Practice Packet Unit 3: Phase Changes & Heat

Transcription

1 Regents Chemistry: Practice Packet Unit 3: Phase Changes & Heat Name: Assess Yourself: Lesson 1: Lesson 2: Lesson 3: Lesson 4: Vocab: 1

2 Review (Things you need to know in order to understand the new stuff ) Particle Diagrams Draw a particle diagram of a compound of CaCl2, using black solid circles to represent the Ca and empty circles to represent the Cl. Draw at least five molecules of CaCl2 in the box below: Temperature and Conversions: 1) Convert -83ºC to Kelvin 2) Convert 167 K to Celcius 3) What is the lowest possible temperature in Kelvin? 4) What is the lowest possible temperature in ºC? 5) Using the temperature conversion formula on Table T in your Reference Tables, convert the following temperatures to either Celsius or Kelvin. 80. ºC 10. ºC ºC 383 K 323 K 243 K 2

3 6) Overnight, the temperature drops by 30. o C. What is the drop in the Kelvin temperature? a) 30. K b) 243 K c) 303 K d) 273 K 7) Perform the following Conversions: a.) 20. kj to J b.) 100. J to kj c.) 500g to kg d.) 46kg to g For the following problems solve for x: 8) 500. = (50.0) (4.18) (x) 9) 2,400 = (x) (4.18) (20.0) 10) 33,400 = (334) (x) 11) 22, 600 = x (2,260) 3

4 Lesson 1: What is Heat? Sub-Lesson A Objective: Determine the direction of heat flow 1.) Which statement is true? (1) At a given temperature, the temperature value is a measure of the total kinetic energy of all the molecules. (2) At a given temperature, all the particles have the same amount of kinetic energy. (3) At a given temperature, the average kinetic energy of the molecules is constantly changing. (4) At a given temperature, the temperature value is a measure of the average kinetic energy of all the molecules. 2.) Which is not a form of energy? (1) light (2) temperature (3) electricity (4) heat 3.) Which term is defined as a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter? (1) activation energy (2) potential energy (3) temperature 4.) In which sample do the particles have the highest average kinetic energy? (1) o C (2 o C (3) o C (4) o C 5.) Which sample has particles with the lowest average kinetic energy? (1) 1.0g of I2 at 50. C (2) 2.0g of I2 at 30. C (3) 7.0g of I2 at 40. C (4) 9.0g of I2 at 20. C 6.) The average kinetic energy of water particles increases when: (1) H2O (l) changes to H2O (s) at 0 o C (2 H2O (s) changes to H2O (l) at 0 o C (3) H2O (l) at 10 o C changes to H2O (l) at 20 o C (4) H2O (l) at 20 o C changes to H2O (l) at 10 o C 7.) Object A at 40. C and object B at 80. C are placed in contact with each other. Which statement describes the heat flow between the objects? (1) Heat flows from object A to object B. (2) Heat flows from object B to object A. (3) Heat flows in both directions between the objects. (4) No heat flow occurs between the objects. 4

5 8.) What occurs when a 35-gram aluminum cube at 100. C is placed in 90. grams of water at 25 C in an insulated cup? (1) Heat is transferred from the aluminum to the water, and the temperature of the water decreases. (2) Heat is transferred from the aluminum to the water, and the temperature of the water increases. (3) Heat is transferred from the water to the aluminum, and the temperature of the water decreases. (4) Heat is transferred from the water to the aluminum, and the temperature of the water increases. 9.) A person with a body temperature of 37 C holds an ice cube with a temperature of 0 C in a room where the air temperature is 20. C. The direction of heat flow is (1) from the person to the ice, only (2) from the person to the ice and air, and from the air to the ice (3) from the ice to the person, only (4) from the ice to the person and air, and from the air to the person 10.) Explain what happens to an ice cube in your hand if you are in a room that has a temperature of 20. C. ASSESS YOURSELF ON THIS SUB-LESSON: /10 If you missed more than 2, do the Additional Practice. If not, go on to the next hw video!!! ADDITIONAL PRACTICE SUB-LESSON 1A 1.) Complete the following statement: Heat flows from what s to what s. 2.) Which sample has particles with the lowest average kinetic energy? (1) 10. g of H2O(s) at -30. C (2) 10. g of Br2(l) at -6. C (3) 5.0 g of H2O(s) at 220. K (4) 5.0 g of Br2(s) at 225 K 3.) A person with a body temperature of 37 C holds an coffee cup with a temperature of 82 C in a room where the air temperature is 28. C. The direction of heat flow is 5

6 (1) from the coffee to the person, only. (2) from the coffee to the person and air, and from the air to the coffee. (3) from the coffee to the person and air, and from the person to the air. (4) from the coffee to the person and air, and from the air to the person. 4.) Which term represents a form of energy? (1) heat (2) temperature (3) kilojoule (4) degree 5.) What is Average kinetic Energy? ASSESS YOURSELF ON THIS ADDITIONAL PRACTICE SUB-LESSON: /5 If you missed more than 1 you should see me for extra help and/or re-watch the lesson video assignment Lesson 1: What is Heat? Sub-Lesson B Objective: Determine the change in heat of a reaction Table I Practice: 1. Are the following endo or exothermic? CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) 2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) kJ H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) The dissolving of NaOH 25.69kJ + NH4NO3(s) NH4 + (aq) + NO3 - (aq) The dissolving of LiBr 2. Will the following feel hot or cold? Dissolving KNO3 Dissolving LiBr Burning CH4 in O2 Forming Al2O3 3. Describe each of the following as endothermic or exothermic. Dissolving KNO3 Dissolving LiBr 6

7 4. Would energy be on the reactant side or a product side of the equation for each of these reactions? Dissolving KNO3 Dissolving LiBr 5. Copy the balanced equation from Table I for the following reactions and insert heat as a reactant or product: a. The formation of H2O(g) from its elements b. The decomposition of C2H6 c. The dissolving of NH4Cl 6. Which of the reactions is question 5 above are endothermic? 7. Circle the more stable compound in each pair: (Exothermic reactions are more stable) NH3 OR Al2O3 HI OR NO 8. Circle the compound which is more likely to form in each pair: (Exothermic reactions occur more readily) C2H6 OR C2H2 NH3 OR HI ASSESS YOURSELF ON THIS SUB-LESSON 1B: /22 If you missed more than 5, do the Additional Practice. If not, go on to the next hw video!!! ADDITIONAL PRACTICE SUB-LESSON 1B 2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) kJ 1) Which statement correctly describes the reaction above. a) It is endothermic and energy is absorbed. b) It is endothermic and energy is released. c) It is exothermic and energy is absorbed. d) It is endothermic and energy is released. 2) Would energy be on the reactant side or a product side of the equation for each of these reactions? Formation of C2H4 Combuston of C6H12O6 7

8 3) Copy the balanced equation from Table I for the following reactions and insert heat as a reactant or product: a. The formation of Al2O3(g) from its elements b. Combuston of C6H12O6 4) Are the following endo or exothermic? N2(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO2(g) Decomposition of C2H6(g) into its elements H + (aq) + OH - (aq) H2O(g) + heat ASSESS YOURSELF ON THIS ADDITIONAL PRACTICE SUB-LESSON 1B: /8 If you missed more than 2 you should see me for extra help and/or re-watch the lesson video assignment 8

9 Lesson 2: Calculating Heat Objective: Calculate heat, specific heat, mass, and change in temperature of a reaction Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat (in ) needed to raise gram of a substance C. Every substance has its own specific heat depending on the bonds and forces it has. 1. At the park, why do you tend to steer clear of metal benches and prefer wooden picnic benches? Which has a lower specific heat? 2. Explain in terms of specific heat why during the month of October on Long Island the air temperature fluctuates between 60 F during the day and 40 F at night yet the ocean water temperature is consistently 65 F? 3. Based on the specific heat values in the table below for Al, Cu, Au, Fe and Hg, what do they have in common? 9

10 Define the following terms with units: q: c: m: ΔT: Write the heat formula which contains the above four variables: Answer the following questions using the heat formula. Write out the formula and circle the variable you are solving for. Include a numerical set up and your final answer (boxed) with units. 1) A 5.00 gram sample of water is heated so that its temperature increases from 10.0 C to 15.0 C. What is the total amount of energy absorbed by the water? 2) When a sample of 25.0 g of water is cooled from 20.0 C to 10.0 C, what is the number of Joules of energy released? 3) What is the total number of joules of heat energy absorbed when the temperature of grams of water is raised from 10.0 C to 40.0 C? 4) A sample of water is heated from 10.0 C to 15.0 C by adding Joules of heat. What is the mass of the water? 5) The temperature of a sample of water in the liquid phase is raised 30.0 C by the addition of 3762 J. What is the mass of the water? 10

11 6) When 418. Joules of heat energy are added to 10.0 grams of water at 20.0 C. a. What is the change in the temperature of the water? b. What will the final temperature of the water be? 7) The temperature of 50.0 grams of liquid water was raised to 50.0 C by the addition of 500. Joules of heat. What was the initial temperature of the water? 8) What is the specific heat of silver if an 80.0 gram sample is heated from 24.0 C to 49.0 C by adding 468.2J? 9) What is the specific heat of copper if a 75.0 gram sample of copper is heated from 20.0C to 24.0C by adding 117J? ASSESS YOURSELF ON THIS LESSON: /13 If you missed more than 4, do the Additional Practice. If not, go on to the next hw video!!! 11

12 ADDITIONAL PRACTICE LESSON 2 1. How many Joules of energy are needed to change the temperature of grams of water from 20.0C to 40.0C? 2. How many joules of heat energy are released when 50.0 grams of water are cooled from 70.0 C to 60.0 C? 3. If the temperature of water is changed from 10.0C to 35.0C by the addition of 350.0J, how many grams were heated? 4. How many grams of water will absorb a total of 2400 joules of energy when the temperature changes from 10.0 C to 30.0 C? 5. If J of energy are applied to grams of water at 50.0C, what is the temperature change? 6. What is the specific heat of a substance if 100.0g absorbs 1500J and the temperature increases by 10.0 C? ASSESS YOURSELF ON THIS ADDITIONAL PRACTICE LESSON: /6 If you missed more than 2 you should see me for extra help and/or re-watch the lesson video assignment 12

13 LESSON 3: PHASE CHANGES AND HEAT Objective: Differentiate between endo and exothermic Identify a phase change as either endo or exothermic Label the phase change diagram below to answer the questions that follow. 1. Identify the phase(s) represented by the following line segments: a. AB d. DE b. BC e. EF c. CD 2. What line segment(s) represent the melting point? 3. What line segment(s) represent the boiling point? 4. What takes more energy: to melt this substance or to vaporize it? Give evidence to support your answer. 5. What is the first temperature where you could see one drop of a liquid? 6. What is the first temperature where you could see the last crystal of a solid? 7. What is the first temperature where you could see one bubble of a gas? 8. During which segments are there phase changes occurring? 9. What type of energy is being used during the line segments mentioned in question 8? 10. During which segments is the temperature rising? 11. What type of energy is being used during the line segments mentioned in question 10? 12. At what point will the particles be moving the slowest? 13. During which line segments does temperature increase? 14. During which line segments is there no change in temperature? 15. If this substance were water, at what temperature would segment BC occur? o C 16. If this substance were water, at what temperature would segment DE occur? o C 13

14 1. Which arrows in Model 1 indicate the addition of energy? and 2. Which term, endothermic or exothermic, is used to describe the situation when energy is added into a system from the surroundings? 3. Which arrows in Model 1 indicate the release of energy? and 4. What are the names of the phase changes that involve a release of energy to the surroundings by the system? and 5. In terms of particle attraction, explain why gases such as propane and butane are in liquid form in their containers but are released as gas when they come out of their containers. 6. Fill in the following phase change diagram indicating the following: Melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, sublimation, deposition ASSESS YOURSELF ON THIS LESSON: /22 If you missed more than 4, do the Additional Practice. If not, go on to the next hw video!!! 14

15 ADDITIONAL PRACTICE LESSON 3 Use the following diagram to answer questions a T 150 b e m p ( o C) c d e Time (min) 1. Is heat being added or removed from this substance? 2. Which segment represents the point during which the gas is turning into a liquid (g l)? 3. Which segment represents the point during which the liquid is turning into a solid (l s)? 4. What term do we use for what the substance is doing between minutes 1 and 3?. 5. What state of matter is the substance in at the end of segment b?. (just beginning of segment c) 6. How long did it take for the substance to condense completely? (from the beginning of the condensation process to the end) 7. This graph likely represents a cooling curve for water? (True or False) 8. What term do we use for what the substance is doing between minutes 6 and 7?. 9. What phase/state of matter would you have the lowest kinetic energy?. 15

16 Complete the table below: What phase/state of matter is the substance in during segment: 10 a 11 c 12 e ASSESS YOURSELF ON THIS ADDITIONAL PRACTICE LESSON: /12 If you missed more than 3 you should see me for extra help and/or re-watch the lesson video assignment 16

17 Lesson 4: Calculating Heat of Phase Changes Objective: Calculate heat of phase changes using q=mhf and q=mhv Directions: Read and answer each of the following questions. Make sure to show all work: Write out the formula and circle the variable you are solving for. Include a numerical set up and your final answer (boxed) with units. 1. What is the total number of joules required to freeze a 10.0 g sample of water at 0 C? 2. How much energy is required to vaporize g of water at its boiling point? 3. What is the total number of kilojoules of heat needed to change 25 g of ice to water at 0 C? 4. Calculate the amount of energy required to heat 100.g of the following: a. H2O(s) changes to H2O(l) at 0 C b. H2O(l) changes to H2O (s) at 0 C c. H2O(l) at 10. C changes to H2O(l) at 20. C 17

18 5. What is the total number of kilojoules of heat needed to change 25 g of ice to water at 0 C? 6. In question 5, is heat being absorbed or released? Is this process endothermic or exothermic? 7. At 1 atmosphere of pressure, 25.0 g of a compound at its normal boiling point are converted to a gas by the addition of 34,400 J. What is the heat of vaporization for this compound? 8. Which involves a greater amount of energy, melting 35.0 g of solid ice at 0 C or freezing 35.0 g of liquid water at 0 C? Justify your answer. ASSESS YOURSELF ON THIS LESSON: /11 If you missed more than 3, do the Additional Practice. If not, go on to the next hw video!!! 18

19 ADDITIONAL PRACTICE LESSON 4 1. What is the total number of joules required to freeze a 100. g sample of water at 0 C? 2. What is the total number of joules of heat needed to melt 35 g of ice to water at 0 C? 3. How much energy is required to vaporize 10.0 grams of water at its boiling point? 4. What is the total number of kilojoules required to completely boil g of water at O C and at 1 atmosphere? 5. What is the heat of vaporization of a liquid that requires J of energy to completely boil a 24 gram sample? ASSESS YOURSELF ON THIS ADDITIONAL PRACTICE LESSON: /5 If you missed more than 1 you should see me for extra help and/or re-watch the lesson video assignment Challenge Question: How much heat does it take to change 25grams of H2O(s) from -20 C to 80 C. (Hint you have to do three equations) 19

20 1. Label the line segments with their phase(s). 2. What is this substance s melting point? 3. What is this substance s boiling point? 4. Does this represent an endothermic or exothermic reaction? 5. Heat is being released at 60.0 kilojoules per minute. How much heat is released when the substance freezes? 6. Label the point with the most kinetic energy with a star. 7. Draw six particles of this substance as it looks for the first line segment in the box below. 8. Draw six particles of this substance as it looks for the last line segment in the box below. 9. At which point is the potential energy the highest? Label it with a star. 10. What is the boiling point of this substance? 11. What is the melting point of this substance? 12. What would you expect the graph to do if the substance continued to be heated? 20

21 Vocabulary: Boiling: Calorimetry: Condensing: Deposition: Endothermic: Evaporating: Exothermic: Freezing: Heat: Heat of Fusion: Heat of Vaporization: Kinetic Energy: Melting: Potential Energy: Specific Heat: Sublimation: Temperature: 21