Capacitors. HPP Activity 68v1. Charge Inside the Body A Close Look at Cell Membranes
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1 HPP Activity 68v1 Capacitors Charge Inside the Body A Close Look at Cell Membranes Our bodies store and use charge to transmit signals across nerves and to tell certain cells what to do and when to do it. Heart muscle cells are polarized when at rest. This means that the cells have slightly unequal concentrations of ions across their cell membranes (See picture below). An excess of positive sodium ions on the outside of the membrane causes the outside of the membrane to have a positive charge relative to the inside of the membrane. The inside of the cell is at a potential that is about 90 mv less that the outside of the cell membrane. Depiction of A Cell Membrane This imbalance of charge across a cell membrane is very important. In order to understand how the human body can transmit signals, one needs to understand the physics of how charges can be stored and transmitted. Today you will examine a model (called a capacitor) of the cell membrane. Exploration Suppose you have two metal plates, one of which is connected to a ground so it has access to an infinite supply of any charge it wants. This situation is shown in Figure Now you place a charge q onto the ungrounded plate (with your glass rod, for example).
2 HPP Activity 68v1 2 Figure 1. GE 1. Putting Charge on a Capacitor 1. Remembering what you learned about induced charges, what charge, if any, appears on the grounded plate? Why? 2. Sketch the electric field between the two plates. If you put an electron between the plates and near the grounded plate, what would happen to it? 3. Based on your answer to question 2, is there an electrical potential between the two plates? Explain. 4. What should happen to the potential difference between the plates as you add more charge to the ungrounded plate? Now connect two bulbs and a capacitor in the circuit as shown in Figure 2.
3 HPP Activity 68v1 3 Figure 2. GE 2. What Does a Capacitor do? 1. Close the switch in the circuit shown in Figure 17-2 and observe what happens to the bulbs. Then open the switch, remove the battery, connect the two wires that were connected to the battery together, then close the switch. Explain what you observed. Compare with a circuit involving a battery and bulb. Make a sketch of the circuit for both situations to help with your explanation. 2. Now open the switch, remove the battery, connect the two wires that were connected to the battery together, and then close the switch. Explain what you observed. Compare with a circuit involving a battery and bulb. Make a sketch of the circuit for both situations to help with your explanation. 3. The class will discuss their findings. Record the important aspects of the conversation here. The function of a capacitor is to hold charge. The two plates have equal and opposite charges so the net charge is zero (Explain why this is so!), but the separation of the charges gives rise to a potential difference between the two plates. An important fact about capacitors is that the magnitude of charge on a plate is proportional to the potential difference between them. The constant of proportionality is called the capacitance C. Q = CΔ V This equation can be used to define the capacitance of a pair of conductors. The capacitance C tells us how much charge can be stored per volt of potential difference.
4 HPP Activity 68v1 4 What determines the size of C for a particular pair of conductors? Let s consider a simple arrangement: two parallel plates. You can make such an arrangement very easily. Use aluminum foil for the metal plates. Keep them separated from each other by inserting paper between them. The pages of a book work nicely. GE 3. Capacitance of Parallel Metal Plates. 1. What factors might affect the capacitance of two parallel plates? Think about all that may apply and record them here. Discuss your ideas with other groups around you. 2. Choose one of the variables from your list above to test. How do you think this variable will affect the capacitance? 3. Devise an experiment to test how the variable affects the capacitance. Describe your experiment here. 4. Set up your experiment and connect your capacitor to the capacitance meter (ask your instructor for help) and record your data here with a proper data table. Your variable goes here! [Units] Capacitance [F] 5. Graph your data. Try to guess at the functional relationship between C and the variable you chose to explore. 6. Fit your data and compare the fit with what you predicted? 7. Obtain data for the other variable from another group and list it here.
5 HPP Activity 68v What is the function that best describes the relationship between spacing, surface area, and capacitance? GE 4. The Effect of A Dielectric on Capacitance How does filling the space with different insulating materials affect the capacitance? Imagine two parallel plates separated by air. They are charged up by a battery, which is then removed. This scenario is illustrated below. First make some predictions about what you think will happen based on what you have observed so far. 1. Is there an electric field between the plates? Describe why you think so. 2. Is there a potential difference between the plates? Describe why you think so. Now a slab, perhaps plastic, is inserted between the plates. Remember that while charge is not conducted within the slab, it can be polarized. 3. What would you expect to happen to the total electric field in between the plates once the dielectric slab is inserted? 4. Based on the answer to question 3, predict what would happen to the potential difference between the plates. 5. Did the charge on the plates change during this process? 6. What will happen to the ratio of charge to potential difference when the dielectric slab is inserted?
6 HPP Activity 68v What will happen to the capacitance when the slab is inserted? 8. Obtain two metal plates and a plastic slab. Make a capacitor with the plates and air in between. Measure the capacitance. You do not need a battery for this measurement! 9. Now insert the plastic slab and measure the new capacitance. 10. Does it behave as expected?
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