmk ]cn-io-e-i³ Bhmk {Kma- n\påntem shfn-bn-tem DÅ ]cn-io-e-i³, {Kma- nâ \nýnx hnzym-ti-{µ- nâ Xma-kn v ]Tn- n- p- Xv ]Tn-Xm- Ä v Gsd klm-b-i-am-ipw. icm-icn Hcp hàjw sim v Hcp ]cn-io-e-i³ 30 t]sc ]Tn- n- -Ww. 3. kl-hmk Iym¼v 15\pw 25\pw CSbv v {]mb-apå ]Tn-Xm- sf Dt±-in- mwv kl-hmk 75

86 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw Iym¼v kwl-sn- n- p- -Xv. ChÀ {]my-ani hnzym-`ymkw Ign-ª -h-cm-bn-cn- p- -XmWv \Ã-Xv. hnzkv[ ]cn-io-e\w t\snb hnjb hnz-kv[-cpss t\xr- Xz- n-em-bn-cn- Ww ]cn-io-e-\w. t»m v taj-e-bnse GsX- nepw tbm- Pn - Øe-am-bn-cn- Ww Xncsª Sp-t - -Xv, NGO-þIÄ tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà F nh hgn-bm-bn-cn- Ww ]cn-io-e\w kwl-sn- n-t - -Xv. AhÀ v Cu taj-e-bnâ A\p-`-h- fpw sshz-kv[y-hp-ap- v. 4. `mkni kl-hmk Iym¼v GsX- nepw {]txyi hn`m-ks e yw h på ]T\ ]cn-io-e\w C cw Iym¼p-I-fn \S- mw. kzbw klmb kwl- -fnse AwK- Ä, kv{xoiàn AwK- Ä, ] m-b v AwK- Ä F n-hà p th n C cw Iym¼p-IÄ kwl-sn- n- mw. s]mxp-im-cy- -fnâ Hcp-an p IqSp aäv hyàn-i-sfbpw CXn ]s -Sp- n- mw. DNnXamb kabw Is n \S- p C cw Iym¼p-I-fn-eqsS km -cxm mkp-iä kwl-sn- n- - Ww. KpW-t`m-àm- -fmb ]Tn-Xm- -fpss kui-cy-amwv {]txy-i-ambn ]cn- K-Wn-t - -Xv. km -cxm sshzkv[yw ssih-cn- p- -Xn-t\m-sSm w ]Tn-Xm- Ä v Ah-c-h-cpsS taj-e-bnse Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-Ifpw sxmgnâ{]-iv\- fpw NÀ sn m³ Ah-k-c-ap- m-i-ww. ASnØm\ hnzym`ymk ]cn]msn, ]²-Xn-bpsS c m-as e yw t\sp- - Xn\p th n-bmwv cq]-iâ \ snbvxn-cn- p- -Xv. ASn-Øm\ km c Xbvs m w XpSÀhn-Zym-`ym-k- n-eqss Hu]-Nm-cnI hnzym-`ym-k- n\v XpeyX t\spisb -XmWv. sndp- - m-cmb ]Tn-Xm- Ä v {]txy-in- pw, XpeyXm ]cn]- ms- nb- nâ tncph- m\- på {IaoI- c- W- - Ä snbvxp simsp - W- w. tziob Hm kv qä XpS- n-bn-cn- p Xpd ASn-Øm\ hnzym-`ymk ]cn]msn (OBE) XpS- -ambn kzoi-cn- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. Xpey-Xm-]-cn-]m-Sn v cq]w simsp- p-t¼mä s, ] m-fn-i-fpss PohnX ]cn-n-bhpw {]mtzini Adnhpw ]cn-k-wn-t - -Xm-Wv. 4. temivin m ti{µ Ä (htbm-p\ hnzym-ti-{µ- Ä) ]cn-]m-sn-bnâ DÄs m-åp PnÃbnse {Kma] mb pifn-emwv temivin mti{µ Ä {]hà n p Xv. ]Tn-Xm- Ä pw A[ym--]-IÀ p- apå cpn-kvt{s-j³ ti{µ-am-bmwv CXnsâ {]hà \ coxn. LSK ]Tn-Xm- -sfbpw thmf- n-bàam-scbpw Xncn- -dn-bp- -Xpw, _m p-i-fmbpw, {Kq p- I-fmbpw tbm-pn coxn-bnâ Xncn- p- -Xpw ]cn-io-e-\w \ÂIp Xpw km -cxm Inäv hnx-cww sn p Xpw Cu ti{µ- -fn-emwv. Hmtcm ]Tn- Xm-hv-þ-thm-f- n-bà {Kq nsâ ]ptcm-kxn hne-bn-cp n kq n- p-i, P\- sf AWn-\n-c- m-\på t\muâ skâ-dmbn {]hà n- p-i, kmt - XnI ti{µw, Bi-b-k-am-l-c-Ww {KÙ-im-ebpw hmb-\-im-ebpw {Kq v NÀ -bv på thzn, sxmgnâ sshzkv[y hni-k\ ti{µw, Iem-þ-Im-bn-I, kàkm-ßi kmwkv m-cni ti{µw, kwtbm-pnx hnúm\ Pme-Ihpw Umäm skâdpw F n-h-tbm-ssm- -apå aäv anj³ {]hà -\- -fp-ssbpw 76

87 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv GtIm-]\w Cu ti{µ- n-em-bn-cn pw \S- p-i apxâ 2011 hsc tic-f- nse km -cxm \nc v B /s] Xncn v Hcp ]«ni D m- p-i. {]hà \w 8.4 sxmgnâ hnzym`ymk nsâ {][m\s «X z Ä sxmgnâ hnzym-`ymkw Hcp hyànsb Xsâ Xm -cy- Ä pw hmk- \-IÄ pw _p²n pw km[y-amb Db-c- -fn-se- n- pw. sxmgnâ hnzym-`ymkw (VE) ]cn-io-e-\m- -co- hpw {]hà -\m- -co- hpw kam-\-ambn h mâ sa -s «\ne-hmcw ]peà pw. ^e{]zamb sxmgnâ hnzym-`ymk nâ sxmgnâ ]cn-io-e-\- nsâ amà - fpw {]hà \ coxnbpw kmt -XnI klm-b- fpw sxmgnâime-bn-texp t]mse-x-s -bm-bn-cn- -Ww. Nn m-]-²-xn-bnepw k  -io-e- nepw sxmgn-e-\p-_ô coxn-iä ]cn-io-en- n- -Ww. GsXmcp sxmgnâ cwk pw Xncsª Sp- -s «Hcp hn`m-k- n\p am{xw ]cn-io-e\w \ÂIn-bmte AXv em`-i-c-ambn ]cy-h-km-\n- q. \n-ýn-x-amb ]cn-io-e-\m-\p-`-h- Ä \à Nn bv pw {]hr- n- p-ambn kaà n- p-t¼mä t\«-apå sxmgnâ Is - m-\m-ipw. ]cn-io-e-i³ Xsâ taj-e-bnâ XnIª Adn-hp-Å-h\pw {]mtbm-kni hnz-kv[-\p-am-bn-cn- -Ww. ]cn-io-e-\- nsâ `mk-am-bn- s Imcy- -a-amb kmaq-lni tkh-\- n-\på Dt -P-\hpw ]IÀ p \ÂI-Ww. CXv ]cn-io-e-\- nsâ Xs em`-ambn Icp-Xmw. sxmgnâ hnzym-`ymkw kmaq-ln-i-ambn Imcy- -a-hp-am-bn-cn- Ww þ ]Tn-Xm- -fp-am-bpå hyàn-_-ô- Ä ]cn-k-wn v {]txyi kz`m-h-hnti-j- Ä hfà n-sb-sp- p-ibpw thww. kam\ kz`m-h-apå {Kq p-iä X½n XpSÀ pw _Ôw \ne-\nà mw. {]hà \w 8.5 \¼À hàjw sam w B s] a. imào-i-cww F mâ B[n-Im-cn-I-am- pi sb mwv Dt±-in- p- 77

88 tìäv dntkmgvkv skâà, ticfw -Xv. C m-e v P\- -fpss Pohn-X- n\p taâ AhÀ v Xs -bmwv A[n-Im-cw. hni-k-\- nsâ Imcy- nâ Cu X zw {]tbm-kn- p-t¼mä, {]txyi hn`m-k- Ä, ]mh-s -«-hà, kv{xoiä, ]màiz-hâ -cn- -s -«-hà, ZpÀ_-eÀ, ASn- -aà -s -«-hà, hnth-n-\- Ä v hnt[-b-s -«n-cn- p- -hà F n-hà v kmaq-ln-i-þ-km-¼- n-i-þ-cm-jv{sob Ah-Ø-IÄ kzbw \nàwbm-h-im-i-ap- m-i-ww. imào-i-cww k^-e-am-i-w-sa- nâ, kmaq-lni hnth-n-\- nsâ `mk-ambn Xocp-am-\- -sf-sp- p ]cn-k-c- -fnâ \n v Xq p-am-ä-s -Sp hn`m-k- -fpss {]iv\ Ä ]cn-l-cn- -s -Sp- p. imào- I-c-W-sa- mâ, P\- Ä v A[n-Imcw ] v hbv -eã AÀY-am- p- Xv; P\- Ä v [mcmfw A[n-Imcw Ct mä s D v. Ah-cpsS Xm -cy- n-sâbpw Adn-hn-sâbpw k¼- -X-bn kaày-ambn sxmgnâ sn p- - h-cp-am-wv. imào-i-cww P\- Ä v Ah-c-h-cpsS taj-e-bnâ sshz- Kv[yhpw Adnhpw t\sm³ ]cym-]vx-am- -Ww. CXp-hgn Pohn-X- nepw sxmgnâ cwk- p-apå A -co w kpk-a-am- -Ww. BXy- n-i-ambn CXv Ah-cpsS ]ptcm-k-xn pw AXp-hgn kaq-l- nsâ s]mxp-hmb ]ptcm-k- Xn pw klm-b-i-am-i-ww. kv{xo imào-i-c-w- n\v A v {][m\ LS-I- -fp- v. BZy-t Xv kv{xoiä v kzm`n-am-\w, c m-a-xmbn Pohn-X- nâ AhÀ på kzbw \nàwbm-h-im-iw CXp c pw ho«n\pånepw ]pd pw thww. Ah-km-\- am-bn, tzio-b-ambpw tz-im cambpw {]m]- n-i-am-bp-apå amä Ä -\pk-c-w-ambn kaq-ls kzm[o-\n- m³ Ign-b-Ww. b. kv{xoimàoicw nsâ {]m[m\yw amxrxz- nsâ {]I-S-`m-hs hnip-²-am- p- -Xm-bn-cn- Ww kv{xoim-ào- I-c-W- nsâ BXy- ni e yw. enwk-\oxn Dd p hcp- -Ww. kmaq-ln-i-þkm-¼- n-i, cmjv{so-b-þ-a-xm-ßi ]p\-cp- m-\-amwv kv{xo imào-i-c-w- n\v {]my-an-i-ambn th -Xv. hosp-i-fnse AI- -f- Ä hn«v ]pd p h v kaq-ls amän-sb-sp- p {]{In-b-bn kpoh ] m-fn w hln- -Ww. ]pcp-j-t\m-ssm w FÃm awvu-e- -fnepw hncm-pn- m\pw s]mxp- Po-hnXw \bn- m\pw Ah-k-c-ap- m-i-ww. F nâ am{xta kaq-l- nâ Iq«mb Hcp amä- n\v XpS- -am-iq. Pohn-X- nsâ FÃm awvu-e- -fnepw km[y-am-ip kv{xoim-ào-i-cww {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Xs k p-en-xm-e- Øsb ]cn-]m-en- pw. ]ptcm-kxnbnte- på BZy Nph-Sp-hbv v kv{xoifpss km¼- ni imào-i-c-w-am-wv. 8.8 A[ym-b-mhkm\ tnmzy Ä 1. kzmx ym\- -c-apå C y-bnse htbmp\ hnzym`ymk {]Øm\ sf- p-dn v hnhcn pi. 2. XpSÀhnZymtI{µ fpss {][m\ Npa-X-e-IÄ hnizam pi. 3. temivin m ti{µ fpss {]txy-i-xiä Fs ms? 4. sxmgnâ hnzym`ymk nsâ ASn-Øm\ X z- Ä hnizam pi. 5. kv{xoimàoicww kmaqlni hnik\ nte v \bn p p þ hnizam pi. 78

89 tima shâ v Hm^v tewnwkv B[mc {KÙ- Ä * spbnwkv Un ^nen v & kqk³ koskà«v (2008) Zn I½yqWnän Uhe vsaâv dotugvkv, dqsepv, \yqtbmà v. * amàkdäv seuvhn v (2005) I½yqWnän Uhe vsaâv: F {In«n  At{ m v, Zn t]mfnkn{]kv, bp.si {InÌ k³, sp.f. tdm_n³k sp.u»yp (1988) I½yqWnän Uhse]vsaâv C³ s]àkvs]ivsohv, BwkvsFsK, sf_m tìäv bqwnthgvknän {]kv. KmÔn Fw.sI, I kv{sivsohv t{]m{kmw. Cävkv ao\nwkv B³Uv t{]mkkv. Al½mZm_mZv \hpoh³ ]»njnwkv lukv 9 þ20 sluvsk F³.Pn. (1999) Uhe]vsaâv Hm^v C³{^mkv{SIvNÀ t^mà dqdâ t{]mkv]cnän. atlizcn. S.R (1985) dqdâ Uhe]vsaâv C³ C³Uy, F ]»niv t]mfnkn At{]m v, \yquâln, tkpv ]»nt j³. t]mä Nu[cn. D (1990) thmfâdn F^À«v C³ tkmjyâ shâ^bà Bâv Uhe]vsaâv, \yquâln, kn²mà ]»nt j³. k nzm\µ (1988) tkmjyâ snbn v C³ hntãpv C y þ \yquâln. tim sk]väv ]»njnmv. j^à R.C (1989) I½yqWnän Ct mwaokv, C twmaniv {ÌIv À Bâv snbn v C³ kvamfà I½yqWnäokv, Fbnwkv, temh tìäv bqwnthgvknän {]kv. X¹nb B.K (1995) Uosk³{SssekvUv ¹m\nwKv C³ ] mb ncmpv {^bnw C³ FaÀPnKv s{s³uv C³ ] mb ncmpv. (dqdâ tem  skâ^v Khs âv) C³ C³Uy, sslzcm_mzv, F³. sf. kn. 1. ]uc-t_m-[-s - p-dn- på Hcp ]pkvxiw 2. ] mb ocmpv \nbaw ticf ] mb v cmpv N«- Ä P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw kmaqlniam-ähpw C y-bnâ þ kp{_x si. Nn{X & hn._n knwkv (1990). 2. {]mtzini kà mcpiä m-bpå {]hà \w X m-dm-  þ kp{_x si. Nn{X (2001). 1. NncRvPohpep. T (2003) kzbw klmbkwl- -fn-eqss kv{xo imào-i-cww þ Ipcpt {Xbnse ]co- -W- nsâ A\p-`-h- Ä. 2. sht -j-wâ FUyq-t -j³ http/ help.com. 79

90 3. {^m³knkvtim skkpdmä Hm kv Bâv Hm tdävkv. http/ help.com. 4. s{^bà, ]utem, s]utkmkn Hm^v Zn H{]ÊvUv, \yqknem³uv s]³kzn³ _pivkv enan at\mlà, kppmx (2002) kv{xo imào-i-cww þ \nb-ahpw enwk- \o-xn-bpw. 2001, March 8, cmjv{sm c h\nxm Zn\- nâ h\n-xm-þinip hni-k\ hip v UÂln-bn kwl-sn- n skan-\m-dnâ Ah-X-cn- n {]_Ôw. 6. am\-h-tijn hni-k\ a{ m-e-bw, C ym Kh saâv, XpSÀhn-Zym- `ymk ]²-Xn 2000 \yquâln. 80

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