Pre-Algebra Notes Unit Three: Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities

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1 Pre-Algebra Notes Unit Three: Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities A note to substitute teachers: pre-algebra teachers agree that all units of study are important, but understanding this unit seems to be a key as to whether or not a student is successful with the following chapters. While it is important to maintain the pace of the CCSD benchmark calendar, veteran teachers warn us not to rush through this material. Solving Two-Step Equations Syllabus Objective: (1.1) The student will solve two-step equations. The general strategy for solving a multi-step equation in one variable is to rewrite the equation in ax b c format (where a, b, and c are real numbers), then solve the equation by isolating the variable using the Order of Operations in reverse and using the opposite operation. (Remember the analogy to unwrapping a gift ) Order of Operations 1. Parentheses (Grouping) 2. Exponents 3. Multiply/Divide, left to right 4. Add/Subtract, left to right Evaluating an arithmetic expression using the Order of Operations will suggest how we might go about solving equations in the ax b c format. To evaluate an arithmetic expression such as 4 2, we d use the Order of Operations. 4 2 First we multiply, Second we add, Now, rewriting that expression, we have , a form that leads to equations written in the form ax + b = c. If I replace with n, I have 2n414 or 2n 414, an equation in the ax b c format. To solve that equation, I am going to undo the expression 2n + 4. I will isolate the variable by using the Order of Operations in reverse and using the opposite operation. That translates to getting rid of any addition or subtraction first, then getting rid of any multiplication or division next. Undoing the expression and isolating the variable results in finding the value of n. McDougal Littell, Chapter 3 MS Pre-Algebra, Unit 3: Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities Page 1 of 1 Revised 21

2 This is what it looks like: 2n4 14 2n4 14 2n subtract 4 from each side to "undo" the addition 4 4 2n 1 2n 1 2n 1 2n 1 divide by 2 to "undo" the mulitplication n n Check your solution by substituting the answer back into the original equation. 2n 4 14 original equation 2() 4 14 substitute '' for ' n' true statement, so my solution is correct Example: Solve for x, Using the general strategy, we always want to undo whatever has been done in reverse order. We will undo the subtracting first by adding, and then undo the multiplication by dividing or x 7 x 7 Check: (7) McDougal Littell, Chapter 3 MS Pre-Algebra, Unit 3: Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities Page 2 of 1 Revised 21

3 Example: Solve for x, x 4 12 x x 12 or x 12 4 x x x x (4) (4)(7) (4) (4)(7) 4 4 x 28 x 28 Check: x 12 4 (28) ***NOTE: Knowing how to solve equations in the ax b c format is extremely important for success in algebra. All other equations will be solved by converting equations to ax b c. To solve systems of equations, we rewrite the equations into one equation in the ax b c form and solve. (In the student s algebraic future, to solve quadratic equations we will rewrite the equation into factors using ax b c, then solve the resulting equation letting c. It is important that students are comfortable solving equations in the ax b c format.) Solving Equations that Are NOT in the ax b c Format Syllabus Objective: (1.16) The student will solve equations with like terms and parentheses. The general strategy for solving equations NOT in the ax b c format is to rewrite the equation in ax b c format using the Properties of Real Numbers. An important problem solving/learning strategy is to take a problem that you don t know how to do and transform that into a problem that you know how to solve. Right now, we know how to solve problems such as ax b c. I cannot make that problem more difficult, but what I can do is make it look different. For instance, if I asked you to solve (2x 3) 4 21, that problem looks different from the 2x 4 14 that we just solved by using the Order of Operations in reverse. The question you have to ask is what is physically different in these two problems? McDougal Littell, Chapter 3 MS Pre-Algebra, Unit 3: Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities Page 3 of 1 Revised 21

4 The answer is the new problem has parentheses. That means to make these problems look alike, we need to get rid of those parentheses. We ll do that by using the distributive property. (2x 3) x we applied the distributive property 1x we combined like terms Now I have converted (2x 3) 4 21 into ax b c format as 1x We recognize this format and know how to solve it. 1x11 21 or 1x x x 1 1x 1 1x 1 1x x 1 x 1 Check: (2x 3) (1) Example: Solve for x, 4( 2) 4. The parentheses make this problem look different than the ax + b = c problems. Get rid of the parentheses by using the distributive property, and then combine terms. 4( 2) 4 12x x x x 48 12x x 4 We will leave the check to you! McDougal Littell, Chapter 3 MS Pre-Algebra, Unit 3: Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities Page 4 of 1 Revised 21

5 Caution! Note that when we solved these equations we got rid of the parentheses first. Students will often want to get rid of the addition/subtraction first because they are using the Order of Operations in reverse. The reason we get rid of the parentheses first is because the strategy is to rewrite the equation in ax b c format before using the Order of Operations in reverse. Reading an Inequality We know > means greater than when we read from left to right. So > 4 is read five is greater than 4. When I read from right to left, the way the inequality is read changes, and it also means four is less than five. This could be written 4 <. In the problems that follow, we may have a solution like 4 x. Reading from left to right, we say negative four is greater than x. Generally in algebra, the convention is to always read the variable first. So, rather than saying negative four is greater than x, we would say x is less than negative four and rewrite it as x 4. That suggests these statements are equivalent: 4 x x 4 Example: Which graph represents the solution set of the inequality 2 x? (Note that a problem similar to this appeared in the CRT Instructional Materials.) A B C D It is a common error for students to now select C as the correct answer. You may want to encourage students to rewrite the inequality with the variable on the left side, as x 2, which more clearly shows the answer of A. McDougal Littell, Chapter 3 MS Pre-Algebra, Unit 3: Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities Page of 1 Revised 21

6 Solving Linear Equations with Variables on Both Sides Syllabus Objective: (1.17) The student will solve equations with variables on both sides. Using the same strategy, we rewrite the equation so it is in ax b c format. Example: Solve for x, x We ask ourselves, what is physically different in this problem? This equation is different because there are variables on both sides of the equation. The strategy is to rewrite the equation in ax b c format which calls for variables on only one side of the equation. What s different? There is a on the other side of the equation. How do we get rid of the addition of? x + 2 = + 14 x + 2 = + 14 x + 2 = x + 2 = 14 Subtraction Property of Equality Commutative Property of Addition Combining like terms Now the equation is in ax b c format. 2x + 2 = 14 2x = 14 2 Subtraction Property of Equality 2x = 12 Arithmetic fact 2x Division Property of Equality x = 6 Arithmetic fact Let s try a few more examples: x17 9 2x x 8 2x x 4 2x 176x x x 1x x 23 1x x 23 3m 8m 94m29 2m84m38 2m4m84m4m38 6m m 3 6m m Now, I can make equations longer, but I cannot make them more difficult! McDougal Littell, Chapter 3 MS Pre-Algebra, Unit 3: Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities Page 6 of 1 Revised 21

7 Example: Solve for x, ( x 2) 3 3( x1) 2x. In this problem, there are parentheses and variables on both sides of the equation. It is clearly a longer problem. The strategy remains the same: rewrite the equation in ax b c format, and then isolate the variable by using the Order of Operations in reverse using the opposite operation. Physically, this equation looks different because there are parentheses, so let s get rid of them by using the distributive property. ( x2) 3 3( x1) 2 x x x Distributive Property x7 x3 Combine like terms x7 x x3 x Subtraction Property of Equality 4x 7 3 Combine like terms 4x Addition Property of Equality 4x 1 Simplify 4x Division Property of Equality x or2. 2 Simplify Caution! When solving equations, we often write arithmetic expressions such as 3 ( 7) as 37as we did in the above problem. Students need to be reminded that when there is not an extra minus sign, the computation is understood to be an addition problem. Examples: ( ) ( 6) 6 11 ( ) ( 6) 6 11 ( 8) ( 3) 83 Emphasizing this will help students to solve equations correctly. If not taught, students often solve the equation correctly only to make an arithmetic mistake then they think the problem they are encountering is algebraic in nature (instead of arithmetic). Also make sure students understand simplifying expressions with several negatives. Examples: ( 4) 49 3 ( 8) ( ) 7 McDougal Littell, Chapter 3 MS Pre-Algebra, Unit 3: Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities Page 7 of 1 Revised 21

8 Solving Equations with No Solution or All Numbers as a Solution (Note: It is suggested that this material be presented for exposure and not mastery.) When you solve an equation, you may find something unusual happens: when you subtract the variable from both sides (in an effort to get the variable term on one side of the equation), no variable term remains! Your solution is either no solution or all numbers. Look at the following examples. Example: Solve 33 x 1 9x. 33 x19x 9x39x Example: 9x 3 9x 9x 9x 3 Solve 8x224x 1. 8x224x1 8x 28x 2 8x28x2 8x 8x 22 Notice we could stop now if we recognized that it is impossible for a number 9x to be equal to 3 less than itself. If we continue...we still have a statement that is not true. So the equation is said to have NO SOLUTION. Notice that this statement would be true no matter what value we substitute for x. We could go further.. We still get a true statement. So the equation is said to have a solution of ALL NUMBERS. Solving and Graphing Inequalities Syllabus Objectives: (1.18) The student will graph the solution set of a linear equation in one variable. (1.19) The student will solve multi-step inequalities. (1.2) The student will graph solutions to multi-step inequalities. We can solve linear inequalities the same way we solve linear equations. We write the inequalities in the ax + b > c format, then we use the Order of Operations in reverse using the opposite operation. Linear inequalities look like linear equations with the exception they have a greater than (>), greater than or equal to ( ), less than (<) or less than or equal to ( ) sign rather than just an equal sign. McDougal Littell, Chapter 3 MS Pre-Algebra, Unit 3: Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities Page 8 of 1 Revised 21

9 Examples: Linear Equation 2 = 1 Linear Inequality 2 > 1 Let s solve each and graph the solution. Solving them both, we have: x 4 x 4 To graph x = 4, we place a point on the number line at 4. To graph x > 4, we will place an open circle at 4 because 4 is not included in the solution. We will shade or draw a solid line with an arrow to the right, which indicates that all the numbers greater than 4 are part of the solution set. If the inequality contained an equal sign, 2 1, then everything would be done the same in terms of solving the inequality, except the answer and graph would look a little different because it would include 4 as part of the solution set. To show 4 was included, we would shade it. The solution is x 4. It may appear that the Properties of Equalities that we have studied will also work for Properties of Inequalities. They do for addition and subtraction, but for multiplication and division, they hold true for positive numbers only. Example: Find and graph the solution set for Addition Property of Inequality 1 Combine like terms Division Property of Inequality x Simplify McDougal Littell, Chapter 3 MS Pre-Algebra, Unit 3: Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities Page 9 of 1 Revised 21

10 Again, I can t make these problems more difficult, I can only make them longer as I did with linear equations. But we need to consider what happens to the value of an inequality if we multiply or divide by a negative number. What would happen if I had an inequality such as 6and multiplied both sides of the inequality by 2? 6 This is a true statement. ( 2)6 ( 2)( ) Is this true? 12 1 This is NOT true. If we look at the number line, we notice that 12 would be to the left of 1 on the number line. Numbers to the left are smaller, so It appears when we multiply an inequality by a negative number, to make the statement true, the order of the inequality must be reversed. Note the inequality below. When both sides are divided by a negative number, the order of the inequality must also be reversed. 1 1 This is true. 1 1 Is this true? 2 3 This is NOT true! What is true: 2 3; we had to reverse the inequality to make a true statement. Multiplication Property of Inequality If a < b and c >, then ac < bc. If a < b and c <, then ac > bc. In other words, when you multiply an inequality by a negative number (c < ), the direction of the inequality changes. a b Division Property of Inequality If a < b and c >, then. c c a b If a < b and c <, then. c c That is, when you divide an inequality by a negative number, the direction of the inequality changes. McDougal Littell, Chapter 3 MS Pre-Algebra, Unit 3: Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities Page 1 of 1 Revised 21

11 Example: Find the solution set for x 4 Notice that when we divided by a negative number, we reversed the order of the inequality. We could have done the same problem without multiplying or dividing by a negative number by keeping the variable positive. That would result in not having to reverse the inequality. Let s look at the same problem. Example: Find the solution set for 2 1. Rather than having the variables on the left side and have the coefficient negative, I could put the variables on the right side (add to both sides) that would result in a positive coefficient x or x4* In both cases, we have the same answer. (*An explanation is in a preceding section Reading an Inequality.) In the second example, since I kept my variables positive, I did not have to reverse the order of the inequality. Bottom line, you solve linear inequalities the same way you solve linear equations: write them in ax b c format, then use the Order of Operations in reverse using the opposite operation. Remember, if you don t keep the coefficients of the variable positive, then you will likely have to multiply or divide by a negative number that will require you to change the order of the inequality. McDougal Littell, Chapter 3 MS Pre-Algebra, Unit 3: Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities Page 11 of 1 Revised 21

12 Solving and Graphing Equations and Inequalities with Absolute Value While this is not a CCSD syllabus objective, it is a State Standard: (2.8.2)The student will solve and graphically represent equations and inequalities in one variable, including absolute value. Some equations will involve absolute value. You must remember that two numbers can have the same absolute value. Example: Find and graph the solution set for x 3. (A similar question was included on the CRT Instructional Materials.) Using the definition of absolute value, we think what are the points that are each a distance of 3 from zero? We know that there are 2 values for x that make this a true statement: x 3 or x 3. The graph would be: Example: Find and graph the solutions set for x 2 3. First, we must isolate the absolute value. x x We know that for x to be true, x or x because and. Let s check our solution by substituting the answers back into the original equation. x 2 3 is the original equation 2 3 substitute answers Always remember to isolate the absolute value term before breaking the problem into two equations. McDougal Littell, Chapter 3 MS Pre-Algebra, Unit 3: Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities Page 12 of 1 Revised 21

13 Example: Solve 2x 1. First, let s isolate the 2x. 2x x 6 If 2x 6, then either 2x 6 or 2x 6 2x 6 2x x 3 or x 3 Let s consider graphing simple absolute value inequalities. If we were asked to graph the solution to x 2, we can think what are the values of x that are less than 2 units away from zero? It would be the values between 2 and 2. Likewise, let s reason what the graph of x 2 would look like. It would include the values of x that are more than 2 units away from zero. That would be values greater than 2 or less than 2. Example: Graph the solution for x 3. Example: Graph the solution for x 3. On the next 2 pages there are two worksheets for solving/graphing simple absolute value equations and inequalities. McDougal Littell, Chapter 3 MS Pre-Algebra, Unit 3: Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities Page 13 of 1 Revised 21

14 Solving Absolute Value Equations Solve. Graph the solutions on a number line. 1. x 4 2. x 3 x 4. x x 2 6. x x x x 1 x x McDougal Littell, Chapter 3 MS Pre-Algebra, Unit 3: Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities Page 14 of 1 Revised 21

15 Solving Absolute Value Inequalities Solve. Write the solutions on the lines provided. Graph the solutions on a number line. 1. x 4 2. x 3 x 4. x x 2 6. x x x x 1 x x McDougal Littell, Chapter 3 MS Pre-Algebra, Unit 3: Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities Page 1 of 1 Revised 21

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