Concepts in Spin Electronics

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1 Concepts in Spin Electronics Edited by Sadamichi Maekawa Institutefor Materials Research, Tohoku University, Japan OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 Contents List of Contributors xiii 1 Optical phenomena in magnetic semiconductors 1 H. Munekata 1.1 Introduction Optical properties of III-V-based MAS Brief history Hole-mediated ferromagnetism Optical properties Photo-induced ferromagnetism Effect of charge injection I: photo-induced ferromagnetism Effect of charge injection II : optical control of coercive force Photo-induced magnetization rotation effect of spin injection Spin dynamics Possible applications Magnetization reversal by electrical spin injection Circularly polarized light emitters and detector 32 References 36 2 Bipolar spintronics 43 Igor 2utic and Jaroslav Fabian 2.1 Preliminaries Introduction Concept of spin polarization Optical spin orientation Spin injection in metallic F/N junctions Spin relaxation in semiconductors Bipolar spin-polarized transport and applications Spin-polarized drift-diffusion equations Spin-polarized p-n junctions Magnetic p-n junctions 70

3 vm CONTENTS Spin transistors Outlook and future directions 86 References 88 3 Probing and manipulating spin effects in quantum dots 93 S. Tarucha, M. Stopa, S. Sasaki, and K. Ono 3.1 Introduction and some history Charge and spin in single quantum dots Constant interaction model Spin and exchange effect Controlling spin states in single quantum dots Singet-triplet and doublet-doublet crossings Non-linear regime for singlet-triplet crossing Zeeman effect Charge and spin in double quantum dots Hydrogen molecule model Stability diagram of charge states Exchange coupling in the scheme of quantum computing Spin relaxation in quantum dots Transverse and longitudinal relaxation Effect of spin-orbit interaction Spin blockade in single-electron tunneling Suppression of single-electron tunneling Pauli effect in coupled dots Lifting of Pauli spin blockade by hyperfine coupling Cotunneling and the Kondo effect Cotunneling The standard Kondo effect The S-T and D-D Kondo effect Conclusions 139 References Spin-dependent transport in single-electron devices 145 Jan Martinek and J6zef Barnas 4.1 Single-electron transport Model Hamiltonian Metallic or ferromagnetic island Quantum dot - Anderson model Transport regimes Weak coupling - sequential tunneling 151

4 CONTENTS ix Quantum dot Non-Collinear geometry Ferromagnetic island Metallic island Shot noise Cotunneling Ferromagnetic island Metallic island Quantum dot Strong coupling - Kondo effect Perturbative-scaling approach Numerical renormalization group Gate-controlled spin-splitting in quantum dots Non-equilibrium transport properties Relation to experiment 184 RKKY interaction between quantum dots Flux-dependent RKKY interaction RKKY interaction - experimental results 188 References Spin-transfer torques and nanomagnets 195 Daniel C. Ralph and Robert A. Buhrman 5.1 Spin-transfer torques Intuitive picture of spin-transfer torques The case of two magnetic layers Simple picture of spin-transfer-driven magnetic dynamics Experimental results Applications of spin transfer torques Electrons in micro- and nanomagnets Micron-scale magnets and Coulomb blockade Ferromagnetic nanoparticles Magnetic molecules and the Kondo effect 227 References Tunnel spin injectors 239 Xin Jiang and Stuart Parkin 6.1 Introduction Magnetic tunnel junctions Tunneling spin polarization Giant tunneling using MgO tunnel barriers Magnetic tunnel transistor Hot electron devices 256

5 6.3.2 Energy-dependent electron transport in the magnetic tunnel transistor Tunnel-based spin injectors Spin injection Spin injection using tunnel injectors 276 References Theory of spin-transfer torque and domain wall motion in magnetic nanostructures 293 S. E. Barnes and S. Maekawa CONTENTS 7.1 Introduction Landau-Lifshitz equations Relaxation and the Landau-Lifshitz equations Models for itinerant ferromagnets Description of the ferromagnetic spin Quantum effects Angular momentum transfer for bi-layers Gauge theory Spin-motiveforces (smf) in bi-layers Magnetic dynamics of bi-layers Relaxation of dynamical modes Description of the dynamical modes Effective particle description of the dynamical modes Static critical current Stability of small-angle oscillations - dynamic critical points Stability of the negative temperature fixed point The role of the smf/emf due to dynamical modes Interactions of ferro- and metallic layers The relaxation bottleneck and dynamics of an FN-interface Dynamics of FNF domains Angular momentum transfer in FNF domains Angular momentum transfer in NFN systems Domain walls Relaxation in domain walls Angular momentum transfer in domain walls Pinning of domain walls The smf/emf produced by a domain wall Applications of the smf produced by a domain wall 338 References 340

6 CONTENTS xi 8 Spin injection and spin transport in hybrid nanostructures 343 S. Takahashi, H. Imamura, and S. Maekawa 8.1 Introduction Spin injection, spin accumulation, and spin current Spin transport in non-local geometry Spin accumulation signal Non-local spin injection and manipulation Spin injection into superconductors Spin Hall effect Basic formulation Scattering probability and Boltzmann equation Spin and charge Hall currents Spin-orbit coupling parameter Non-local spin Hall effect Appendix : Electrochemical potentials in F1/N/F2 366 References Andreev reflection at ferromagnet/ superconductor interfaces 371 H. Imamura, S. Takahashi, and S. Maekawa 9.1 Basic theory of Andreev reflection Point-contact Andreev reflection Ferromagnet/superconductor/ferromagnet double junctions Crossed Andreev reflection 388 References 393

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