Propagation losses in optical fibers
|
|
- Clarence Thornton
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers 1-Fev-017 Propagation losses in optical fibers Charles Kao, Nobel Laureate (009) Courtesy of the Chinese University of Hong Kong S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education 013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 65
2 Light Attenuation 1-Fev-017 The attenuation of light in a medium Attenuation = Absorption + Scattering Attenuation coefficient α is defined as the fractional decrease in the optical power per unit distance. α is in m -1. P out = P in exp( αl) α db = 1 10log L P P in out 10 αdb = α = 4. 34α ln(10) From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 66
3 Attenuation in Optical Fibers Attenuation vs. wavelength for a standard silica based fiber. From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 67
4 Lattice Absorption (Reststrahlen Absorption) EM Wave oscillations are coupled to lattice vibrations (phonons), vibrations of the ions in the lattice. Energy is transferred from the EM wave to these lattice vibrations. This corresponds to Fundamental Infrared Absorption in glasses From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 68
5 Rayleigh Scattering Rayleigh scattering involves the polarization of a small dielectric particle or a region that is much smaller than the light wavelength. The field forces dipole oscillations in the particle (by polarizing it) which leads to the emission of EM waves in "many" directions so that a portion of the light energy is directed away from the incident beam. α R 8π 3 3λ 4 ( n 1) β T k B T f β Τ = isothermal compressibility (at T f ) T f = fictive temperature (roughly the softening temperature of glass) where the liquid structure during the cooling of the fiber is frozen to become the glass structure From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 69
6 Attenuation in Optical Fibers Attenuation vs. wavelength for a standard silica based fiber. From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 70
7 Low-water-peak fiber has no OH - peak E-band is available for communications with this fiber From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 71
8 Chapter Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers 1-Fev-017 Dispersion in optical fibers Charles Kao, Nobel Laureate (009) Courtesy of the Chinese University of Hong Kong S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education 013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 7
9 Spectral width Pulse duration (Temporal and Spatial Coherence) 1-Fev-017 (a) A sine wave is perfectly coherent and contains a well-defined frequency υ o. (b) A finite wave train lasts for a duration t and has a length l. Its frequency spectrum extends over υ = / t. It has a coherence time t and a coherence length λ. (c) White light exhibits practically no coherence. From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 73
10 Spectral width Pulse duration (Temporal and Spatial Coherence) υ 1 t FWHM spreads From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 74
11 Spectral width Pulse duration (Temporal and Spatial Coherence) No interference Interference t No interference (a) A B Source Time (b) P c Spatially coherent source Q (c) c An incoherent beam Space (a) Two waves can only interfere over the time interval t. (b) Spatial coherence involves comparing the coherence of waves emitted from different locations on the source. (c) An incoherent beam From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 75
12 Spectral width Pulse duration (Temporal and Spatial Coherence) t = coherence time l = c t = coherence length For a Gaussian light pulse Spectral width υ 1 t Pulse duration From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 76
13 Temporal and Spatial Coherence t = coherence time l = c t = coherence length Na lamp, orange radiation at 589 nm has spectral width υ Hz. t 1/ υ = 10-1 s or ps, and its coherence length l = c t, l = m or 0.60 mm. He-Ne laser operating in multimode has a spectral width around Hz, t 1/ υ = 1/ s or 0.67 ns l = c t = 0.0 m or 00 mm. υ 1 t From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 77
14 Intermode Dispersion (MMF) Group Delay τ = L / v g τ L n 1 n c (Since n 1 and n are only slightly different) From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 78
15 Intermode Dispersion (MMF) TE 0 θ c θ c TE highest v g min c n 1 sin θ c = τ = c n 1 n n 1 L L v g v v g max min gmax c n 1 τ = L ( n1 n ) c n n 1 τ L n 1 n c τ/l ns / km Depends on length! From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 79
16 Intramode Dispersion (SMF) Dispersion in the fundamental mode Group Delay τ = L / v g Group velocity v g depends on Refractive index = n(λ) V-number = V(λ) = (n 1 n )/n 1 = (λ) Material Dispersion Waveguide Dispersion Profile Dispersion From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 80
17 Material Dispersion Emitter emits a spectrum λ of wavelengths. Waves in the guide with different free space wavelengths travel at different group velocities due to the wavelength dependence of n 1. The waves arrive at the end of the fiber at different times and hence result in a broadened output pulse. τ L = D m λ D m = Material dispersion coefficient, ps nm -1 km -1 From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 81
18 Intramode Dispersion (SMF) Chromatic dispersion in the fundamental mode v g v g1 τ = DL λ Output pulse dispersed δ(t) τ λ 1 λ λ = λ λ 1 Chromatic spread λ τ g1 τ g OR τ D = L λ D = dτ Ldλ Definition of Dispersion Coefficient From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 8 τ τ = τ g1 τ g Dispersion
19 Emitter Input Very short light pulse Material Dispersion Cladding v g (λ 1 ) Core v g (λ ) Output v g = c / N g Group velocity Depends on the wavelength τ L = D m λ D m = Material dispersion coefficient, ps nm -1 km -1 D m λ d n c dλ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 83
20 Wave guide dispersion b hence β depend on V and hence on λ V πa = λ ( n n ) 1/ 1 b V Normalized propagation constant b = (β /k) n n 1 n k = π/λ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 84
21 Waveguide Dispersion Waveguide dispersion The group velocity v g (01) of the fundamental mode depends on the V-number, which itself depends on the source wavelength λ, even if n 1 and n were constant. Even if n 1 and n were wavelength independent (no material dispersion), we will still have waveguide dispersion by virtue of v g (01) depending on V and V depending inversely on λ. Waveguide dispersion arises as a result of the guiding properties of the waveguide which imposes a nonlinear ω vs. β lm relationship. τ L = D w λ Dw = waveguide dispersion coefficient D w depends on the waveguide structure, ps nm -1 km -1 From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 85
22 Chromatic Dispersion Material dispersion coefficient (D m ) for the core material (taken as SiO ), waveguide dispersion coefficient (D w ) (a = 4. µm) and the total or chromatic dispersion coefficient D ch (= D m + D w ) as a function of free space wavelength, λ Chromatic = Material + Waveguide τ L = (D m + D w ) λ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 86
23 What do Negative and Positive D m mean? 1 Silica glass Negative D m Positive D m λ λ 1 1 t N g >N g1 λ 1 v g1 λ v g λ 1 λ Positive D m λ 1 N g <N g1 v g1 v g τ t τ = Positive D m t λ Negative D m D m τ = L λ t τ = Negative λ = λ λ 1 From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 87
24 Waveguide Dimension and Chromatic Dispersion D w d ( bv ) = n V cλ dv D w 0.05λ a cn D w (ps nm 1 km 1 ) λ(µm) [ a(µm)] n Waveguide dispersion depends on the guide properties From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 88
25 Profile Dispersion Group velocity v g (01) of the fundamental mode depends on, refractive index difference. may not be constant over a range of wavelengths: = (λ) τ L = D p λ D p = Profile dispersion coefficient D p < 0.1 ps nm -1 km -1 Can generally be ignored NOTE Total intramode (chromatic) dispersion coefficient D ch D ch = D m + D w + D p where D m, D w, D p are material, waveguide and profile dispersion coefficients respectively From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 89
26 Chromatic Dispersion D ch = D m + D w + D p S 0 = Chromatic dispersion slope at λ 0 D ch = τ L = D ch λ S λ λ λ Chromatic dispersion is zero at λ = λ 0 4 From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 90
27 Is dispersion really zero at λ 0? The cause of τ is the wavelength spread λ at the input τ = f( λ) dτ 1 d τ τ = τ ( λ) τ ( λ0 ) = ( λ) + ( λ) dλ λ! 0 dλ λ 0 d τ = D ch Ldλ +L τ = L = 0 τ = [ LD ch ( λ λ dd ch = dλ 1 1 km S0 ( λ) = = S 0 d dτ λ λ d d 0 )] + ( ) λ 0 ( ps nm km )( nm) 1.01ps λ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 91
28 Polarization Dispersion n different in different directions due to induced strains in fiber in manufacturing, handling and cabling. δn/n < 10-6 τ = D PMD L D PMD = Polarization dispersion coefficient Typically D PMD = ps nm -1 km -1/ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 9
29 Self-Phase Modulation Dispersion : Nonlinear Effect At sufficiently high light intensities, the refractive index of glass n is n = n + CI where C is a constant and I is the light intensity. The intensity of light modulates its own phase. τ L C I c What is the optical power that will give τ/l 0.1 ps km -1? Take C = cm W -1 I (c/c)( τ/l) = W cm - or n Given a 10 µm, A cm Optical power.35 W in the core In many cases, this dispersion will be less than other dispersion mechanisms From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 93
30 Nonzero Dispersion Shifted Fiber For Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) avoid 4 wave mixing: cross talk. We need dispersion not zero but very small in Er-amplifer band ( nm) D ch = ps nm -1 km -1. Nonzero dispersion shifted fibers Various fibers named after their dispersion characteristics. The range nm is only approximate and depends on the particular application of the fiber. From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 94
31 Dispersion Flattened Fiber Dispersion flattened fiber example. The material dispersion coefficient (D m ) for the core material and waveguide dispersion coefficient (D w ) for the doubly clad fiber result in a flattened small chromatic dispersion between λ 1 and λ. From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 95
32 Nonzero Dispersion Shifted Fiber: More Examples Refractive Index change (%) % Radius (µm) 0.4% Nonzero dispersion shifted fiber (Corning) Fiber with flattened dispersion slope (schematic) From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 96
33 Commercial Fibers for Optical Communications Fiber Standard single mode, ITU- T G.65 D ch S 0 D PMD ps nm -1 km -1 ps nm - km -1 ps km -1/ < 0.5 (1550 nm) (cabled) Some attributes D ch = 0 at λ nm, MFD = µm at 1310 nm. λ c 160 nm. Non-zero dispersion shifted fiber, ITU-T G (1530 nm) < 0.05 at 1550 nm < 0.5 (cabled) For nm range. WDM application MFD = 8 11 µm. Non-zero dispersion shifted fiber, ITU-T G.656 Corning SMF8e+ (Standard SMF) 14 < at 1550 nm 18 (1550 nm) < 0.0 (cabled) For nm range. DWDM application. MFD = 7 11 µm (at 1550 nm). Positive D ch. λ c <1310 nm < 0.1 Satisfies G.65. λ nm, MFD = 9. µm (at 1310 nm), 10.4 µm (at 1550 nm); λ c 160 nm. OFS TrueWave RS Fiber Satisfies G.655. Optimized for 1530 nm - 165nm. MFD = 8.4 µm (at 1550 nm); λ c 160 nm. OFS REACH Fiber Higher performance than G.655 specification. Satisfies G.656. For DWDM from 1460 to 165 nm. λ nm. MFD = 8.6 µm (at 1550 nm) From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 97
34 Single Mode Fibers: Selected Examples From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 98
35 Dispersion Compensation Total dispersion = D t L t + D c L c = (10 ps nm -1 km -1 )(1000 km) + ( 100 ps nm -1 km -1 )(80 km) = 000 ps/nm for 1080 km D effective = 1.9 ps nm -1 km -1 From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 99
36 Dispersion Compensation DispersionDvs. wavelength characteristics involved in dispersion compensation. Inverse dispersion fiber enables the dispersion to be reduced and maintained flat over the communication wavelengths. From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 100
37 Dispersion Compensation and Management Compensating fiber has higher attenuation. Doped core. Need shorter length More susceptible to nonlinear effects. Use at the receiver end. Different cross sections. Splicing/coupling losses. Compensation depends on the temperature. Manufacturers provide transmission fiber spliced to inverse dispersion fiber for a well defined D vs. λ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 101
38 Dispersion and Maximum Bit Rate B 0.5 τ 1/ Return-to-zero (RTZ) bit rate or data rate. Nonreturn to zero (NRZ) bit rate = RTZ bitrate From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 10
39 NRZ and RTZ T Information NRZ RZ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 103
40 Maximum Bit Rate B A Gaussian output light pulse and some tolerable intersymbol interference between two consecutive output light pulses (y-axis in relative units). At time t = σ from the pulse center, the relative magnitude is e 1/ = and full width root mean square (rms) spread is τ rms = σ. (The RTZ case) From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 104
41 Dispersion and Maximum Bit Rate Maximum Bit Rate Dispersion τ 1 / B = = D ch λ1/ σ τ L 1/ BL = τ λ 1/ D ch 1/ Bit Rate Distance is inversely proportional to dispersion inversely proportional to line width of laser (so, we need single frequency lasers!) From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 105
42 Dispersion and Maximum Bit Rate Maximum Bit Rate B 0.5 σ = 0.59 τ 1/ σ = + σ intermodal σ intramodal ) ( ) ( ) 1 / 1/ intermodal 1/ intramodal ( τ = τ + τ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 106
43 Optical Bandwidth An optical fiber link for transmitting analog signals and the effect of dispersion in the fiber on the bandwidth, f op. From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 107
44 Pulse Shape and Maximum Bit Rate From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 108
45 Example: Bit rate and dispersion Consider an optical fiber with a chromatic dispersion coefficient 8 ps km -1 nm -1 at an operating wavelength of 1.5 µm. Calculate the bit rate distance product (BL), and the optical and electrical bandwidths for a 10 km fiber if a laser diode source with a FWHP linewidth λ 1/ of nm is used. Solution For FWHP dispersion, τ 1/ /L = D ch λ 1/ = (8 ps nm -1 km -1 )( nm) = 16 ps km -1 Assuming a Gaussian light pulse shape, the RTZ bit rate distance product (BL) is BL = 0.59L/ τ 1/ = 0.59/(16 ps km -1 ) = 36.9 Gb s -1 km The optical and electrical bandwidths for a 10 km fiber are f op = 0.75B = 0.75(36.9 Gb s -1 km) / (10 km) =.8 GHz f el = 0.70f op = 1.9 GHz From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 109
46 Chapter Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers 1-Fev-017 Graded Index (GRIN) Fibers Charles Kao, Nobel Laureate (009) Courtesy of the Chinese University of Hong Kong S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education 013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 013 Pearson Education, USA 110
Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers. 高錕 Charles Kao
Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers 高錕 Charles Kao 1 Planar Dielectric Slab Waveguide Symmetric Planar Slab Waveguide n 1 area : core, n 2 area : cladding a light ray can undergo TIR at the n 1 /n
More informationOptical Fiber Signal Degradation
Optical Fiber Signal Degradation Effects Pulse Spreading Dispersion (Distortion) Causes the optical pulses to broaden as they travel along a fiber Overlap between neighboring pulses creates errors Resulting
More informationGraded Index (GRIN) Fibers
Chapter 2 Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers 09-Mar2017 Graded Index (GRIN) Fibers Charles Kao, Nobel Laureate (2009) Courtesy of the Chinese University of Hong Kong S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and
More informationLecture 4 Fiber Optical Communication Lecture 4, Slide 1
ecture 4 Dispersion in single-mode fibers Material dispersion Waveguide dispersion imitations from dispersion Propagation equations Gaussian pulse broadening Bit-rate limitations Fiber losses Fiber Optical
More informationMode-Field Diameter (MFD)
Mode-Field Diameter (MFD) Important parameter determined from mode-field distribution of fundamental LP 01 mode. Characterized by various models Main consideration: how to approximate the electric field
More informationLect. 15: Optical Fiber
3-dimentioanl dielectric waveguide? planar waveguide circular waveguide optical fiber Optical Fiber: Circular dielectric waveguide made of silica (SiO ) y y n n 1 n Cladding Core r z Fiber axis SiO :Ge
More informationQUESTION BANK IN PHYSICS
QUESTION BANK IN PHYSICS LASERS. Name some properties, which make laser light different from ordinary light. () {JUN 5. The output power of a given laser is mw and the emitted wavelength is 630nm. Calculate
More informationOptical Fibre Communication Systems
Optical Fibre Communication Systems Lecture 2: Nature of Light and Light Propagation Professor Z Ghassemlooy Northumbria Communications Laboratory Faculty of Engineering and Environment The University
More informationPhotonic Communications Engineering I
Photonic Communications Engineering I Module 3 - Attenuation in Optical Fibers Alan E. Willner Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering - Systems, University of Southern California and Thrust 1 Lead
More informationOptical Fiber Concept
Optical Fiber Concept Optical fibers are light pipes Communications signals can be transmitted over these hair-thin strands of glass or plastic Concept is a century old But only used commercially for the
More informationChapter-4 Stimulated emission devices LASERS
Semiconductor Laser Diodes Chapter-4 Stimulated emission devices LASERS The Road Ahead Lasers Basic Principles Applications Gas Lasers Semiconductor Lasers Semiconductor Lasers in Optical Networks Improvement
More informationOPTI510R: Photonics. Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona Meinel building R.626
OPTI510R: Photonics Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona kkieu@optics.arizona.edu Meinel building R.626 Announcements Homework #4 is assigned, due March 25 th Start discussion
More information2. Dispersion in the Planar Waveguide
Chapt.2_2 Words Dispersion diagram( 色散图 ), modal/intermodal dispersion( 模间色散 ), intermodal coupling( 模间耦合 ), intramodal dispersion( 模内色散 ), penetration depth( 渗透深度 ), mode field distance(mfd, 模场距离 ), 2.
More informationModule II: Part B. Optical Fibers: Dispersion
Module II: Part B Optical Fibers: Dispersion Dispersion We had already seen that that intermodal dispersion can be, eliminated, in principle, using graded-index fibers. We had also seen that single-mode,
More informationNonlinear Effects in Optical Fiber. Dr. Mohammad Faisal Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, BUET
Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fiber Dr. Mohammad Faisal Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, BUET Fiber Nonlinearities The response of any dielectric material to the light becomes nonlinear for intense electromagnetic
More informationOPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS S
OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS S-108.3110 1 Course program 1. Introduction and Optical Fibers 2. Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers 3. Fiber-Optic Components I 4. Transmitters and Receivers 5. Fiber-Optic Measurements
More informationStimulated Emission Devices: LASERS
Stimulated Emission Devices: LASERS 1. Stimulated Emission and Photon Amplification E 2 E 2 E 2 hυ hυ hυ In hυ Out hυ E 1 E 1 E 1 (a) Absorption (b) Spontaneous emission (c) Stimulated emission The Principle
More informationLaser Basics. What happens when light (or photon) interact with a matter? Assume photon energy is compatible with energy transition levels.
What happens when light (or photon) interact with a matter? Assume photon energy is compatible with energy transition levels. Electron energy levels in an hydrogen atom n=5 n=4 - + n=3 n=2 13.6 = [ev]
More informationNonlinear effects in optical fibers - v1. Miguel A. Muriel UPM-ETSIT-MUIT-CFOP
Nonlinear effects in optical fibers - v1 Miguel A. Muriel UPM-ETSIT-MUIT-CFOP Miguel A. Muriel-015/10-1 Nonlinear effects in optical fibers 1) Introduction ) Causes 3) Parameters 4) Fundamental processes
More information(b) Spontaneous emission. Absorption, spontaneous (random photon) emission and stimulated emission.
Lecture 10 Stimulated Emission Devices Lasers Stimulated emission and light amplification Einstein coefficients Optical fiber amplifiers Gas laser and He-Ne Laser The output spectrum of a gas laser Laser
More informationOPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
L21-1 OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS Free-Space Propagation: Similar to radiowaves (but more absorption by clouds, haze) Same expressions: antenna gain, effective area, power received Examples: TV controllers,
More informationPropagation of signals in optical fibres
11 11 Fiber optic link OR Propagation of signals in optical fibres??? Simon-Pierre Gorza BEST Course - 213 http://opera.ulb.ac.be/ Outline: 2.1 Geometrical-optics description 2.2 Electromagnetic analysis
More informationModule 5 - Dispersion and Dispersion Mitigation
Module 5 - Dispersion and Dispersion Mitigation Dr. Masud Mansuripur Chair of Optical Data Storage, University of Arizona Dr. Masud Mansuripur is the Chair of Optical Data Storage and Professor of Optical
More informationLasers and Electro-optics
Lasers and Electro-optics Second Edition CHRISTOPHER C. DAVIS University of Maryland III ^0 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Preface to the Second Edition page xv 1 Electromagnetic waves, light, and lasers 1
More informationMEFT / Quantum Optics and Lasers. Suggested problems Set 4 Gonçalo Figueira, spring 2015
MEFT / Quantum Optics and Lasers Suggested problems Set 4 Gonçalo Figueira, spring 05 Note: some problems are taken or adapted from Fundamentals of Photonics, in which case the corresponding number is
More informationStimulated Emission. Electrons can absorb photons from medium. Accelerated electrons emit light to return their ground state
Lecture 15 Stimulated Emission Devices- Lasers Stimulated emission and light amplification Einstein coefficients Optical fiber amplifiers Gas laser and He-Ne Laser The output spectrum of a gas laser Laser
More informationB 2 P 2, which implies that g B should be
Enhanced Summary of G.P. Agrawal Nonlinear Fiber Optics (3rd ed) Chapter 9 on SBS Stimulated Brillouin scattering is a nonlinear three-wave interaction between a forward-going laser pump beam P, a forward-going
More informationFiber-Optics Group Highlights of Micronova Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering Helsinki University of Technology
Highlights of 2004 Micronova Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering Micronova Seminar 3 December 2004 Group Leader: Hanne Ludvigsen Postdoctoral researcher: Goëry Genty Postgraduate students:
More informationPerformance Limits of Delay Lines Based on "Slow" Light. Robert W. Boyd
Performance Limits of Delay Lines Based on "Slow" Light Robert W. Boyd Institute of Optics and Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Rochester Representing the DARPA Slow-Light-in-Fibers Team:
More informationLight-emitting diodes I
JF, SCO 1617 21-Mar-2017 Light-emitting diodes I S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, Second Edition, 2013 Pearson Education 2013 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River,
More informationLecture 3 Fiber Optical Communication Lecture 3, Slide 1
Lecture 3 Optical fibers as waveguides Maxwell s equations The wave equation Fiber modes Phase velocity, group velocity Dispersion Fiber Optical Communication Lecture 3, Slide 1 Maxwell s equations in
More informationINFLUENCE OF EVEN ORDER DISPERSION ON SOLITON TRANSMISSION QUALITY WITH COHERENT INTERFERENCE
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 3, 63 72, 2008 INFLUENCE OF EVEN ORDER DISPERSION ON SOLITON TRANSMISSION QUALITY WITH COHERENT INTERFERENCE A. Panajotovic and D. Milovic Faculty of Electronic
More informationOptical Fibres - Dispersion Part 1
ECE 455 Lecture 05 1 Otical Fibres - Disersion Part 1 Stavros Iezekiel Deartment of Electrical and Comuter Engineering University of Cyrus HMY 445 Lecture 05 Fall Semester 016 ECE 455 Lecture 05 Otical
More informationChapter 24 Photonics Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5
Chapter 24 Photonics Data throughout this chapter: e = 1.6 10 19 C; h = 6.63 10 34 Js (or 4.14 10 15 ev s); m e = 9.1 10 31 kg; c = 3.0 10 8 m s 1 Question 1 Visible light has a range of photons with wavelengths
More informationOutline. Propagation of Signals in Optical Fiber. Outline. Geometric Approach. Refraction. How do we use this?
Outline Propagation of Signals in Optial Fiber Geometri approah Wave theory approah Loss and Bandwidth Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii Galen Sasaki University of Hawaii Outline Geometri approah Wave
More informationEstimation of Optical Link Length for Multi Haul Applications
Estimation of Optical Link Length for Multi Haul Applications M V Raghavendra 1, P L H Vara Prasad 2 Research Scholar Department of Instrument Technology 1, Professor & Chairman (BOS) Department of Instrument
More informationEE 472 Solutions to some chapter 4 problems
EE 472 Solutions to some chapter 4 problems 4.4. Erbium doped fiber amplifier An EDFA is pumped at 1480 nm. N1 and N2 are the concentrations of Er 3+ at the levels E 1 and E 2 respectively as shown in
More informationMIMO and Mode Division Multiplexing in Multimode Fibers
MIMO and Mode Division Multiplexing in Multimode Fibers Kumar Appaiah Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay akumar@ee.iitb.ac.in Tutorial: National Conference on Communications
More informationSupplementary Figure 1 Schematics of an optical pulse in a nonlinear medium. A Gaussian optical pulse propagates along z-axis in a nonlinear medium
Supplementary Figure 1 Schematics of an optical pulse in a nonlinear medium. A Gaussian optical pulse propagates along z-axis in a nonlinear medium with thickness L. Supplementary Figure Measurement of
More informationWaves & Oscillations
Physics 42200 Waves & Oscillations Lecture 32 Electromagnetic Waves Spring 2016 Semester Matthew Jones Electromagnetism Geometric optics overlooks the wave nature of light. Light inconsistent with longitudinal
More informationRaman Amplification for Telecom Optical Networks. Dominique Bayart Alcatel Lucent Bell Labs France, Research Center of Villarceaux
Raman Amplification for Telecom Optical Networks Dominique Bayart Alcatel Lucent Bell Labs France, Research Center of Villarceaux Training day www.brighter.eu project Cork, June 20th 2008 Outline of the
More informationUNIT 1. By: Ajay Kumar Gautam Asst. Prof. Electronics & Communication Engineering Dev Bhoomi Institute of Technology & Engineering, Dehradun
UNIT 1 By: Ajay Kumar Gautam Asst. Prof. Electronics & Communication Engineering Dev Bhoomi Institute of Technology & Engineering, Dehradun Syllabus Introduction: Demand of Information Age, Block Diagram
More informationEmission Spectra of the typical DH laser
Emission Spectra of the typical DH laser Emission spectra of a perfect laser above the threshold, the laser may approach near-perfect monochromatic emission with a spectra width in the order of 1 to 10
More informationMolecular spectroscopy
Molecular spectroscopy Origin of spectral lines = absorption, emission and scattering of a photon when the energy of a molecule changes: rad( ) M M * rad( ' ) ' v' 0 0 absorption( ) emission ( ) scattering
More informationDmitriy Churin. Designing high power single frequency fiber lasers
Dmitriy Churin Tutorial for: Designing high power single frequency fiber lasers Single frequency lasers with narrow linewidth have long coherence length and this is an essential property for many applications
More informationLaserphysik. Prof. Yong Lei & Dr. Yang Xu. Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik
Laserphysik Prof. Yong Lei & Dr. Yang Xu Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik Contact: yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de; yang.xu@tu-ilmenau.de Office: Heisenbergbau V 202, Unterpörlitzer Straße
More informationOptical solitons and its applications
Physics 568 (Nonlinear optics) 04/30/007 Final report Optical solitons and its applications 04/30/007 1 1 Introduction to optical soliton. (temporal soliton) The optical pulses which propagate in the lossless
More informationPHYSICS. The Probability of Occurrence of Absorption from state 1 to state 2 is proportional to the energy density u(v)..
ABSORPTION of RADIATION : PHYSICS The Probability of Occurrence of Absorption from state 1 to state 2 is proportional to the energy density u(v).. of the radiation > P12 = B12 u(v) hv E2 E1 Where as, the
More informationRecent Progress in Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors
Sensors 2012, 12, 8601-8639; doi:10.3390/s120708601 Review OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors Recent Progress in Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors Xiaoyi Bao * and Liang Chen
More informationDepartment of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering
Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering Technical Report MECSE-3-4 MODELLING OF POLRISTION MODE DISPERSION EFFECT SYSTEM USING FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE DICRETE FILTE TECHNIQUE LN Binh
More informationUltrafast All-optical Switches Based on Intersubband Transitions in GaN/AlN Multiple Quantum Wells for Tb/s Operation
Ultrafast All-optical Switches Based on Intersubband Transitions in GaN/AlN Multiple Quantum Wells for Tb/s Operation Jahan M. Dawlaty, Farhan Rana and William J. Schaff Department of Electrical and Computer
More informationLOW NONLINEARITY OPTICAL FIBERS FOR BROADBAND AND LONG-DISTANCE COMMUNICATIONS
LOW NONLINEARITY OPTICAL FIBERS FOR BROADBAND AND LONG-DISTANCE COMMUNICATIONS Haroldo T. Hattori Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial
More informationLecture 14 Dispersion engineering part 1 - Introduction. EECS Winter 2006 Nanophotonics and Nano-scale Fabrication P.C.Ku
Lecture 14 Dispersion engineering part 1 - Introduction EEC 598-2 Winter 26 Nanophotonics and Nano-scale Fabrication P.C.Ku chedule for the rest of the semester Introduction to light-matter interaction
More informationStep index planar waveguide
N. Dubreuil S. Lebrun Exam without document Pocket calculator permitted Duration of the exam: 2 hours The exam takes the form of a multiple choice test. Annexes are given at the end of the text. **********************************************************************************
More informationTheory of optical pulse propagation, dispersive and nonlinear effects, pulse compression, solitons in optical fibers
Theory of optical pulse propagation, dispersive and nonlinear effects, pulse compression, solitons in optical fibers General pulse propagation equation Optical pulse propagation just as any other optical
More informationPrinciple of photonic crystal fibers
Principle of photonic crystal fibers Jan Sporik 1, Miloslav Filka 1, Vladimír Tejkal 1, Pavel Reichert 1 1 Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií VUT v Brně Email: {xspori1, filka, xtejka,
More informationStimulated Emission. ! Electrons can absorb photons from medium. ! Accelerated electrons emit light to return their ground state
Lecture 15 Stimulated Emission Devices- Lasers! Stimulated emission and light amplification! Einstein coefficients! Optical fiber amplifiers! Gas laser and He-Ne Laser! The output spectrum of a gas laser!
More informationLecture 19 Optical MEMS (1)
EEL6935 Advanced MEMS (Spring 5) Instructor: Dr. Huikai Xie Lecture 19 Optical MEMS (1) Agenda: Optics Review EEL6935 Advanced MEMS 5 H. Xie 3/8/5 1 Optics Review Nature of Light Reflection and Refraction
More informationBANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SATHYAMANGALAM DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES. UNIT II Applied Optics
BANNAI AMMAN INSTITTE OF TECHNOLOGY SATHYAMANGALAM DEPATMENT OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES NIT II Applied Optics PAT A A1 The superimposition of one light wave over another is called as a) interference b) Diffraction
More informationChapter 5. Transmission System Engineering. Design the physical layer Allocate power margin for each impairment Make trade-off
Chapter 5 Transmission System Engineering Design the physical layer Allocate power margin for each impairment Make trade-off 1 5.1 System Model Only digital systems are considered Using NRZ codes BER is
More informationGain dependence of measured spectra in coherent Brillouin optical time-domain analysis sensors
Gain dependence of measured spectra in coherent Brillouin optical time-domain analysis sensors Jon Mariñelarena, Javier Urricelqui, Alayn Loayssa Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía s/n, 316,
More informationThe Glass Ceiling: Limits of Silica. PCF: Holey Silica Cladding
The Glass Ceiling: Limits of Silica Loss: amplifiers every 50 100km limited by Rayleigh scattering (molecular entropy) cannot use exotic wavelengths like 10.µm Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Hollow-core Bandgap
More informationCHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS Interaction of Radiation With Matter
CHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS Interaction of Radiation With Matter 1 Announcements Add to your notes of Chapter 1 Analytical sensitivity γ=m/s s Homework Problems 1-9, 1-10 Challenge
More informationCHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS Interaction of Radiation With Matter
CHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS Interaction of Radiation With Matter Announcements Add to your notes of Chapter 1 Analytical sensitivity γ=m/s s Homework Problems 1-9, 1-10 Challenge
More informationOptimization of Hybrid Fiber Amplifiers in uncompensated links designed for NyWDM transmission
Universidad de Valladolid Final Thesis Optimization of Hybrid Fiber Amplifiers in uncompensated links designed for NyWDM transmission Author: Carlos Gomez Tome Supervisors: Vittorio Curri Andrea Carena
More informationAnalysis of Single Mode Step Index Fibres using Finite Element Method. * 1 Courage Mudzingwa, 2 Action Nechibvute,
Analysis of Single Mode Step Index Fibres using Finite Element Method. * 1 Courage Mudzingwa, 2 Action Nechibvute, 1,2 Physics Department, Midlands State University, P/Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe Abstract
More informationNonlinear effects and pulse propagation in PCFs
Nonlinear effects and pulse propagation in PCFs --Examples of nonlinear effects in small glass core photonic crystal fibers --Physics of nonlinear effects in fibers --Theoretical framework --Solitons and
More informationSimple Physics for Marvelous Light: FEL Theory Tutorial
Simple Physics for Marvelous Light: FEL Theory Tutorial Kwang-Je Kim ANL, U of C, POSTECH August 22, 26, 2011 International FEL Conference Shanghai, China Undulators and Free Electron Lasers Undulator
More informationUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON PHYS6012W1 SEMESTER 1 EXAMINATION 2012/13 Coherent Light, Coherent Matter Duration: 120 MINS Answer all questions in Section A and only two questions in Section B. Section A carries
More informationChapter 5. Semiconductor Laser
Chapter 5 Semiconductor Laser 5.0 Introduction Laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Albert Einstein in 1917 showed that the process of stimulated emission must
More informationChalcogenide glass Photonic Crystal Fiber with flattened dispersion and high nonlinearity at telecommunication wavelength
Chalcogenide glass Photonic Crystal Fiber with flattened dispersion and high nonlinearity at telecommunication wavelength S.REVATHI #, ABHIJITH CHANDRAN #, A. AMIR #3, SRINIVASA RAO INBATHINI #4 # School
More informationPMD Compensator and PMD Emulator
by Yu Mimura *, Kazuhiro Ikeda *, Tatsuya Hatano *, Takeshi Takagi *, Sugio Wako * and Hiroshi Matsuura * As a technology for increasing the capacity to meet the growing demand ABSTRACT for communications
More informationPolarization Mode Dispersion
Unit-7: Polarization Mode Dispersion https://sites.google.com/a/faculty.muet.edu.pk/abdullatif Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 1 Goos Hänchen Shift The Goos-Hänchen effect is a phenomenon
More informationECE 484 Semiconductor Lasers
ECE 484 Semiconductor Lasers Dr. Lukas Chrostowski Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of British Columbia January, 2013 Module Learning Objectives: Understand the importance of
More informationMs. Monika Srivastava Doctoral Scholar, AMR Group of Dr. Anurag Srivastava ABV-IIITM, Gwalior
By Ms. Monika Srivastava Doctoral Scholar, AMR Group of Dr. Anurag Srivastava ABV-IIITM, Gwalior Unit 2 Laser acronym Laser Vs ordinary light Characteristics of lasers Different processes involved in lasers
More informationEE485 Introduction to Photonics
Pattern formed by fluorescence of quantum dots EE485 Introduction to Photonics Photon and Laser Basics 1. Photon properties 2. Laser basics 3. Characteristics of laser beams Reading: Pedrotti 3, Sec. 1.2,
More informationDepartamento de Física, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
Materials Science Forum Vols. 514-516 (006) pp. 369-373 online at http://www.scientific.net 005 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Chromatic Dispersion in Ge-doped SiO -based Single Mode Fibres due to
More informationFIBER OPTICS. Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar. Department of Electrical Engineering. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture: 17.
FIBER OPTICS Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture: 17 Optical Sources- Introduction to LASER Fiber Optics, Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar,
More informationFIBER OPTICS. Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar. Department of Electrical Engineering. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture: 07
FIBER OPTICS Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture: 07 Analysis of Wave-Model of Light Fiber Optics, Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar, Dept. of
More informationUltra-Slow Light Propagation in Room Temperature Solids. Robert W. Boyd
Ultra-Slow Light Propagation in Room Temperature Solids Robert W. Boyd The Institute of Optics and Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA http://www.optics.rochester.edu
More informationLet us consider a typical Michelson interferometer, where a broadband source is used for illumination (Fig. 1a).
7.1. Low-Coherence Interferometry (LCI) Let us consider a typical Michelson interferometer, where a broadband source is used for illumination (Fig. 1a). The light is split by the beam splitter (BS) and
More informationHomework 1. Property LASER Incandescent Bulb
Homework 1 Solution: a) LASER light is spectrally pure, single wavelength, and they are coherent, i.e. all the photons are in phase. As a result, the beam of a laser light tends to stay as beam, and not
More informationGain-Flattening Filters with Autonomous Temperature Stabilization of EDFA Gain
Gain-Flattening Filters with Autonomous Temperature Stabilization of A Gain by You Mimura *, Kazuyou Mizuno *, Syu Namiki *, Yoshio Tashiro * 2, Yoshihiro Emori * 2, Mariko Miyazawa *, Toshiaki Tsuda *
More informationModification of optical fibers using femtosecond laser irradiation
Modification of optical fibers using femtosecond laser irradiation Hans G. Limberger Advanced Photonics Laboratory Swiss Federal Institute of Technology CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Hans.limberger@epfl.ch
More informationSTUDY OF FUNDAMENTAL AND HIGHER ORDER SOLITON PROPAGATION IN OPTICAL LIGHT WAVE SYSTEMS
STUDY OF FUNDAMENTAL AND HIGHER ORDER SOLITON PROPAGATION IN OPTICAL LIGHT WAVE SYSTEMS 1 BHUPESHWARAN MANI, 2 CHITRA.K 1,2 Department of ECE, St Joseph s College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai
More informationSlow, Fast, and Backwards Light: Fundamentals and Applications Robert W. Boyd
Slow, Fast, and Backwards Light: Fundamentals and Applications Robert W. Boyd Institute of Optics and Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Rochester www.optics.rochester.edu/~boyd with George
More information4. Integrated Photonics. (or optoelectronics on a flatland)
4. Integrated Photonics (or optoelectronics on a flatland) 1 x Benefits of integration in Electronics: Are we experiencing a similar transformation in Photonics? Mach-Zehnder modulator made from Indium
More informationPolarization division multiplexing system quality in the presence of polarization effects
Opt Quant Electron (2009) 41:997 1006 DOI 10.1007/s11082-010-9412-0 Polarization division multiplexing system quality in the presence of polarization effects Krzysztof Perlicki Received: 6 January 2010
More informationOptical and Photonic Glasses. Lecture 30. Femtosecond Laser Irradiation and Acoustooptic. Professor Rui Almeida
Optical and Photonic Glasses : Femtosecond Laser Irradiation and Acoustooptic Effects Professor Rui Almeida International Materials Institute For New Functionality in Glass Lehigh University Femto second
More informationControl of dispersion effects for resonant ultrashort pulses M. A. Bouchene, J. C. Delagnes
Control of dispersion effects for resonant ultrashort pulses M. A. Bouchene, J. C. Delagnes Laboratoire «Collisions, Agrégats, Réactivité», Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France Context: - Dispersion
More informationDecay of Higher Order Solitons in the presence of Dispersion, Self-steeping & Raman Scattering
Decay of Higher Order Solitons in the presence of Dispersion, Self-steeping & Raman Scattering Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of MASTER OF ENGINEERING
More informationNonlinear Optical Effects in Fibers
Nonlinear Optical Effects in Fibers NLO effects are manifested as attenuation, phase shifts, or wavelength conversion effects, and become stronger with increasing light intensity. The glass materials usually
More informationMASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Time: March 10, 006, -3:30pm MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6.097 (UG) Fundamentals of Photonics 6.974 (G) Quantum Electronics Spring 006
More informationElectron-Acoustic Wave in a Plasma
Electron-Acoustic Wave in a Plasma 0 (uniform ion distribution) For small fluctuations, n ~ e /n 0
More informationSummary of Beam Optics
Summary of Beam Optics Gaussian beams, waves with limited spatial extension perpendicular to propagation direction, Gaussian beam is solution of paraxial Helmholtz equation, Gaussian beam has parabolic
More informationLASERS. Amplifiers: Broad-band communications (avoid down-conversion)
L- LASERS Representative applications: Amplifiers: Broad-band communications (avoid down-conversion) Oscillators: Blasting: Energy States: Hydrogen atom Frequency/distance reference, local oscillators,
More informationThe Electromagnetic Properties of Materials
The Electromagnetic Properties of Materials Electrical conduction Metals Semiconductors Insulators (dielectrics) Superconductors Magnetic materials Ferromagnetic materials Others Photonic Materials (optical)
More informationOptics, Light and Lasers
Dieter Meschede Optics, Light and Lasers The Practical Approach to Modern Aspects of Photonics and Laser Physics Second, Revised and Enlarged Edition BICENTENNIAL.... n 4 '':- t' 1 8 0 7 $W1LEY 2007 tri
More informationRadiation in the Earth's Atmosphere. Part 1: Absorption and Emission by Atmospheric Gases
Radiation in the Earth's Atmosphere Part 1: Absorption and Emission by Atmospheric Gases Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves are transversal. Electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular. In
More informationDesign of a Multi-Mode Interference Crossing Structure for Three Periodic Dielectric Waveguides
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 75, 47 52, 2018 Design of a Multi-Mode Interference Crossing Structure for Three Periodic Dielectric Waveguides Haibin Chen 1, Zhongjiao He 2,andWeiWang
More information