Force a push or a pull exerted on some object the cause of an acceleration, or the change in an objects velocity
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1 Chapter 4 Physics Notes Changes in Motion Force a push or a pull exerted on some object the cause of an acceleration, or the change in an objects velocity Forces cause changes in velocity Causes a stationary object to move and moving objects to stop Can also cause a moving object to change its direction any case involving a change in velocity an acceleration SI unit of force is the Newton (N) Newton the amount of force that, when acting on a 1 kg mass, produces an acceleration of 1 m/s 2 1 N = 1 kg x 1 m/s 2 Weight is a measure of the magnitude of the gravitational force exerted on an object. It is the result of the interaction of an object s mass with the gravitational field of another object, like Earth o Weight can change depending on where you are o Units of weight in use can be converted to Newtons 1 lb = N 1 N = lb Forces can act through contact or at a distance Contact forces result from physical contact between 2 objects. Ex. Motion is stopped when a football is caught Field forces do not involve physical contact between 2 objects. Ex. Gravity whenever an object falls to Earth it is accelerated by Earth s gravity o Electrical charges the attraction or repulsion between electrical charges the presence of an object affects the space around it so that a force is exerted on any other object placed within that space or field the area of influence objects exert forces on one another when their fields interact o ex. Gravitational field Force Diagrams the effect of a force depends on the magnitude and direction of the force o toy car light or hard push = magnitude. Front or back push = direction Force is a vector o Force diagrams are used because the effect of a force depends on its magnitude and direction Arrows used to represent forces are blue and the tail of the arrow is attached to the object on which the force is acting Can be used as tools for analyzing collisions We assume that all forces act on a point at the center of an object all forces are to be drawn as if they act on that point, no matter where the force is applied Free-body diagrams help analyze situations o When analyzing free-body diagrams the forces exerted by the object being analyzed are not included in the diagram because they do not affect the motion of an object o Used to analyze only the forces affecting the motion of a single object o They are constructed just like other vector diagrams which use component and resultant forces
2 o To draw a free-body diagram you must isolate and identify all forces acting on the object. Newton s First Law Inertia o In the 1630 s, Galileo realized that a block sliding on a perfectly smooth surface would slide forever in the absence of an applied force. o He concluded that it is not the nature of an object to stop once it s set in motion but it is an object s nature to maintain its state of motion o This concept was developed further by Newton in 1687 and is known as Newton s First Law of Motion Newton s First Law or Law of Inertia o An object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion continues in motion with constant velocity unless the object experiences a net external force o The tendency of an object not to accelerate inertia o In other words a body will preserve its state of motion in the absence of forces Acceleration is determined by net external force o Newton s First Law tells us that if a car is traveling at constant velocity, the net external force must be equal to zero. o There are many forces acting on the car in motion F forward = the forward force of the road on the tires F resistance = acts in the opposite direction is due to the friction between the road surface and tires and air resistance F gravity = the downward force of gravity on the car F ground on car = the upward force the road exerts on the car External force vs. net external force o External force a single force that acts on an object as a result of the interaction between the object and its environment o All four of the forces acting on the car are external forces o The net external force the vector sum of all forces acting on an object which can be found using the methods for finding resultant vectors. (an object s acceleration is determined by the combination of all forces acting on it) o The object s acceleration is the same as if the net external force were the only force acting on the object. o Ex. Tug-of-war In the first scenario the net external force on the rope is equal to zero because both teams pull on the rope with equal but opposite force In the second scenario the knot will accelerate in the direction of the greater pull because the net external force is no longer equal to zero Mass is a measurement of inertia o If 2 objects of different masses are struck with equal force, which one will experience a greater acceleration? Why? o The inertia of an object is proportional to its mass The greater the mass of an object, the less the object accelerates under a supplied force o Mass the measurement of the amount of matter in an object is also a measure of the inertia of an object Objects in motion tend to stay in motion
3 o If an object is in motion it will continue forward at the same velocity until something stops it so why are seat belt laws in Louisiana a good idea? Equilibrium o Objects that are either at rest or moving with constant velocity o The net external force acting on an object in equilibrium must be equal to zero o The force that brings an accelerating object into equilibrium must be equal and opposite to the force causing the object to accelerate Ex. Fishing Newton s 2 nd Law o Relates force, mass and acceleration o A net force causes an object to accelerate, the speed of the object will increase o The greater the force on the object, the greater the acceleration o The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net external force acting on it o Mass also affects an object s acceleration it requires more force to accelerate high mass objects because they have greater inertia o The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net external force acting on an object and inversely proportional to the objects mass o ΣF = ma o Net external force = mass x acceleration Newton s 3 rd Law o A force is exerted on an object when the object interacts with some other object in its environment o Single isolated forces to not exist. Instead they always exist in pairs according to Newton o If two objects interact, the magnitude of the force exerted on object 1 by object 2 is equal to the magnitude of the force simultaneously exerted on object 2 by object 1 and these 2 forces are opposite in direction o Or for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction o When two objects interact with one another, the forces they mutually exert on each other actionreaction pairs The action force is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the reaction force The reaction force occurs at exactly the same time as the action force o Action and reaction forces each act on different objects Action hammer hits nail Reaction (according to Newton s 3 rd Law), the nail exerts a force on the hammer that is equal to the magnitude of the force the hammer exerts on the nail Action/reaction pairs do not result in equilibrium because each force acts on different objects o The motion of the nail is affected only by the forces action on the nail and the nail exerts force only on the hammer Field forces also exist in pairs Newton s 3 rd law applies to field forces too. Gravity a falling object accelerates toward the Earth but the Earth also accelerates toward the object Apply Newton s 2 nd law we would undergo a larger acceleration than the Earth because of the mass difference Everyday Forces o Weight the magnitude of the force of gravity acting on an object The more mass an object has the greater the pull of gravity on that object
4 The force of gravity is a vector quantity directed toward the center of the Earth the magnitude of this force is a scalar quantity = weight When mass and acceleration due to gravity are known weight can be calculated using -> Fg = mg (g = 9.81 m/s 2 ) Depends on location Moon has 1/6 the gravitational pull Objects weigh less at higher altitudes because the value of g decreases as distance increases from the earth s center Objects weigh less at lower latitudes due to the bulge in the Earth The Normal Force o For an object to be in equilibrium the normal force (fn) must equal the magnitude of Fg but in the opposite direction Ex. Television set o The normal force is always perpendicular to the object but is not always opposite to the direction of the force of gravity o Magnitudes of normal force can be calculated as Fn = mg x cosθ The angle θ is the angle between the normal force and a vertical line, and also the angle between the contact surface and a horizontal line The Force of Friction o An object at rest is in equilibrium because according to Newton s first law the net external force acting on it is zero Ex. Figure 4-21 june jug o Newton s 2 nd law says that any additional force applied to an object will cause it to accelerate and remain in motion unless acted on by another force Friction opposes the applied force o When at rest the only force acting on the jug are the force of gravity and the normal force exerted by the table, which are equal and opposite = jug in equilibrium o When you push the jug with a small horizontal force the table exerts an equal force in the opposite direction = jug remains in equilibrium and also at rest -> the resistive force that keeps the jug from moving = static friction (Fs) As long as the jug doesn t move, the force of static friction is always equal to and opposite in direction to the component of the applied force that is parallel to the surface (Fs = - F applied) As applied force increases, the force of static friction also increases if the applied force decreases, the force of static friction also decreases When the applied force is as great as it can be without causing an object to move it reaches its maximum value, Fs max Kinetic friction is less than static friction o When the applied force on the jug exceeds Fs Max, the jug begins to move with an acceleration to the left there is still frictional force acting on the jug as it moves but the force is less than Fs max o The retarding frictional force on an object in motion = kinetic friction o Frictional forces arise from interactions at the microscopic level between surfaces in contact with one another Most surfaces are rough at the microscopic level where the surfaces of two objects in contact with one another at few points When 2 surfaces are stationary, the surfaces stick together at the contact points = adhesion Because of adhesion the force required to move a stationary object is usually greater than the force needed to keep it moving
5 The force of friction is proportional to the normal force o It would be easier to push a lighter object across the floor than a heavier object at constant speed even though the applied force is equal to the opposing force of friction. Why? Because the kinetic friction between the lighter object and floor is less than the heavier object and the floor The heavier object experiences greater normal force and therefore greater friction Friction depends on the surfaces in contact o Force of friction is a macroscopic effect caused by a combination of forces of the microscopic level o Although the normal force would be the same on a heavy object (desk) it would be easier to push it across a tile floor than it would be on thick carpet o The force of friction also depends on the composition and qualities of the surfaces in contact coefficient of friction = the ratio of the force of friction to the normal force acting between 2 objects represented by the symbol μ The coefficient of friction is a ratio of forces o Coefficient of kinetic friction the ratio of the force of kinetic friction to the normal force μk = Fk / Fn o coefficient of static friction the ratio of the maximum value of static friction to the normal force μs = Fs,max / Fn o if the coefficient of friction (μ) and the normal force or an object are known then the force of friction can be calculated F fr = μfn o The coefficient of kinetic friction is always less than or equal to the coefficient of static friction Air resistance is a form of friction o Whenever an object moves through a fluid medium (air or water) the fluid provides resistance to the object s motion o Fr = force of air resistance. Acts in the opposite direction to an object s motion If the Fr is equal to the force of the moving object the net force is zero and object is at a constant speed) o Terminal speed (velocity)
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