The History and Philosophy of Astronomy
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1 Astronomy 350L (Spring 2005) The History and Philosophy of Astronomy (Lecture 13: Newton I) Instructor: Volker Bromm TA: Amanda Bauer The University of Texas at Austin
2 Isaac Newton: Founding Father of Physics 1642 (Woolsthorpe) 1727 (London) Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis ( Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, 1687) - universal gravity (inverse-square law) - three laws of motion invented calculus (differentiation and integration)
3 Newton: Timeline and Context Descartes building upon Galileo, Kepler, and Descartes completes Copernican Revolution!
4 Newton: Geography of his Life N D
5 1642: Birth in Woolsthorpe born in rural Lincolnshire father died before his birth ( posthumous child )
6 : The English Civil War bitter struggle between King (Charles I Stuart) and Parliament ( Cavaliers vs Roundheads ) King desires to rule without Parliament
7 1649: Execution of the King King Charles I (Stuart) beheaded
8 : The English Civil War Victory for Parliament Republic ( Commonwealth ) Oliver Cromwell ( ) - Lord Protector Anarchy after his death Army recalls son of former (executed) king from exile
9 1660: The Restoration Return of the Stuarts: Charles II (son of behead king)
10 London Coffee-House Culture New venue for meetings of intellectuals
11 The Royal Society of London Gresham College founded 1660: institution to foster exchange of scientific knowledge
12 Philosophical Transactions published by Royal Society first scientific journal a public registry of new scientific ideas professionalization of science
13 1661: Newton enters Cambridge University one of oldest universities in the world
14 1661: Newton admitted to Trinity College admitted as subsizar (has to perform menial duties for older or richer students)
15 Student in Cambridge ( ) Study Descartes mechanical philosophy! Principia Philosophiae (1644) No vacuum, no atoms! Force by direct contact (pressure and tension)
16 Student in Cambridge ( ) Study all the mathematics that there is to know! John Wallis Arithmetica Infinitorum (1656): - predecessor of integral calculus - introduces symbol for infinity ( ) 8 John Wallis,
17 1665: The Great Plague ~100,000 dead in London
18 1666: The Great Fire of London
19 Christopher Wren: England s Greatest Architect Rebuilt London after Great Fire of 1666 > 50 new churches St Paul s Cathedral Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford
20 Wren: Rebuilding London St Paul s Cathedral
21 Newton during Plague Year: Annus Mirabilis Return to Woolsthorpe 3 Great Discoveries: - Calculus - Nature of Light The Miraculous Year ( ) - Universal Gravity
22 Annus Mirabilis I: Calculus Differentiation Integration y x independently discovered by Leibniz in Germany (giving rise to ugly priority dispute later on )
23 Annus Mirabilis II: Optics white light is composed of different colors!
24 Annus Mirabilis III: Universal Gravity Newton asks: What if the same force (gravity) causes fall of apple and keeps Moon in orbit around Earth???
25 Annus Mirabilis III: Universal Gravity F~v 2 /r Centripetal force v r Moon is constantly falling toward Earth (as is apple)!
26 Experiencing the Centripetal Force
27 Annus Mirabilis III: Universal Gravity Earth s gravitational pull is ~ 1/3600 weaker at location of Moon compared to surface (apple)!
28 Annus Mirabilis III: Universal Gravity F~v 2 /r Centripetal force + P 2 =r 3 Kepler s 3 rd Law }= F ~ 1/r 2 Inverse-square law Kepler 3 + Galilean inertia = inverse-square law!
29 Annus Mirabilis III: Universal Gravity Intuitive nature of inverse-square law! (compare to dilution of light over growing surface)
30 Annus Mirabilis III: Universal Gravity Inverse-square law for force of gravity Big remaining problem: Does it also work for elliptical orbits???
31 Newton s Return to Cambridge 1669: Lucasian Professor for Mathematics Isaac Barrow: 1 st Lucasian Professor Stephen Hawking: 17 th Lucasian Professor
32 Newton s Return to Cambridge 1671: Design for new (reflecting) telescope earns him membership (as fellow) in Royal Society
33 En Route to the Principia Newton was very reluctant to publish! Edmond Halley ( ) member of Royal Society Halley s Comet first astronomer to observe Southern Sky (from St Helena) Convinced Newton to publish Principia
34 En Route to the Principia Remove difficulty 1: - inverse-square law and elliptical orbits! Result: Inverse square-law explains all of Kepler s laws!
35 En Route to the Principia Remove difficulty 2: - gravitational force near surface of Earth!
36 Newton s Principia (1687) Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) Challenges Descartes Principia Philosophiae (1644) - Descartes: qualitative - Newton: quantitative, predictive The foundational text for modern physics and astronomy!
37 Newton (part 1) Isaac Newton: - founder of modern physics and astronomy - led reclusive anti-social life in Cambridge - made Lucasian Professorship (Cambridge) famous Invented Calculus - differential and integral calculus - independently discovered by Leibniz (priority dispute) Principia - the foundational text for modern physics and astronomy - laws of motion - universal gravity (inverse-square law)
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