Neutron reproduction. factor ε. k eff = Neutron Life Cycle. x η
|
|
- Edgar Dorsey
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Neutron reproduction factor k eff = What is: Migration length? Critical size? How does the geometry affect the reproduction factor? x 0.9 Thermal utilization factor f x 0.9 Resonance escape probability ii p x 1.03 Fast fission factor ε Neutron Life Cycle x η 1
2 Neutron Life Cycle Why should we worry about these? f How?
3 Controlled Fission k = fpεη(1-l fast )(1-l l thermal ) Not fixed! Thermal utilization factor f can be changed, as an example, by adding absorber to coolant (PWR) (chemical shim, boric acid), or by inserting movable control rods in & out. Poison. Reactors can also be controlled by altering neutron leakages using movable neutron reflectors. f and p factors change as fuel is burned. f, p, η change as fertile material is converted to fissile material. 3
4 Controlled Fission Attention should be paid also to the fact that reactor power changes occur due to changes in resonance escape probability p. If Fuel T, p due to Doppler broadening of resonance peaks. Under-moderation d and over-moderation moderation. 4
5 Controlled Fission Time scale for neutron multiplication Time constant τ includes moderation time (~10-6 s) and diffusion time of thermal neutrons (~10-3 s). Time Average number of thermal neutrons t n t+τ τ kn t + τ k n For a short time dt Show that n ( t ) dn dt = = kn n τ n 0 e ( k 1) t τ 5
6 Controlled Fission n ( t ) = n e 0 ( k 1) t k = 1 n is constant (Desired). Reactivity. k < 1 n decays exponentially. k > 1 n grows exponentially with time constant τ / (k-1). k = 1.01 (slightly( supercritical..!) ) e (0.01/0.001)t = e 10 = 06 in 1s. Design the reactor to be slightly subcritical for prompt neutrons. The few delayed neutrons will be used to achieve criticality, allowing enough time to manipulate the control rods (or use shim or ). Cd control rods τ 6
7 Fission Reactors ssential elements: Fuel [fissile (or fissionable) material]. Core Moderator (not in reactors using fast neutrons). Reflector (to reduce leakage and critical size). Containment vessel (to prevent leakage of waste). Core catcher. Shielding (for neutrons and γ s). Coolant. Control system. mergency systems (to prevent runaway during failure). Chapter 4 in Lamarsh 7
8 Fission Reactors Types of reactors: Used for what? Power reactors: extract kinetic energy of fragments as heat boil water steam drives turbine electricity. Research reactors: low power (1-10 MW) to generate neutrons (~10 13 n.cm -.s -1 or higher) for research. Converters and breeders: Convert non-thermallyfissionable material (non-fissile) to a thermallyfissionable material (fissile). ADS. Fusion. What are neutron generators? 8
9 Fission Reactors What neutron energy? Thermal, fast reactors. Large, smaller but more fuel. What fuel? Natural uranium, enriched uranium, 33 U,, 39 Pu, Mixtures. How??? From converter or breeder reactor. 9
10 Fission Reactors What assembly? Heterogeneous: moderator and fuel are lumped. Homogeneous: moderator and fuel are mixed together. In homogeneous systems, it is easier to calculate l p and f for example, but a homogeneous natural uranium- graphite mixture (for example) can not go critical. Why? What coolant? Coolant prevents meltdown of the core. It transfers heat in power reactors. Why pressurized-water reactors. Why liquid sodium? 10
11 More on Moderators What moderator? 1. Cheap and abundant.. Chemically stable. 3. Low mass (high ζ logarithmic energy decrement). 4. High density. 5. High Σ s and very low Σ a. Graphite (1,,4,5) increase amount to compensate 3. Water (1,,3,4) but n + p d + γ enriched uranium. D O (heavy water) (1!) but has low capture cross section natural uranium, but if capture occurs, produces tritium (more than a LWR)... 11
12 More on Moderators ζ s Moderating ratio HW * 7 a B + n B Li + α Calculate both moderating power and B-10 B ratio for water, heavy 1/v region water, graphite, polyethylene y and boron. Tabulate your results and comment. 1
13 More on Moderators HW 1 (continued) Calculate the moderating power and ratio for pure D O as well as for D O contaminated t with a) 0.5% and b) 1% H O. Comment on the results. In CANDU systems there is a need for heavy water upgradors. 13
14 More on Moderators \ ln( / ) ln \ nζ n n = ln n = ζ Recall n = ln( f ζ / th ) u After n collisions After one collision = ζ = ln \ av = 1+ ( A 1) A ln A 1 A + 1 Total mean free path = n λ s Is it random walk or there is a preferred direction??? f th 14
15 More on Moderators 15
16 More on Moderators A 1 A + 1 After one collision. \ Recall min = α (head-on). Then the maximum energy loss is (1-α), or α \. For an s-wave collision: 1 \ \ \ P ( ) d = 1 P ( ) = α (1 α) Assumptions: Flat-top probability \ 1 = (1 +α) Obviously σ s ( ) dσ s σ s ( ) = (1 α) d 0 \ α 1. lastic scattering.. Target nucleus at rest. 3. Spherical symmetry in CM. otherwise 16
17 HW 13 (or 6 \ ) (Re)-verify \ = A More on Moderators Scattering Kernel. Slowing down density. Migration length. Fermi age and continuous fermi model. CM A cos θ 1 = (1 + α) + (1 α) cosθ ( A + 1) [ ] cosθ + A sin θ [ ] CM = ( A + 1) For doing so, you need to verify and use cosθ = A Acos θ CM Acosθ CM 17
18 More on Moderators HW 13 (or 6 \ ) continued Forward scattering is preferred for practical moderators (small A). If isotropic neutron scattering (spherically symmetric) in the laboratory frame average cosine of the scattering angle is zero. Show that µ = cos ( θ ) = 3A 18
19 More on Moderators HW 13 (or 6 \ ) continued dσ s dω CM 1 = σ s ( θ ) = σ s ( 4π Spherically symmetric in CM ) CM Show that σ σ ( ) 4π ( A + A 1+ A 1 s s ( θ ) = 1 cosθ cosθ CM 3 CM + 1) Neutron scattering is isotropic in the laboratory system?! valid for neutron scattering with heavy nuclei, which is not true for usual thermal reactor moderators (corrections are applied). Distinguish from Angular neutron distribution. ib ti 19
20 More on Moderators Moderator-to-fuel ratio N m /N u. Self regulation. Ratio p Σ a of the moderator f (leakage ). Ratio p f (leakage ). T ratio (why). Other factors also change. Temperature coefficient of reactivity. Moderator temperature coefficient of reactivity. 0
Nuclear Fission. 1/v Fast neutrons. U thermal cross sections σ fission 584 b. σ scattering 9 b. σ radiative capture 97 b.
Nuclear Fission 1/v Fast neutrons should be moderated. 235 U thermal cross sections σ fission 584 b. σ scattering 9 b. σ radiative capture 97 b. Fission Barriers 1 Nuclear Fission Q for 235 U + n 236 U
More informationLesson 8: Slowing Down Spectra, p, Fermi Age
Lesson 8: Slowing Down Spectra, p, Fermi Age Slowing Down Spectra in Infinite Homogeneous Media Resonance Escape Probability ( p ) Resonance Integral ( I, I eff ) p, for a Reactor Lattice Semi-empirical
More informationFundamentals of Nuclear Reactor Physics
Fundamentals of Nuclear Reactor Physics E. E. Lewis Professor of Mechanical Engineering McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science Northwestern University AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW
More informationElements, atoms and more. Contents. Atoms. Binding energy per nucleon. Nuclear Reactors. Atom: cloud of electrons around a nucleus
Delft University of Technology Nuclear Reactors Jan Leen Kloosterman, Reactor Institute Delft, TU-Delft 8-6-0 Challenge the future Contents Elements, atoms and more Introductory physics Reactor physics
More informationThe moderator temperature coefficient MTC is defined as the change in reactivity per degree change in moderator temperature.
Moderator Temperature Coefficient MTC 1 Moderator Temperature Coefficient The moderator temperature coefficient MTC is defined as the change in reactivity per degree change in moderator temperature. α
More informationLectures on Applied Reactor Technology and Nuclear Power Safety. Lecture No 1. Title: Neutron Life Cycle
Lectures on Nuclear Power Safety Lecture No 1 Title: Neutron Life Cycle Department of Energy Technology KTH Spring 2005 Slide No 1 Outline of the Lecture Infinite Multiplication Factor, k Four Factor Formula
More informationX. Assembling the Pieces
X. Assembling the Pieces 179 Introduction Our goal all along has been to gain an understanding of nuclear reactors. As we ve noted many times, this requires knowledge of how neutrons are produced and lost.
More informationLesson 14: Reactivity Variations and Control
Lesson 14: Reactivity Variations and Control Reactivity Variations External, Internal Short-term Variations Reactivity Feedbacks Reactivity Coefficients and Safety Medium-term Variations Xe 135 Poisoning
More informationControl of the fission chain reaction
Control of the fission chain reaction Introduction to Nuclear Science Simon Fraser University Spring 2011 NUCS 342 April 8, 2011 NUCS 342 (Lecture 30) April 8, 2011 1 / 29 Outline 1 Fission chain reaction
More informationChem 481 Lecture Material 4/22/09
Chem 481 Lecture Material 4/22/09 Nuclear Reactors Poisons The neutron population in an operating reactor is controlled by the use of poisons in the form of control rods. A poison is any substance that
More informationReactors and Fuels. Allen G. Croff Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ret.) NNSA/DOE Nevada Support Facility 232 Energy Way Las Vegas, NV
Reactors and Fuels Allen G. Croff Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ret.) NNSA/DOE Nevada Support Facility 232 Energy Way Las Vegas, NV July 19-21, 2011 This course is partially based on work supported by
More informationLecture 27 Reactor Kinetics-III
Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following In this lecture we will understand some general concepts on control. We will learn about reactivity coefficients and their general nature. Finally,
More informationChain Reactions. Table of Contents. List of Figures
Chain Reactions 1 Chain Reactions prepared by Wm. J. Garland, Professor, Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada More about this document Summary: In the chapter
More informationNuclear Power MORE CHAPTER 11, #6. Nuclear Fission Reactors
MORE CHAPTER 11, #6 Nuclear Power Nuclear Fission Reactors The discovery that several neutrons are emitted in the fission process led to speculation concerning the possibility of using these neutrons to
More informationTerm 3 Week 2 Nuclear Fusion & Nuclear Fission
Term 3 Week 2 Nuclear Fusion & Nuclear Fission Tuesday, November 04, 2014 Nuclear Fusion To understand nuclear fusion & fission Nuclear Fusion Why do stars shine? Stars release energy as a result of fusing
More informationThe Physics of Nuclear Reactors. Heather King Physics 420
The Physics of Nuclear Reactors Heather King Physics 420 Nuclear Reactions A nuclear reaction is a reaction that involves atomic nuclei, or nuclear particles (protons, neutrons), producing products different
More informationSRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY QUESTION BANK UNIT II -TWOMARKS. UNIT-II NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS:
-TWOMARKS. UNIT-II NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: 1.What is meant by radioactivity? It refers to the german name of Radio-Activitat. Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei. The nucleus
More informationNuclear Theory - Course 227 REACTIVITY EFFECTS DUE TO TEMPERATURE CHANGES
Nuclear Theory - Course 227 REACTIVITY EFFECTS DUE TO TEMPERATURE CHANGES In the lesson on reactor kinetics we ignored any variations ln reactivity due to changes in power. As we saw in the previous lesson
More informationNuclear Physics (13 th lecture)
uclear Physics ( th lecture) Cross sections of special neutron-induced reactions UCLR FISSIO Mechanism and characteristics of nuclear fission. o The fission process o Mass distribution of the fragments
More informationLectures on Applied Reactor Technology and Nuclear Power Safety. Lecture No 5. Title: Reactor Kinetics and Reactor Operation
Lectures on Nuclear Power Safety Lecture No 5 Title: Reactor Kinetics and Reactor Operation Department of Energy Technology KTH Spring 2005 Slide No 1 Outline of the Lecture (1) Reactor Kinetics Reactor
More informationINTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR REACTORS AND NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION. Atsushi TAKEDA & Hisao EDA
INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR REACTORS AND NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION Atsushi TAKEDA & Hisao EDA 1 CONTENTS The first step toward nuclear power Physics of nuclear fission Sustained chain reaction in nuclear reactor
More informationReactivity Coefficients
Reactivity Coefficients B. Rouben McMaster University Course EP 4D03/6D03 Nuclear Reactor Analysis (Reactor Physics) 2015 Sept.-Dec. 2015 September 1 Reactivity Changes In studying kinetics, we have seen
More informationNuclear Energy Learning Outcomes
1 Nuclear Energy Learning Outcomes Describe the principles underlying fission and fusion. Interpret nuclear reactions. Discuss nuclear weapons. Describe the structure and operation of a nuclear reactor.
More informationNuclear Energy Learning Outcomes. Nuclear Fission. Chain Reaction
by fastfission public domain by fastfission public domain 1 Nuclear Energy Learning Outcomes Describe the principles underlying fission and fusion. Interpret nuclear reactions. Discuss nuclear weapons.
More informationThe discovery of nuclear reactions need not bring about the destruction of mankind any more than the discovery of matches - Albert Einstein
The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. - Omar Bradley (US general) The discovery of nuclear reactions need not
More informationturbine (a) (i) Which part of the power station provides thermal (heat) energy from a chain reaction?
Nuclear fission and radiation 1 The diagram shows parts of a nuclear power station. control rods boiler steam generator electricity out turbine condenser nuclear reactor (a) (i) Which part of the power
More informationLecture 20 Reactor Theory-V
Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following We will discuss the criticality condition and then introduce the concept of k eff.. We then will introduce the four factor formula and two group
More informationNuclear Reactions A Z. Radioactivity, Spontaneous Decay: Nuclear Reaction, Induced Process: x + X Y + y + Q Q > 0. Exothermic Endothermic
Radioactivity, Spontaneous Decay: Nuclear Reactions A Z 4 P D+ He + Q A 4 Z 2 Q > 0 Nuclear Reaction, Induced Process: x + X Y + y + Q Q = ( m + m m m ) c 2 x X Y y Q > 0 Q < 0 Exothermic Endothermic 2
More informationNuclear Binding Energy
Nuclear Binding Energy...increases almost linearly with A; average B/A about 8 MeV per nucleon nuclei most tightly bound around A=60 below A=60, we can release energy by nuclear fusion above A=60, we can
More informationIntroduction to Reactivity and Reactor Control
Introduction to Reactivity and Reactor Control Larry Foulke Adjunct Professor Director of Nuclear Education Outreach University of Pittsburgh IAEA Workshop on Desktop Simulation October 2011 Learning Objectives
More informationNUCLEI. Atomic mass unit
13 NUCLEI Atomic mass unit It is a unit used to express the mass of atoms and particles inside it. One atomic mass unit is the mass of atom. 1u = 1.660539 10. Chadwick discovered neutron. The sum of number
More informationFission Reactors. Alternatives Inappropriate. Fission Reactors
Page 1 of 5 Fission Reactors The Polywell Reactor Nuclear Reactions Alternatives Inappropriate Hidden Costs of Carbon Web Site Home Page Fission Reactors There are about 438 Neutron Fission Power Reactors
More information17 Neutron Life Cycle
17 Neutron Life Cycle A typical neutron, from birth as a prompt fission neutron to absorption in the fuel, survives for about 0.001 s (the neutron lifetime) in a CANDU. During this short lifetime, it travels
More informationStep 2: Calculate the total amount of U-238 present at time=0. Step 4: Calculate the rate constant for the decay process.
LP#9. A meteor contains 0.556 g of Pb-206 to every 1.00g U-238. Determine the age of the meteor. Step 1: Calculate the moles of each nuclide present. 0.566g Pb-206 x 1.00g U-238 x Step 2: Calculate the
More informationReactivity Balance & Reactor Control System
Reactivity Balance & Reactor Control System K.S. Rajan Professor, School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA University Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc Funded by MHRD Page 1 of 6 Table of Contents 1 MULTIPLICATION
More informationVIII. Neutron Moderation and the Six Factors
Introduction VIII. Neutron Moderation and the Six Factors 130 We continue our quest to calculate the multiplication factor (keff) and the neutron distribution (in position and energy) in nuclear reactors.
More informationLecture 13. Applications of Nuclear Physics Fission Reactors and Bombs Overview
Lecture 13 Applications of Nuclear Physics Fission Reactors and Bombs Dec 2006, Lecture 13 Nuclear Physics Lectures, Dr. Armin Reichold 1 12.1 Overview 12.1 Induced fission Fissile nuclei Time scales of
More informationLesson 6: Diffusion Theory (cf. Transport), Applications
Lesson 6: Diffusion Theory (cf. Transport), Applications Transport Equation Diffusion Theory as Special Case Multi-zone Problems (Passive Media) Self-shielding Effects Diffusion Kernels Typical Values
More informationEnergy Dependence of Neutron Flux
Energy Dependence of Neutron Flux B. Rouben McMaster University Course EP 4D03/6D03 Nuclear Reactor Analysis (Reactor Physics) 2015 Sept.-Dec. 2015 September 1 Contents We start the discussion of the energy
More informationQuiz, Physics & Chemistry
Eight Sessions 1. Pressurized Water Reactor 2. Quiz, Thermodynamics & HTFF 3. Quiz, Physics & Chemistry 4. Exam #1, Electrical Concepts & Systems 5. Quiz, Materials Science 6. Quiz, Strength of Materials
More informationFundamentals of Nuclear Power. Original slides provided by Dr. Daniel Holland
Fundamentals of Nuclear Power Original slides provided by Dr. Daniel Holland Nuclear Fission We convert mass into energy by breaking large atoms (usually Uranium) into smaller atoms. Note the increases
More informationNuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation
Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements A nuclear reaction takes place when a nucleus is struck by another nucleus or particle. Compare with chemical
More informationVI. Chain Reaction. Two basic requirements must be filled in order to produce power in a reactor:
VI. Chain Reaction VI.1. Basic of Chain Reaction Two basic requirements must be filled in order to produce power in a reactor: The fission rate should be high. This rate must be continuously maintained.
More informationNUCLEAR SCIENCE ACAD BASIC CURRICULUM CHAPTER 5 NEUTRON LIFE CYCLE STUDENT TEXT REV 2. L th. L f U-235 FUEL MODERATOR START CYCLE HERE THERMAL NEUTRON
ACAD BASIC CURRICULUM NUCLEAR SCIENCE CHAPTER 5 NEUTRON LIFE CYCLE 346 RESONANCE LOSSES p 038 THERMAL NEUTRON 2 THERMAL NEUTRON LEAKAGE 52 THERMAL ABSORBED BY NON-FUEL ATOMS L th 07 THERMAL f 965 THERMAL
More informationMCRT L8: Neutron Transport
MCRT L8: Neutron Transport Recap fission, absorption, scattering, cross sections Fission products and secondary neutrons Slow and fast neutrons Energy spectrum of fission neutrons Nuclear reactor safety
More informationNuclear power plants
Nuclear power plants Introduction: There is a common trend throughout the world to use nuclear energy as a source of power. This is because of the rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Transportation
More informationNuclear Energy ECEG-4405
Nuclear Energy ECEG-4405 Today s Discussion Technical History and Developments Atom Nuclear Energy concepts and Terms Features Fission Critical Mass Uranium Fission Nuclear Fusion and Fission Fusion Fission
More informationLesson 9: Multiplying Media (Reactors)
Lesson 9: Multiplying Media (Reactors) Laboratory for Reactor Physics and Systems Behaviour Multiplication Factors Reactor Equation for a Bare, Homogeneous Reactor Geometrical, Material Buckling Spherical,
More informationSubcritical Multiplication and Reactor Startup
22.05 Reactor Physics - Part Twenty-Five Subcritical Multiplication and Reactor Startup 1. Reference Material See pp. 357-363 of the article, Light Water Reactor Control Systems, in Wiley Encyclopedia
More informationHTR Reactor Physics. Slowing down and thermalization of neutrons. Jan Leen Kloosterman Delft University of Technology
HTR Reactor Physics Slowing down and thermalization of neutrons Jan Leen Kloosterman Delft University of Technology J.L.Kloosterman@tudelft.nl www.janleenkloosterman.nl Reactor Institute Delft / TU-Delft
More informationUnpressurized steam reactor. Controlled Fission Reactors. The Moderator. Global energy production 2000
From last time Fission of heavy elements produces energy Only works with 235 U, 239 Pu Fission initiated by neutron absorption. Fission products are two lighter nuclei, plus individual neutrons. These
More informationLecture 14, 8/9/2017. Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors Nuclear Fusion
Lecture 14, 8/9/2017 Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements A nuclear reaction takes place
More information1. What is the phenomenon that best explains why greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation? D. Diffraction (Total 1 mark)
1. What is the phenomenon that best explains why greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation? A. Resonance B. Interference C. Refraction D. Diffraction 2. In which of the following places will the albedo
More informationChemistry 500: Chemistry in Modern Living. Topic 5: The Fires of Nuclear Fission. Atomic Structure, Nuclear Fission and Fusion, and Nuclear.
Chemistry 500: Chemistry in Modern Living 1 Topic 5: The Fires of Nuclear Fission Atomic Structure, Nuclear Fission and Fusion, and Nuclear Weapons Chemistry in Context, 2 nd Edition: Chapter 8, Pages
More informationLecture 5 Nuclear Reactions
Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following We shall understand the concept of kinetic energy from the perspective of particle physics. We shall conclude that for all practical purposes, mass
More informationWrite down the nuclear equation that represents the decay of neptunium 239 into plutonium 239.
Q1.A rod made from uranium 238 ( U) is placed in the core of a nuclear reactor where it absorbs free neutrons. When a nucleus of uranium 238 absorbs a neutron it becomes unstable and decays to neptunium
More information1. Which is the most commonly used molten metal for cooling of nuclear reactors? A. Zinc B. Sodium C. Calcium D. Mercury
1. Which is the most commonly used molten metal for cooling of nuclear reactors? A. Zinc B. Sodium C. Calcium D. Mercury 2. Commercial power generation from fusion reactor is not yet possible, because
More informationPHYSICS AND KINETICS OF TRIGA REACTOR. H. Böck and M. Villa AIAU 27307
PHYSICS AND KINETICS OF TRIGA REACTOR H. Böck and M. Villa AIAU 27307 *prepared for NTEC Overview This training module is written as an introduction to reactor physics for reactor operators. It assumes
More informationNuclear Reactor Physics I Final Exam Solutions
.11 Nuclear Reactor Physics I Final Exam Solutions Author: Lulu Li Professor: Kord Smith May 5, 01 Prof. Smith wants to stress a couple of concepts that get people confused: Square cylinder means a cylinder
More informationNuclear Theory - Course 127 EFFECTS OF FUEL BURNUP
Nuclear Theory - Course 127 EFFECTS OF FUEL BURNUP The effect of fuel burnup wa~ considered, to some extent, in a previous lesson. During fuel burnup, U-235 is used up and plutonium is produced and later
More informationReactivity Coefficients
Revision 1 December 2014 Reactivity Coefficients Student Guide GENERAL DISTRIBUTION GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Copyright 2014 by the National Academy for Nuclear Training. Not for sale or for commercial use.
More informationNuclear Fission. ~200 MeV. Nuclear Reactor Theory, BAU, Second Semester, (Saed Dababneh).
Surface effect Coulomb effect ~200 MeV 1 B.E. per nucleon for 238 U (BE U ) and 119 Pd (BE Pd )? 2x119xBE Pd 238xBE U =?? K.E. of the fragments 10 11 J/g Burning coal 10 5 J/g Why not spontaneous? Two
More informationNuclear Reactions and E = mc 2. L 38 Modern Physics [4] Hazards of radiation. Radiation sickness. Biological effects of nuclear radiation
L 38 Modern Physics [4] Nuclear physics what s s inside the nucleus and what holds it together what is radioactivity, halflife carbon dating Nuclear energy nuclear fission nuclear fusion nuclear reactors
More information3. State each of the four types of inelastic collisions, giving an example of each (zaa type example is acceptable)
Nuclear Theory - Course 227 OBJECTIVES to: At the conclusion of this course the trainee will be able 227.00-1 Nuclear Structure 1. Explain and use the ZXA notation. 2. Explain the concept of binding energy.
More informationReactor Operation Without Feedback Effects
22.05 Reactor Physics - Part Twenty-Six Reactor Operation Without Feedback Effects 1. Reference Material: See pp. 363-368 of the article, Light Water Reactor Control Systems, in Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical
More informationCANDU Safety #3 - Nuclear Safety Characteristics Dr. V.G. Snell Director Safety & Licensing
CANDU Safety #3 - Nuclear Safety Characteristics Dr. V.G. Snell Director Safety & Licensing 24/05/01 CANDU Safety - #3 - Nuclear Safety Characteristics.ppt Rev. 0 vgs 1 What Makes A Safe Nuclear Design?
More informationRadioactivity. L 38 Modern Physics [4] Hazards of radiation. Nuclear Reactions and E = mc 2 Einstein: a little mass goes a long way
L 38 Modern Physics [4] Nuclear physics what s inside the nucleus and what holds it together what is radioactivity, halflife carbon dating Nuclear energy nuclear fission nuclear fusion nuclear reactors
More informationNuclear Reactions. This is an example of nuclear reaction. Now consider a chemical reaction
Nuclear Reactions. Introduction REDs are important while yellow is less. Nuclear reactions are the transformations that occur when two nuclei collide. The first such reaction was observed by Rutherford
More informationNUCLEAR ENGINEERING. 6. Amongst the following, the fissionable materials are (a) U233andPu239 (b) U23iandPu233 (c) U235andPu235 (d) U238andPu239
NUCLEAR ENGINEERING 1. The efficiency of a nuclear power plant in comparsion to a conventional thermal power plant is (a) same (b) more (c) less (d) may be less or mote depending on size (e) unpredictable.
More informationNuclear reactions and nuclear ssion
Nuclear reactions and nuclear ssion March 19, 2002 1 Cross sections and reaction rates ² Consider a thin target of thickness dx and number density of targets n t being bombarded by a beam of number density
More informationMechanical Engineering Introduction to Nuclear Engineering /12
Mechanical Engineering Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following In this lecture the population and energy scenario in India are reviewed. The imminent rapid growth of nuclear power is brought
More informationNuclear Fission. Q for 238 U + n 239 U is 4.??? MeV. E A for 239 U 6.6 MeV MeV neutrons are needed.
Q for 235 U + n 236 U is 6.54478 MeV. Table 13.11 in Krane: Activation energy E A for 236 U 6.2 MeV (Liquid drop + shell) 235 U can be fissioned with zero-energy neutrons. Q for 238 U + n 239 U is 4.???
More informationWELCOME TO PERIOD 18: CONSEQUENCES OF NUCLEAR ENERGY
WELCOME TO PERIOD 18: CONSEQUENCES OF NUCLEAR ENERGY Homework #17 is due today. Midterm 2: Weds, Mar 27, 7:45 8:55 pm (Same room as your midterm 1 exam.) Covers periods 10 19 and videos 3 & 4 Review: Tues,
More informationNEUTRON MODERATION. LIST three desirable characteristics of a moderator.
Reactor Theory (eutron Characteristics) DOE-HDBK-1019/1-93 EUTRO MODERATIO EUTRO MODERATIO In thermal reactors, the neutrons that cause fission are at a much lower energy than the energy level at which
More informationNuclear Theory - Course 227
Lesson 227.00-2 NEUTRON BALANCE Nuclear Theory - Course 227 DURNG STEADY REACTOR OPERATON We have seen, in the previous lesson, what type of neutrons are produced and how they are produced in a reactor.
More informationR.A. Chaplin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Canada
NUCLEAR REACTOR CONFIGURATION R.A. Chaplin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Canada Keywords: Nuclear Reactors, Reactor Types, Reactor Arrangement, Technical Data Contents
More informationCarbon Dating. Principles of Radiometric Dating. 03 nuclear decay and the standard model June 05, 2013
Principles of Radiometric Dating http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/geo102/radio.htm Naturally occurring radioactive materials break down into other materials at known rates. This is known as radioactive
More informationDelayed neutrons in nuclear fission chain reaction
Delayed neutrons in nuclear fission chain reaction 1 Critical state Temporal flow Loss by leakage Loss by Absorption If the number of neutrons (the number of fission reactions) is practically constant
More informationChapter 12: Nuclear Reaction
Chapter 12: Nuclear Reaction A nuclear reaction occurs when a nucleus is unstable or is being bombarded by a nuclear particle. The product of a nuclear reaction is a new nuclide with an emission of a nuclear
More informationOperational Reactor Safety
Operational Reactor Safety 22.091/22.903 Professor Andrew C. Kadak Professor of the Practice Lecture 3 Reactor Kinetics and Control Page 1 Topics to Be Covered Time Dependent Diffusion Equation Prompt
More informationNuclear Physics 2. D. atomic energy levels. (1) D. scattered back along the original direction. (1)
Name: Date: Nuclear Physics 2. Which of the following gives the correct number of protons and number of neutrons in the nucleus of B? 5 Number of protons Number of neutrons A. 5 6 B. 5 C. 6 5 D. 5 2. The
More information22.05 Reactor Physics Part Five. The Fission Process. 1. Saturation:
22.05 Reactor Physics Part Five The Fission Process 1. Saturation: We noted earlier that the strong (nuclear) force (one of four fundamental forces the others being electromagnetic, weak, and gravity)
More informationPHYS:1200 LECTURE 36 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS (4)
1 PHYS:1200 LECTURE 36 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS (4) This last lecture of the course will focus on nuclear energy. There is an enormous reservoir of energy in the nucleus and it can be released either
More informationNuclear Fission and Fusion A. Nuclear Fission. The process of splitting up of the nucleus of a heavy atom into two nuclei more or less of equal fragments when bombarded with neutron simultaneously releasing
More informationEnergy & Sustainability
Energy & Sustainability Lecture 20: Nuclear Power April 9, 2009 Radioactive Decay Each radioactive isotope has a characteristic lifetime and decays pathway Each isotope has a given probability of decay
More informationNuclear Reactions. Fission Fusion
Nuclear Reactions Fission Fusion Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements A nuclear reaction takes place when a nucleus is struck by another nucleus or particle. Compare with chemical reactions!
More informationChallenges in Prismatic HTR Reactor Physics
Challenges in Prismatic HTR Reactor Physics Javier Ortensi R&D Scientist - Idaho National Laboratory www.inl.gov Advanced Reactor Concepts Workshop, PHYSOR 2012 April 15, 2012 Outline HTR reactor physics
More informationPower Changes in a Critical Reactor. The Critical Reactor
Chapter 8 Power Changes in a Critical Reactor n For very small reactivity increases n For small reactivity increases n For large reactivity increases/decreases The Critical Reactor < k = hfpel f L t =
More informationElastic scattering. Elastic scattering
Elastic scattering Now we have worked out how much energy is lost when a neutron is scattered through an angle, θ We would like to know how much energy, on average, is lost per collision In order to do
More informationPhysics Lecture 25
Physics 3313 - Lecture 25 Monday May 3, 2010 Dr. Andrew Brandt CH 12: The Nucleus 4/26/2010 1 3313 Andrew Brandt CHAPTER 12 The Atomic Nucleus 12.6 Radioactive Decay 12.7 Alpha+ Beta Decay 4/26/2010 3313
More informationEnergy. on this world and elsewhere. Visiting today: Prof. Paschke
Energy on this world and elsewhere Visiting today: Prof. Paschke Instructor: Gordon D. Cates Office: Physics 106a, Phone: (434) 924-4792 email: cates@virginia.edu Course web site available at www.phys.virginia.edu,
More informationChemical Engineering 412
Chemical Engineering 412 Introductory Nuclear Engineering Exam 1 Review 1 Chapter 1 - Fundamentals 2 Nuclear units Elementary particles/particle physics Isotopic nomenclature Atomic weight/number density
More informationQuestion Answer Marks Guidance 1 (a) The neutrons interact with other uranium (nuclei) / the neutrons cause further (fission) reactions
Question Answer Marks Guidance 1 (a) The neutrons interact with other uranium (nuclei) / the neutrons cause further (fission) reactions Not: neutrons interact with uranium atoms / molecules / particles
More information2. The Steady State and the Diffusion Equation
2. The Steady State and the Diffusion Equation The Neutron Field Basic field quantity in reactor physics is the neutron angular flux density distribution: Φ( r r, E, r Ω,t) = v(e)n( r r, E, r Ω,t) -- distribution
More informationChapter 2 Nuclear Reactor Calculations
Chapter 2 Nuclear Reactor Calculations Keisuke Okumura, Yoshiaki Oka, and Yuki Ishiwatari Abstract The most fundamental evaluation quantity of the nuclear design calculation is the effective multiplication
More information20.1 Xenon Production Xe-135 is produced directly in only 0.3% of all U-235 fissions. The following example is typical:
20 Xenon: A Fission Product Poison Many fission products absorb neutrons. Most absorption cross-sections are small and are not important in short-term operation. Xenon- has a cross-section of approximately
More informationEpisode 528: Controlling fission
Episode 528: Controlling fission In this episode, you can look at the different features of the core of a nuclear reactor, and explain its operation using your students knowledge of nuclear physics. Summary
More informationCALCULATION OF TEMPERATURE REACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS IN KRITZ-2 CRITICAL EXPERIMENTS USING WIMS ABSTRACT
CALCULATION OF TEMPERATURE REACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS IN KRITZ-2 CRITICAL EXPERIMENTS USING WIMS D J Powney AEA Technology, Nuclear Science, Winfrith Technology Centre, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8DH United Kingdom
More informationLectures on Applied Reactor Technology and Nuclear Power Safety. Lecture No 4. Title: Control Rods and Sub-critical Systems
Lectures on Nuclear Power Safety Lecture No 4 Title: Control Rods and Sub-critical Systems Department of Energy Technology KTH Spring 2005 Slide No 1 Outline of the Lecture Control Rods Selection of Control
More informationReactor Kinetics and Operation
Reactor Kinetics and Operation Course No: N03-002 Credit: 3 PDH Gilbert Gedeon, P.E. Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 9 Greyridge Farm Court Stony Point, NY 0980 P: (877) 322-5800 F: (877) 322-4774
More information