Propagation losses in optical fibers

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Propagation losses in optical fibers"

Transcription

1 Chapter Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers 1-Fev-017 Propagation losses in optical fibers Charles Kao, Nobel Laureate (009) Courtesy of the Chinese University of Hong Kong S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education 013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 65

2 Light Attenuation 1-Fev-017 The attenuation of light in a medium Attenuation = Absorption + Scattering Attenuation coefficient α is defined as the fractional decrease in the optical power per unit distance. α is in m -1. P out = P in exp( αl) α db = 1 10log L P P in out 10 αdb = α = 4. 34α ln(10) From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 66

3 Attenuation in Optical Fibers Attenuation vs. wavelength for a standard silica based fiber. From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 67

4 Lattice Absorption (Reststrahlen Absorption) EM Wave oscillations are coupled to lattice vibrations (phonons), vibrations of the ions in the lattice. Energy is transferred from the EM wave to these lattice vibrations. This corresponds to Fundamental Infrared Absorption in glasses From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 68

5 Rayleigh Scattering Rayleigh scattering involves the polarization of a small dielectric particle or a region that is much smaller than the light wavelength. The field forces dipole oscillations in the particle (by polarizing it) which leads to the emission of EM waves in "many" directions so that a portion of the light energy is directed away from the incident beam. α R 8π 3 3λ 4 ( n 1) β T k B T f β Τ = isothermal compressibility (at T f ) T f = fictive temperature (roughly the softening temperature of glass) where the liquid structure during the cooling of the fiber is frozen to become the glass structure From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 69

6 Attenuation in Optical Fibers Attenuation vs. wavelength for a standard silica based fiber. From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 70

7 Low-water-peak fiber has no OH - peak E-band is available for communications with this fiber From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 71

8 Chapter Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers 1-Fev-017 Dispersion in optical fibers Charles Kao, Nobel Laureate (009) Courtesy of the Chinese University of Hong Kong S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education 013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 7

9 Spectral width Pulse duration (Temporal and Spatial Coherence) 1-Fev-017 (a) A sine wave is perfectly coherent and contains a well-defined frequency υ o. (b) A finite wave train lasts for a duration t and has a length l. Its frequency spectrum extends over υ = / t. It has a coherence time t and a coherence length λ. (c) White light exhibits practically no coherence. From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 73

10 Spectral width Pulse duration (Temporal and Spatial Coherence) υ 1 t FWHM spreads From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 74

11 Spectral width Pulse duration (Temporal and Spatial Coherence) No interference Interference t No interference (a) A B Source Time (b) P c Spatially coherent source Q (c) c An incoherent beam Space (a) Two waves can only interfere over the time interval t. (b) Spatial coherence involves comparing the coherence of waves emitted from different locations on the source. (c) An incoherent beam From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 75

12 Spectral width Pulse duration (Temporal and Spatial Coherence) t = coherence time l = c t = coherence length For a Gaussian light pulse Spectral width υ 1 t Pulse duration From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 76

13 Temporal and Spatial Coherence t = coherence time l = c t = coherence length Na lamp, orange radiation at 589 nm has spectral width υ Hz. t 1/ υ = 10-1 s or ps, and its coherence length l = c t, l = m or 0.60 mm. He-Ne laser operating in multimode has a spectral width around Hz, t 1/ υ = 1/ s or 0.67 ns l = c t = 0.0 m or 00 mm. υ 1 t From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 77

14 Intermode Dispersion (MMF) Group Delay τ = L / v g τ L n 1 n c (Since n 1 and n are only slightly different) From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 78

15 Intermode Dispersion (MMF) TE 0 θ c θ c TE highest v g min c n 1 sin θ c = τ = c n 1 n n 1 L L v g v v g max min gmax c n 1 τ = L ( n1 n ) c n n 1 τ L n 1 n c τ/l ns / km Depends on length! From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 79

16 Intramode Dispersion (SMF) Dispersion in the fundamental mode Group Delay τ = L / v g Group velocity v g depends on Refractive index = n(λ) V-number = V(λ) = (n 1 n )/n 1 = (λ) Material Dispersion Waveguide Dispersion Profile Dispersion From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 80

17 Material Dispersion Emitter emits a spectrum λ of wavelengths. Waves in the guide with different free space wavelengths travel at different group velocities due to the wavelength dependence of n 1. The waves arrive at the end of the fiber at different times and hence result in a broadened output pulse. τ L = D m λ D m = Material dispersion coefficient, ps nm -1 km -1 From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 81

18 Intramode Dispersion (SMF) Chromatic dispersion in the fundamental mode v g v g1 τ = DL λ Output pulse dispersed δ(t) τ λ 1 λ λ = λ λ 1 Chromatic spread λ τ g1 τ g OR τ D = L λ D = dτ Ldλ Definition of Dispersion Coefficient From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 8 τ τ = τ g1 τ g Dispersion

19 Emitter Input Very short light pulse Material Dispersion Cladding v g (λ 1 ) Core v g (λ ) Output v g = c / N g Group velocity Depends on the wavelength τ L = D m λ D m = Material dispersion coefficient, ps nm -1 km -1 D m λ d n c dλ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 83

20 Wave guide dispersion b hence β depend on V and hence on λ V πa = λ ( n n ) 1/ 1 b V Normalized propagation constant b = (β /k) n n 1 n k = π/λ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 84

21 Waveguide Dispersion Waveguide dispersion The group velocity v g (01) of the fundamental mode depends on the V-number, which itself depends on the source wavelength λ, even if n 1 and n were constant. Even if n 1 and n were wavelength independent (no material dispersion), we will still have waveguide dispersion by virtue of v g (01) depending on V and V depending inversely on λ. Waveguide dispersion arises as a result of the guiding properties of the waveguide which imposes a nonlinear ω vs. β lm relationship. τ L = D w λ Dw = waveguide dispersion coefficient D w depends on the waveguide structure, ps nm -1 km -1 From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 85

22 Chromatic Dispersion Material dispersion coefficient (D m ) for the core material (taken as SiO ), waveguide dispersion coefficient (D w ) (a = 4. µm) and the total or chromatic dispersion coefficient D ch (= D m + D w ) as a function of free space wavelength, λ Chromatic = Material + Waveguide τ L = (D m + D w ) λ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 86

23 What do Negative and Positive D m mean? 1 Silica glass Negative D m Positive D m λ λ 1 1 t N g >N g1 λ 1 v g1 λ v g λ 1 λ Positive D m λ 1 N g <N g1 v g1 v g τ t τ = Positive D m t λ Negative D m D m τ = L λ t τ = Negative λ = λ λ 1 From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 87

24 Waveguide Dimension and Chromatic Dispersion D w d ( bv ) = n V cλ dv D w 0.05λ a cn D w (ps nm 1 km 1 ) λ(µm) [ a(µm)] n Waveguide dispersion depends on the guide properties From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 88

25 Profile Dispersion Group velocity v g (01) of the fundamental mode depends on, refractive index difference. may not be constant over a range of wavelengths: = (λ) τ L = D p λ D p = Profile dispersion coefficient D p < 0.1 ps nm -1 km -1 Can generally be ignored NOTE Total intramode (chromatic) dispersion coefficient D ch D ch = D m + D w + D p where D m, D w, D p are material, waveguide and profile dispersion coefficients respectively From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 89

26 Chromatic Dispersion D ch = D m + D w + D p S 0 = Chromatic dispersion slope at λ 0 D ch = τ L = D ch λ S λ λ λ Chromatic dispersion is zero at λ = λ 0 4 From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 90

27 Is dispersion really zero at λ 0? The cause of τ is the wavelength spread λ at the input τ = f( λ) dτ 1 d τ τ = τ ( λ) τ ( λ0 ) = ( λ) + ( λ) dλ λ! 0 dλ λ 0 d τ = D ch Ldλ +L τ = L = 0 τ = [ LD ch ( λ λ dd ch = dλ 1 1 km S0 ( λ) = = S 0 d dτ λ λ d d 0 )] + ( ) λ 0 ( ps nm km )( nm) 1.01ps λ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 91

28 Polarization Dispersion n different in different directions due to induced strains in fiber in manufacturing, handling and cabling. δn/n < 10-6 τ = D PMD L D PMD = Polarization dispersion coefficient Typically D PMD = ps nm -1 km -1/ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 9

29 Self-Phase Modulation Dispersion : Nonlinear Effect At sufficiently high light intensities, the refractive index of glass n is n = n + CI where C is a constant and I is the light intensity. The intensity of light modulates its own phase. τ L C I c What is the optical power that will give τ/l 0.1 ps km -1? Take C = cm W -1 I (c/c)( τ/l) = W cm - or n Given a 10 µm, A cm Optical power.35 W in the core In many cases, this dispersion will be less than other dispersion mechanisms From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 93

30 Nonzero Dispersion Shifted Fiber For Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) avoid 4 wave mixing: cross talk. We need dispersion not zero but very small in Er-amplifer band ( nm) D ch = ps nm -1 km -1. Nonzero dispersion shifted fibers Various fibers named after their dispersion characteristics. The range nm is only approximate and depends on the particular application of the fiber. From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 94

31 Dispersion Flattened Fiber Dispersion flattened fiber example. The material dispersion coefficient (D m ) for the core material and waveguide dispersion coefficient (D w ) for the doubly clad fiber result in a flattened small chromatic dispersion between λ 1 and λ. From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 95

32 Nonzero Dispersion Shifted Fiber: More Examples Refractive Index change (%) % Radius (µm) 0.4% Nonzero dispersion shifted fiber (Corning) Fiber with flattened dispersion slope (schematic) From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 96

33 Commercial Fibers for Optical Communications Fiber Standard single mode, ITU- T G.65 D ch S 0 D PMD ps nm -1 km -1 ps nm - km -1 ps km -1/ < 0.5 (1550 nm) (cabled) Some attributes D ch = 0 at λ nm, MFD = µm at 1310 nm. λ c 160 nm. Non-zero dispersion shifted fiber, ITU-T G (1530 nm) < 0.05 at 1550 nm < 0.5 (cabled) For nm range. WDM application MFD = 8 11 µm. Non-zero dispersion shifted fiber, ITU-T G.656 Corning SMF8e+ (Standard SMF) 14 < at 1550 nm 18 (1550 nm) < 0.0 (cabled) For nm range. DWDM application. MFD = 7 11 µm (at 1550 nm). Positive D ch. λ c <1310 nm < 0.1 Satisfies G.65. λ nm, MFD = 9. µm (at 1310 nm), 10.4 µm (at 1550 nm); λ c 160 nm. OFS TrueWave RS Fiber Satisfies G.655. Optimized for 1530 nm - 165nm. MFD = 8.4 µm (at 1550 nm); λ c 160 nm. OFS REACH Fiber Higher performance than G.655 specification. Satisfies G.656. For DWDM from 1460 to 165 nm. λ nm. MFD = 8.6 µm (at 1550 nm) From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 97

34 Single Mode Fibers: Selected Examples From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 98

35 Dispersion Compensation Total dispersion = D t L t + D c L c = (10 ps nm -1 km -1 )(1000 km) + ( 100 ps nm -1 km -1 )(80 km) = 000 ps/nm for 1080 km D effective = 1.9 ps nm -1 km -1 From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 99

36 Dispersion Compensation DispersionDvs. wavelength characteristics involved in dispersion compensation. Inverse dispersion fiber enables the dispersion to be reduced and maintained flat over the communication wavelengths. From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 100

37 Dispersion Compensation and Management Compensating fiber has higher attenuation. Doped core. Need shorter length More susceptible to nonlinear effects. Use at the receiver end. Different cross sections. Splicing/coupling losses. Compensation depends on the temperature. Manufacturers provide transmission fiber spliced to inverse dispersion fiber for a well defined D vs. λ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 101

38 Dispersion and Maximum Bit Rate B 0.5 τ 1/ Return-to-zero (RTZ) bit rate or data rate. Nonreturn to zero (NRZ) bit rate = RTZ bitrate From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 10

39 NRZ and RTZ T Information NRZ RZ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 103

40 Maximum Bit Rate B A Gaussian output light pulse and some tolerable intersymbol interference between two consecutive output light pulses (y-axis in relative units). At time t = σ from the pulse center, the relative magnitude is e 1/ = and full width root mean square (rms) spread is τ rms = σ. (The RTZ case) From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 104

41 Dispersion and Maximum Bit Rate Maximum Bit Rate Dispersion τ 1 / B = = D ch λ1/ σ τ L 1/ BL = τ λ 1/ D ch 1/ Bit Rate Distance is inversely proportional to dispersion inversely proportional to line width of laser (so, we need single frequency lasers!) From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 105

42 Dispersion and Maximum Bit Rate Maximum Bit Rate B 0.5 σ = 0.59 τ 1/ σ = + σ intermodal σ intramodal ) ( ) ( ) 1 / 1/ intermodal 1/ intramodal ( τ = τ + τ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 106

43 Optical Bandwidth An optical fiber link for transmitting analog signals and the effect of dispersion in the fiber on the bandwidth, f op. From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 107

44 Pulse Shape and Maximum Bit Rate From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 108

45 Example: Bit rate and dispersion Consider an optical fiber with a chromatic dispersion coefficient 8 ps km -1 nm -1 at an operating wavelength of 1.5 µm. Calculate the bit rate distance product (BL), and the optical and electrical bandwidths for a 10 km fiber if a laser diode source with a FWHP linewidth λ 1/ of nm is used. Solution For FWHP dispersion, τ 1/ /L = D ch λ 1/ = (8 ps nm -1 km -1 )( nm) = 16 ps km -1 Assuming a Gaussian light pulse shape, the RTZ bit rate distance product (BL) is BL = 0.59L/ τ 1/ = 0.59/(16 ps km -1 ) = 36.9 Gb s -1 km The optical and electrical bandwidths for a 10 km fiber are f op = 0.75B = 0.75(36.9 Gb s -1 km) / (10 km) =.8 GHz f el = 0.70f op = 1.9 GHz From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 109

46 Chapter Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers 1-Fev-017 Graded Index (GRIN) Fibers Charles Kao, Nobel Laureate (009) Courtesy of the Chinese University of Hong Kong S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education 013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 110

Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers. 高錕 Charles Kao

Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers. 高錕 Charles Kao Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers 高錕 Charles Kao 1 Planar Dielectric Slab Waveguide Symmetric Planar Slab Waveguide n 1 area : core, n 2 area : cladding a light ray can undergo TIR at the n 1 /n

More information

Optical Fiber Signal Degradation

Optical Fiber Signal Degradation Optical Fiber Signal Degradation Effects Pulse Spreading Dispersion (Distortion) Causes the optical pulses to broaden as they travel along a fiber Overlap between neighboring pulses creates errors Resulting

More information

Graded Index (GRIN) Fibers

Graded Index (GRIN) Fibers Chapter 2 Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers 09-Mar2017 Graded Index (GRIN) Fibers Charles Kao, Nobel Laureate (2009) Courtesy of the Chinese University of Hong Kong S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and

More information

Lecture 4 Fiber Optical Communication Lecture 4, Slide 1

Lecture 4 Fiber Optical Communication Lecture 4, Slide 1 ecture 4 Dispersion in single-mode fibers Material dispersion Waveguide dispersion imitations from dispersion Propagation equations Gaussian pulse broadening Bit-rate limitations Fiber losses Fiber Optical

More information

Mode-Field Diameter (MFD)

Mode-Field Diameter (MFD) Mode-Field Diameter (MFD) Important parameter determined from mode-field distribution of fundamental LP 01 mode. Characterized by various models Main consideration: how to approximate the electric field

More information

Lect. 15: Optical Fiber

Lect. 15: Optical Fiber 3-dimentioanl dielectric waveguide? planar waveguide circular waveguide optical fiber Optical Fiber: Circular dielectric waveguide made of silica (SiO ) y y n n 1 n Cladding Core r z Fiber axis SiO :Ge

More information

QUESTION BANK IN PHYSICS

QUESTION BANK IN PHYSICS QUESTION BANK IN PHYSICS LASERS. Name some properties, which make laser light different from ordinary light. () {JUN 5. The output power of a given laser is mw and the emitted wavelength is 630nm. Calculate

More information

Optical Fibre Communication Systems

Optical Fibre Communication Systems Optical Fibre Communication Systems Lecture 2: Nature of Light and Light Propagation Professor Z Ghassemlooy Northumbria Communications Laboratory Faculty of Engineering and Environment The University

More information

Photonic Communications Engineering I

Photonic Communications Engineering I Photonic Communications Engineering I Module 3 - Attenuation in Optical Fibers Alan E. Willner Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering - Systems, University of Southern California and Thrust 1 Lead

More information

Optical Fiber Concept

Optical Fiber Concept Optical Fiber Concept Optical fibers are light pipes Communications signals can be transmitted over these hair-thin strands of glass or plastic Concept is a century old But only used commercially for the

More information

Chapter-4 Stimulated emission devices LASERS

Chapter-4 Stimulated emission devices LASERS Semiconductor Laser Diodes Chapter-4 Stimulated emission devices LASERS The Road Ahead Lasers Basic Principles Applications Gas Lasers Semiconductor Lasers Semiconductor Lasers in Optical Networks Improvement

More information

OPTI510R: Photonics. Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona Meinel building R.626

OPTI510R: Photonics. Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona Meinel building R.626 OPTI510R: Photonics Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona kkieu@optics.arizona.edu Meinel building R.626 Announcements Homework #4 is assigned, due March 25 th Start discussion

More information

2. Dispersion in the Planar Waveguide

2. Dispersion in the Planar Waveguide Chapt.2_2 Words Dispersion diagram( 色散图 ), modal/intermodal dispersion( 模间色散 ), intermodal coupling( 模间耦合 ), intramodal dispersion( 模内色散 ), penetration depth( 渗透深度 ), mode field distance(mfd, 模场距离 ), 2.

More information

Module II: Part B. Optical Fibers: Dispersion

Module II: Part B. Optical Fibers: Dispersion Module II: Part B Optical Fibers: Dispersion Dispersion We had already seen that that intermodal dispersion can be, eliminated, in principle, using graded-index fibers. We had also seen that single-mode,

More information

Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fiber. Dr. Mohammad Faisal Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, BUET

Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fiber. Dr. Mohammad Faisal Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, BUET Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fiber Dr. Mohammad Faisal Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, BUET Fiber Nonlinearities The response of any dielectric material to the light becomes nonlinear for intense electromagnetic

More information

OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS S

OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS S OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS S-108.3110 1 Course program 1. Introduction and Optical Fibers 2. Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers 3. Fiber-Optic Components I 4. Transmitters and Receivers 5. Fiber-Optic Measurements

More information

Stimulated Emission Devices: LASERS

Stimulated Emission Devices: LASERS Stimulated Emission Devices: LASERS 1. Stimulated Emission and Photon Amplification E 2 E 2 E 2 hυ hυ hυ In hυ Out hυ E 1 E 1 E 1 (a) Absorption (b) Spontaneous emission (c) Stimulated emission The Principle

More information

Laser Basics. What happens when light (or photon) interact with a matter? Assume photon energy is compatible with energy transition levels.

Laser Basics. What happens when light (or photon) interact with a matter? Assume photon energy is compatible with energy transition levels. What happens when light (or photon) interact with a matter? Assume photon energy is compatible with energy transition levels. Electron energy levels in an hydrogen atom n=5 n=4 - + n=3 n=2 13.6 = [ev]

More information

Nonlinear effects in optical fibers - v1. Miguel A. Muriel UPM-ETSIT-MUIT-CFOP

Nonlinear effects in optical fibers - v1. Miguel A. Muriel UPM-ETSIT-MUIT-CFOP Nonlinear effects in optical fibers - v1 Miguel A. Muriel UPM-ETSIT-MUIT-CFOP Miguel A. Muriel-015/10-1 Nonlinear effects in optical fibers 1) Introduction ) Causes 3) Parameters 4) Fundamental processes

More information

(b) Spontaneous emission. Absorption, spontaneous (random photon) emission and stimulated emission.

(b) Spontaneous emission. Absorption, spontaneous (random photon) emission and stimulated emission. Lecture 10 Stimulated Emission Devices Lasers Stimulated emission and light amplification Einstein coefficients Optical fiber amplifiers Gas laser and He-Ne Laser The output spectrum of a gas laser Laser

More information

OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS

OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS L21-1 OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS Free-Space Propagation: Similar to radiowaves (but more absorption by clouds, haze) Same expressions: antenna gain, effective area, power received Examples: TV controllers,

More information

Propagation of signals in optical fibres

Propagation of signals in optical fibres 11 11 Fiber optic link OR Propagation of signals in optical fibres??? Simon-Pierre Gorza BEST Course - 213 http://opera.ulb.ac.be/ Outline: 2.1 Geometrical-optics description 2.2 Electromagnetic analysis

More information

Module 5 - Dispersion and Dispersion Mitigation

Module 5 - Dispersion and Dispersion Mitigation Module 5 - Dispersion and Dispersion Mitigation Dr. Masud Mansuripur Chair of Optical Data Storage, University of Arizona Dr. Masud Mansuripur is the Chair of Optical Data Storage and Professor of Optical

More information

Lasers and Electro-optics

Lasers and Electro-optics Lasers and Electro-optics Second Edition CHRISTOPHER C. DAVIS University of Maryland III ^0 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Preface to the Second Edition page xv 1 Electromagnetic waves, light, and lasers 1

More information

MEFT / Quantum Optics and Lasers. Suggested problems Set 4 Gonçalo Figueira, spring 2015

MEFT / Quantum Optics and Lasers. Suggested problems Set 4 Gonçalo Figueira, spring 2015 MEFT / Quantum Optics and Lasers Suggested problems Set 4 Gonçalo Figueira, spring 05 Note: some problems are taken or adapted from Fundamentals of Photonics, in which case the corresponding number is

More information

Stimulated Emission. Electrons can absorb photons from medium. Accelerated electrons emit light to return their ground state

Stimulated Emission. Electrons can absorb photons from medium. Accelerated electrons emit light to return their ground state Lecture 15 Stimulated Emission Devices- Lasers Stimulated emission and light amplification Einstein coefficients Optical fiber amplifiers Gas laser and He-Ne Laser The output spectrum of a gas laser Laser

More information

B 2 P 2, which implies that g B should be

B 2 P 2, which implies that g B should be Enhanced Summary of G.P. Agrawal Nonlinear Fiber Optics (3rd ed) Chapter 9 on SBS Stimulated Brillouin scattering is a nonlinear three-wave interaction between a forward-going laser pump beam P, a forward-going

More information

Fiber-Optics Group Highlights of Micronova Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering Helsinki University of Technology

Fiber-Optics Group Highlights of Micronova Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering Helsinki University of Technology Highlights of 2004 Micronova Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering Micronova Seminar 3 December 2004 Group Leader: Hanne Ludvigsen Postdoctoral researcher: Goëry Genty Postgraduate students:

More information

Performance Limits of Delay Lines Based on "Slow" Light. Robert W. Boyd

Performance Limits of Delay Lines Based on Slow Light. Robert W. Boyd Performance Limits of Delay Lines Based on "Slow" Light Robert W. Boyd Institute of Optics and Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Rochester Representing the DARPA Slow-Light-in-Fibers Team:

More information

Light-emitting diodes I

Light-emitting diodes I JF, SCO 1617 21-Mar-2017 Light-emitting diodes I S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 2013 Pearson Education 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River,

More information

Lecture 3 Fiber Optical Communication Lecture 3, Slide 1

Lecture 3 Fiber Optical Communication Lecture 3, Slide 1 Lecture 3 Optical fibers as waveguides Maxwell s equations The wave equation Fiber modes Phase velocity, group velocity Dispersion Fiber Optical Communication Lecture 3, Slide 1 Maxwell s equations in

More information

INFLUENCE OF EVEN ORDER DISPERSION ON SOLITON TRANSMISSION QUALITY WITH COHERENT INTERFERENCE

INFLUENCE OF EVEN ORDER DISPERSION ON SOLITON TRANSMISSION QUALITY WITH COHERENT INTERFERENCE Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 3, 63 72, 2008 INFLUENCE OF EVEN ORDER DISPERSION ON SOLITON TRANSMISSION QUALITY WITH COHERENT INTERFERENCE A. Panajotovic and D. Milovic Faculty of Electronic

More information

Optical Fibres - Dispersion Part 1

Optical Fibres - Dispersion Part 1 ECE 455 Lecture 05 1 Otical Fibres - Disersion Part 1 Stavros Iezekiel Deartment of Electrical and Comuter Engineering University of Cyrus HMY 445 Lecture 05 Fall Semester 016 ECE 455 Lecture 05 Otical

More information

Chapter 24 Photonics Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5

Chapter 24 Photonics Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Chapter 24 Photonics Data throughout this chapter: e = 1.6 10 19 C; h = 6.63 10 34 Js (or 4.14 10 15 ev s); m e = 9.1 10 31 kg; c = 3.0 10 8 m s 1 Question 1 Visible light has a range of photons with wavelengths

More information

Outline. Propagation of Signals in Optical Fiber. Outline. Geometric Approach. Refraction. How do we use this?

Outline. Propagation of Signals in Optical Fiber. Outline. Geometric Approach. Refraction. How do we use this? Outline Propagation of Signals in Optial Fiber Geometri approah Wave theory approah Loss and Bandwidth Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii Outline Geometri approah Wave

More information

Estimation of Optical Link Length for Multi Haul Applications

Estimation of Optical Link Length for Multi Haul Applications Estimation of Optical Link Length for Multi Haul Applications M V Raghavendra 1, P L H Vara Prasad 2 Research Scholar Department of Instrument Technology 1, Professor & Chairman (BOS) Department of Instrument

More information

EE 472 Solutions to some chapter 4 problems

EE 472 Solutions to some chapter 4 problems EE 472 Solutions to some chapter 4 problems 4.4. Erbium doped fiber amplifier An EDFA is pumped at 1480 nm. N1 and N2 are the concentrations of Er 3+ at the levels E 1 and E 2 respectively as shown in

More information

MIMO and Mode Division Multiplexing in Multimode Fibers

MIMO and Mode Division Multiplexing in Multimode Fibers MIMO and Mode Division Multiplexing in Multimode Fibers Kumar Appaiah Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay akumar@ee.iitb.ac.in Tutorial: National Conference on Communications

More information

Supplementary Figure 1 Schematics of an optical pulse in a nonlinear medium. A Gaussian optical pulse propagates along z-axis in a nonlinear medium

Supplementary Figure 1 Schematics of an optical pulse in a nonlinear medium. A Gaussian optical pulse propagates along z-axis in a nonlinear medium Supplementary Figure 1 Schematics of an optical pulse in a nonlinear medium. A Gaussian optical pulse propagates along z-axis in a nonlinear medium with thickness L. Supplementary Figure Measurement of

More information

Waves & Oscillations

Waves & Oscillations Physics 42200 Waves & Oscillations Lecture 32 Electromagnetic Waves Spring 2016 Semester Matthew Jones Electromagnetism Geometric optics overlooks the wave nature of light. Light inconsistent with longitudinal

More information

Raman Amplification for Telecom Optical Networks. Dominique Bayart Alcatel Lucent Bell Labs France, Research Center of Villarceaux

Raman Amplification for Telecom Optical Networks. Dominique Bayart Alcatel Lucent Bell Labs France, Research Center of Villarceaux Raman Amplification for Telecom Optical Networks Dominique Bayart Alcatel Lucent Bell Labs France, Research Center of Villarceaux Training day www.brighter.eu project Cork, June 20th 2008 Outline of the

More information

UNIT 1. By: Ajay Kumar Gautam Asst. Prof. Electronics & Communication Engineering Dev Bhoomi Institute of Technology & Engineering, Dehradun

UNIT 1. By: Ajay Kumar Gautam Asst. Prof. Electronics & Communication Engineering Dev Bhoomi Institute of Technology & Engineering, Dehradun UNIT 1 By: Ajay Kumar Gautam Asst. Prof. Electronics & Communication Engineering Dev Bhoomi Institute of Technology & Engineering, Dehradun Syllabus Introduction: Demand of Information Age, Block Diagram

More information

Emission Spectra of the typical DH laser

Emission Spectra of the typical DH laser Emission Spectra of the typical DH laser Emission spectra of a perfect laser above the threshold, the laser may approach near-perfect monochromatic emission with a spectra width in the order of 1 to 10

More information

Molecular spectroscopy

Molecular spectroscopy Molecular spectroscopy Origin of spectral lines = absorption, emission and scattering of a photon when the energy of a molecule changes: rad( ) M M * rad( ' ) ' v' 0 0 absorption( ) emission ( ) scattering

More information

Dmitriy Churin. Designing high power single frequency fiber lasers

Dmitriy Churin. Designing high power single frequency fiber lasers Dmitriy Churin Tutorial for: Designing high power single frequency fiber lasers Single frequency lasers with narrow linewidth have long coherence length and this is an essential property for many applications

More information

Laserphysik. Prof. Yong Lei & Dr. Yang Xu. Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik

Laserphysik. Prof. Yong Lei & Dr. Yang Xu. Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik Laserphysik Prof. Yong Lei & Dr. Yang Xu Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik Contact: yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de; yang.xu@tu-ilmenau.de Office: Heisenbergbau V 202, Unterpörlitzer Straße

More information

Optical solitons and its applications

Optical solitons and its applications Physics 568 (Nonlinear optics) 04/30/007 Final report Optical solitons and its applications 04/30/007 1 1 Introduction to optical soliton. (temporal soliton) The optical pulses which propagate in the lossless

More information

PHYSICS. The Probability of Occurrence of Absorption from state 1 to state 2 is proportional to the energy density u(v)..

PHYSICS. The Probability of Occurrence of Absorption from state 1 to state 2 is proportional to the energy density u(v).. ABSORPTION of RADIATION : PHYSICS The Probability of Occurrence of Absorption from state 1 to state 2 is proportional to the energy density u(v).. of the radiation > P12 = B12 u(v) hv E2 E1 Where as, the

More information

Recent Progress in Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors

Recent Progress in Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors Sensors 2012, 12, 8601-8639; doi:10.3390/s120708601 Review OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors Recent Progress in Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors Xiaoyi Bao * and Liang Chen

More information

Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering

Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering Technical Report MECSE-3-4 MODELLING OF POLRISTION MODE DISPERSION EFFECT SYSTEM USING FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE DICRETE FILTE TECHNIQUE LN Binh

More information

Ultrafast All-optical Switches Based on Intersubband Transitions in GaN/AlN Multiple Quantum Wells for Tb/s Operation

Ultrafast All-optical Switches Based on Intersubband Transitions in GaN/AlN Multiple Quantum Wells for Tb/s Operation Ultrafast All-optical Switches Based on Intersubband Transitions in GaN/AlN Multiple Quantum Wells for Tb/s Operation Jahan M. Dawlaty, Farhan Rana and William J. Schaff Department of Electrical and Computer

More information

LOW NONLINEARITY OPTICAL FIBERS FOR BROADBAND AND LONG-DISTANCE COMMUNICATIONS

LOW NONLINEARITY OPTICAL FIBERS FOR BROADBAND AND LONG-DISTANCE COMMUNICATIONS LOW NONLINEARITY OPTICAL FIBERS FOR BROADBAND AND LONG-DISTANCE COMMUNICATIONS Haroldo T. Hattori Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial

More information

Lecture 14 Dispersion engineering part 1 - Introduction. EECS Winter 2006 Nanophotonics and Nano-scale Fabrication P.C.Ku

Lecture 14 Dispersion engineering part 1 - Introduction. EECS Winter 2006 Nanophotonics and Nano-scale Fabrication P.C.Ku Lecture 14 Dispersion engineering part 1 - Introduction EEC 598-2 Winter 26 Nanophotonics and Nano-scale Fabrication P.C.Ku chedule for the rest of the semester Introduction to light-matter interaction

More information

Step index planar waveguide

Step index planar waveguide N. Dubreuil S. Lebrun Exam without document Pocket calculator permitted Duration of the exam: 2 hours The exam takes the form of a multiple choice test. Annexes are given at the end of the text. **********************************************************************************

More information

Theory of optical pulse propagation, dispersive and nonlinear effects, pulse compression, solitons in optical fibers

Theory of optical pulse propagation, dispersive and nonlinear effects, pulse compression, solitons in optical fibers Theory of optical pulse propagation, dispersive and nonlinear effects, pulse compression, solitons in optical fibers General pulse propagation equation Optical pulse propagation just as any other optical

More information

Principle of photonic crystal fibers

Principle of photonic crystal fibers Principle of photonic crystal fibers Jan Sporik 1, Miloslav Filka 1, Vladimír Tejkal 1, Pavel Reichert 1 1 Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií VUT v Brně Email: {xspori1, filka, xtejka,

More information

Stimulated Emission. ! Electrons can absorb photons from medium. ! Accelerated electrons emit light to return their ground state

Stimulated Emission. ! Electrons can absorb photons from medium. ! Accelerated electrons emit light to return their ground state Lecture 15 Stimulated Emission Devices- Lasers! Stimulated emission and light amplification! Einstein coefficients! Optical fiber amplifiers! Gas laser and He-Ne Laser! The output spectrum of a gas laser!

More information

Lecture 19 Optical MEMS (1)

Lecture 19 Optical MEMS (1) EEL6935 Advanced MEMS (Spring 5) Instructor: Dr. Huikai Xie Lecture 19 Optical MEMS (1) Agenda: Optics Review EEL6935 Advanced MEMS 5 H. Xie 3/8/5 1 Optics Review Nature of Light Reflection and Refraction

More information

BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SATHYAMANGALAM DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES. UNIT II Applied Optics

BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SATHYAMANGALAM DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES. UNIT II Applied Optics BANNAI AMMAN INSTITTE OF TECHNOLOGY SATHYAMANGALAM DEPATMENT OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES NIT II Applied Optics PAT A A1 The superimposition of one light wave over another is called as a) interference b) Diffraction

More information

Chapter 5. Transmission System Engineering. Design the physical layer Allocate power margin for each impairment Make trade-off

Chapter 5. Transmission System Engineering. Design the physical layer Allocate power margin for each impairment Make trade-off Chapter 5 Transmission System Engineering Design the physical layer Allocate power margin for each impairment Make trade-off 1 5.1 System Model Only digital systems are considered Using NRZ codes BER is

More information

Gain dependence of measured spectra in coherent Brillouin optical time-domain analysis sensors

Gain dependence of measured spectra in coherent Brillouin optical time-domain analysis sensors Gain dependence of measured spectra in coherent Brillouin optical time-domain analysis sensors Jon Mariñelarena, Javier Urricelqui, Alayn Loayssa Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía s/n, 316,

More information

The Glass Ceiling: Limits of Silica. PCF: Holey Silica Cladding

The Glass Ceiling: Limits of Silica. PCF: Holey Silica Cladding The Glass Ceiling: Limits of Silica Loss: amplifiers every 50 100km limited by Rayleigh scattering (molecular entropy) cannot use exotic wavelengths like 10.µm Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Hollow-core Bandgap

More information

CHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS Interaction of Radiation With Matter

CHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS Interaction of Radiation With Matter CHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS Interaction of Radiation With Matter 1 Announcements Add to your notes of Chapter 1 Analytical sensitivity γ=m/s s Homework Problems 1-9, 1-10 Challenge

More information

CHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS Interaction of Radiation With Matter

CHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS Interaction of Radiation With Matter CHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS Interaction of Radiation With Matter Announcements Add to your notes of Chapter 1 Analytical sensitivity γ=m/s s Homework Problems 1-9, 1-10 Challenge

More information

Optimization of Hybrid Fiber Amplifiers in uncompensated links designed for NyWDM transmission

Optimization of Hybrid Fiber Amplifiers in uncompensated links designed for NyWDM transmission Universidad de Valladolid Final Thesis Optimization of Hybrid Fiber Amplifiers in uncompensated links designed for NyWDM transmission Author: Carlos Gomez Tome Supervisors: Vittorio Curri Andrea Carena

More information

Analysis of Single Mode Step Index Fibres using Finite Element Method. * 1 Courage Mudzingwa, 2 Action Nechibvute,

Analysis of Single Mode Step Index Fibres using Finite Element Method. * 1 Courage Mudzingwa, 2 Action Nechibvute, Analysis of Single Mode Step Index Fibres using Finite Element Method. * 1 Courage Mudzingwa, 2 Action Nechibvute, 1,2 Physics Department, Midlands State University, P/Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe Abstract

More information

Nonlinear effects and pulse propagation in PCFs

Nonlinear effects and pulse propagation in PCFs Nonlinear effects and pulse propagation in PCFs --Examples of nonlinear effects in small glass core photonic crystal fibers --Physics of nonlinear effects in fibers --Theoretical framework --Solitons and

More information

Simple Physics for Marvelous Light: FEL Theory Tutorial

Simple Physics for Marvelous Light: FEL Theory Tutorial Simple Physics for Marvelous Light: FEL Theory Tutorial Kwang-Je Kim ANL, U of C, POSTECH August 22, 26, 2011 International FEL Conference Shanghai, China Undulators and Free Electron Lasers Undulator

More information

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON PHYS6012W1 SEMESTER 1 EXAMINATION 2012/13 Coherent Light, Coherent Matter Duration: 120 MINS Answer all questions in Section A and only two questions in Section B. Section A carries

More information

Chapter 5. Semiconductor Laser

Chapter 5. Semiconductor Laser Chapter 5 Semiconductor Laser 5.0 Introduction Laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Albert Einstein in 1917 showed that the process of stimulated emission must

More information

Chalcogenide glass Photonic Crystal Fiber with flattened dispersion and high nonlinearity at telecommunication wavelength

Chalcogenide glass Photonic Crystal Fiber with flattened dispersion and high nonlinearity at telecommunication wavelength Chalcogenide glass Photonic Crystal Fiber with flattened dispersion and high nonlinearity at telecommunication wavelength S.REVATHI #, ABHIJITH CHANDRAN #, A. AMIR #3, SRINIVASA RAO INBATHINI #4 # School

More information

PMD Compensator and PMD Emulator

PMD Compensator and PMD Emulator by Yu Mimura *, Kazuhiro Ikeda *, Tatsuya Hatano *, Takeshi Takagi *, Sugio Wako * and Hiroshi Matsuura * As a technology for increasing the capacity to meet the growing demand ABSTRACT for communications

More information

Polarization Mode Dispersion

Polarization Mode Dispersion Unit-7: Polarization Mode Dispersion https://sites.google.com/a/faculty.muet.edu.pk/abdullatif Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 1 Goos Hänchen Shift The Goos-Hänchen effect is a phenomenon

More information

ECE 484 Semiconductor Lasers

ECE 484 Semiconductor Lasers ECE 484 Semiconductor Lasers Dr. Lukas Chrostowski Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of British Columbia January, 2013 Module Learning Objectives: Understand the importance of

More information

Ms. Monika Srivastava Doctoral Scholar, AMR Group of Dr. Anurag Srivastava ABV-IIITM, Gwalior

Ms. Monika Srivastava Doctoral Scholar, AMR Group of Dr. Anurag Srivastava ABV-IIITM, Gwalior By Ms. Monika Srivastava Doctoral Scholar, AMR Group of Dr. Anurag Srivastava ABV-IIITM, Gwalior Unit 2 Laser acronym Laser Vs ordinary light Characteristics of lasers Different processes involved in lasers

More information

EE485 Introduction to Photonics

EE485 Introduction to Photonics Pattern formed by fluorescence of quantum dots EE485 Introduction to Photonics Photon and Laser Basics 1. Photon properties 2. Laser basics 3. Characteristics of laser beams Reading: Pedrotti 3, Sec. 1.2,

More information

Departamento de Física, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

Departamento de Física, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal Materials Science Forum Vols. 514-516 (006) pp. 369-373 online at http://www.scientific.net 005 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Chromatic Dispersion in Ge-doped SiO -based Single Mode Fibres due to

More information

FIBER OPTICS. Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar. Department of Electrical Engineering. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture: 17.

FIBER OPTICS. Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar. Department of Electrical Engineering. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture: 17. FIBER OPTICS Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture: 17 Optical Sources- Introduction to LASER Fiber Optics, Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar,

More information

FIBER OPTICS. Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar. Department of Electrical Engineering. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture: 07

FIBER OPTICS. Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar. Department of Electrical Engineering. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture: 07 FIBER OPTICS Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture: 07 Analysis of Wave-Model of Light Fiber Optics, Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar, Dept. of

More information

Ultra-Slow Light Propagation in Room Temperature Solids. Robert W. Boyd

Ultra-Slow Light Propagation in Room Temperature Solids. Robert W. Boyd Ultra-Slow Light Propagation in Room Temperature Solids Robert W. Boyd The Institute of Optics and Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA http://www.optics.rochester.edu

More information

Let us consider a typical Michelson interferometer, where a broadband source is used for illumination (Fig. 1a).

Let us consider a typical Michelson interferometer, where a broadband source is used for illumination (Fig. 1a). 7.1. Low-Coherence Interferometry (LCI) Let us consider a typical Michelson interferometer, where a broadband source is used for illumination (Fig. 1a). The light is split by the beam splitter (BS) and

More information

Homework 1. Property LASER Incandescent Bulb

Homework 1. Property LASER Incandescent Bulb Homework 1 Solution: a) LASER light is spectrally pure, single wavelength, and they are coherent, i.e. all the photons are in phase. As a result, the beam of a laser light tends to stay as beam, and not

More information

Gain-Flattening Filters with Autonomous Temperature Stabilization of EDFA Gain

Gain-Flattening Filters with Autonomous Temperature Stabilization of EDFA Gain Gain-Flattening Filters with Autonomous Temperature Stabilization of A Gain by You Mimura *, Kazuyou Mizuno *, Syu Namiki *, Yoshio Tashiro * 2, Yoshihiro Emori * 2, Mariko Miyazawa *, Toshiaki Tsuda *

More information

Modification of optical fibers using femtosecond laser irradiation

Modification of optical fibers using femtosecond laser irradiation Modification of optical fibers using femtosecond laser irradiation Hans G. Limberger Advanced Photonics Laboratory Swiss Federal Institute of Technology CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Hans.limberger@epfl.ch

More information

STUDY OF FUNDAMENTAL AND HIGHER ORDER SOLITON PROPAGATION IN OPTICAL LIGHT WAVE SYSTEMS

STUDY OF FUNDAMENTAL AND HIGHER ORDER SOLITON PROPAGATION IN OPTICAL LIGHT WAVE SYSTEMS STUDY OF FUNDAMENTAL AND HIGHER ORDER SOLITON PROPAGATION IN OPTICAL LIGHT WAVE SYSTEMS 1 BHUPESHWARAN MANI, 2 CHITRA.K 1,2 Department of ECE, St Joseph s College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai

More information

Slow, Fast, and Backwards Light: Fundamentals and Applications Robert W. Boyd

Slow, Fast, and Backwards Light: Fundamentals and Applications Robert W. Boyd Slow, Fast, and Backwards Light: Fundamentals and Applications Robert W. Boyd Institute of Optics and Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Rochester www.optics.rochester.edu/~boyd with George

More information

4. Integrated Photonics. (or optoelectronics on a flatland)

4. Integrated Photonics. (or optoelectronics on a flatland) 4. Integrated Photonics (or optoelectronics on a flatland) 1 x Benefits of integration in Electronics: Are we experiencing a similar transformation in Photonics? Mach-Zehnder modulator made from Indium

More information

Polarization division multiplexing system quality in the presence of polarization effects

Polarization division multiplexing system quality in the presence of polarization effects Opt Quant Electron (2009) 41:997 1006 DOI 10.1007/s11082-010-9412-0 Polarization division multiplexing system quality in the presence of polarization effects Krzysztof Perlicki Received: 6 January 2010

More information

Optical and Photonic Glasses. Lecture 30. Femtosecond Laser Irradiation and Acoustooptic. Professor Rui Almeida

Optical and Photonic Glasses. Lecture 30. Femtosecond Laser Irradiation and Acoustooptic. Professor Rui Almeida Optical and Photonic Glasses : Femtosecond Laser Irradiation and Acoustooptic Effects Professor Rui Almeida International Materials Institute For New Functionality in Glass Lehigh University Femto second

More information

Control of dispersion effects for resonant ultrashort pulses M. A. Bouchene, J. C. Delagnes

Control of dispersion effects for resonant ultrashort pulses M. A. Bouchene, J. C. Delagnes Control of dispersion effects for resonant ultrashort pulses M. A. Bouchene, J. C. Delagnes Laboratoire «Collisions, Agrégats, Réactivité», Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France Context: - Dispersion

More information

Decay of Higher Order Solitons in the presence of Dispersion, Self-steeping & Raman Scattering

Decay of Higher Order Solitons in the presence of Dispersion, Self-steeping & Raman Scattering Decay of Higher Order Solitons in the presence of Dispersion, Self-steeping & Raman Scattering Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of MASTER OF ENGINEERING

More information

Nonlinear Optical Effects in Fibers

Nonlinear Optical Effects in Fibers Nonlinear Optical Effects in Fibers NLO effects are manifested as attenuation, phase shifts, or wavelength conversion effects, and become stronger with increasing light intensity. The glass materials usually

More information

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Time: March 10, 006, -3:30pm MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6.097 (UG) Fundamentals of Photonics 6.974 (G) Quantum Electronics Spring 006

More information

Electron-Acoustic Wave in a Plasma

Electron-Acoustic Wave in a Plasma Electron-Acoustic Wave in a Plasma 0 (uniform ion distribution) For small fluctuations, n ~ e /n 0

More information

Summary of Beam Optics

Summary of Beam Optics Summary of Beam Optics Gaussian beams, waves with limited spatial extension perpendicular to propagation direction, Gaussian beam is solution of paraxial Helmholtz equation, Gaussian beam has parabolic

More information

LASERS. Amplifiers: Broad-band communications (avoid down-conversion)

LASERS. Amplifiers: Broad-band communications (avoid down-conversion) L- LASERS Representative applications: Amplifiers: Broad-band communications (avoid down-conversion) Oscillators: Blasting: Energy States: Hydrogen atom Frequency/distance reference, local oscillators,

More information

The Electromagnetic Properties of Materials

The Electromagnetic Properties of Materials The Electromagnetic Properties of Materials Electrical conduction Metals Semiconductors Insulators (dielectrics) Superconductors Magnetic materials Ferromagnetic materials Others Photonic Materials (optical)

More information

Optics, Light and Lasers

Optics, Light and Lasers Dieter Meschede Optics, Light and Lasers The Practical Approach to Modern Aspects of Photonics and Laser Physics Second, Revised and Enlarged Edition BICENTENNIAL.... n 4 '':- t' 1 8 0 7 $W1LEY 2007 tri

More information

Radiation in the Earth's Atmosphere. Part 1: Absorption and Emission by Atmospheric Gases

Radiation in the Earth's Atmosphere. Part 1: Absorption and Emission by Atmospheric Gases Radiation in the Earth's Atmosphere Part 1: Absorption and Emission by Atmospheric Gases Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves are transversal. Electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular. In

More information

Design of a Multi-Mode Interference Crossing Structure for Three Periodic Dielectric Waveguides

Design of a Multi-Mode Interference Crossing Structure for Three Periodic Dielectric Waveguides Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 75, 47 52, 2018 Design of a Multi-Mode Interference Crossing Structure for Three Periodic Dielectric Waveguides Haibin Chen 1, Zhongjiao He 2,andWeiWang

More information