Lecture 4: Implementing Logic in CMOS

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1 Lecture 4: Implementing Logic in CMOS Mark Mcermott Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at ustin

2 Review of emorgan s Theorem Recall that: () = + and = ( + ) (+) = and + = ( ) () + ( + ) (+) + () Page 2

3 ubble Pushing Start with network of N / OR gates Convert to NN / NOR + inverters Push bubbles around to simplify logic (a) (b) (c) (d) Page 3

4 Static CMOS Circuits N and P channel networks implement logic functions Each network connected between Output and V or VSS Parallel network: "OR" function Series network: "N" function Page 4

5 uality in CMOS Circuits N and P networks must implement complementary functions uality is sufficient for correct operation P What are the values of, and C which will produce a connection between P and Q C + * C Q Page 5

6 Constructing Complex Gates Example: F = ( * ) + (C * ) Take un-inverted function F = ( + C) and derive N-network Identify N, OR components; F is OR of,c Make connections of transistors N, Series connection, OR, Parallel F C Page 6

7 Construction of Complex Gates, Cont d Construct P-network by taking complement of N-expression ( +C), which gives the expression, ( + ) * (C + ) Combine P and N circuits V C F C C Page 7

8 Layout of Complex Gate V N-OR-INVERT (OI) gate Metal 2 V dd C C F Metal 1 F C Layout GN Page 8

9 Example of Compound Gate V F = ( + + C) * C F C Page 9

10 Example of More Complex Gate +V E C F G H OUT OUT = (+)*(C+)*(E+F+GH) C E F G H Page 10

11 Exclusive-NOR Gate in CMOS IN1 IN2 OUTPUT V P P P N N OUTPUT = + OUT P N IN1 () IN2 () N Page 11

12 Pseudo nmos Logic V Generally a weak device Z C E Page 12

13 uality is not Necessary Functions realized by N and P networks must be complementary, and one of them must conduct for every input combination V a b c d F = ab + a b + a c + cd + c d a b c a b c d d F The N and P networks are NOT duals, but the switching functions they implement are complementary a b "Hybrid" CMOS Circuit a b a c c d c d GN Page 13

14 Example of ual Rail Complex CMOS Gate V F = G z z F G = x x x x y y Page 14

15 Signal Strength Strength of signal How close it approximates ideal voltage source V and GN rails are strongest 1 and 0 nmos pass strong 0 ut degraded or weak 1 pmos pass strong 1 ut degraded or weak 0 Thus nmos are best for pull-down network Page 15

16 Pass Transistors Transistors can be used as switches s g d s s g = 0 g = 1 d d Input g = 1 Output 0 strong 0 g = 1 1 degraded 1 s g d s s g = 0 g = 1 d d Input g = 0 Output 0 degraded 0 g = 0 strong 1 Page 16

17 Transmission Gates Pass transistors produce degraded outputs Transmission gates pass both 0 and 1 well a g gb b g = 0, gb = 1 a b g = 1, gb = 0 a b Input Output g = 1, gb = 0 0 strong 0 g = 1, gb = 0 1 strong 1 a g b a g b a g b gb gb gb Page 17

18 Pass Transistor Logic What is the difference between the two circuits? P 1 C, C F(,,C) P 2 F(,) P 3 P 4 Page 18

19 Pass Transistor Logic -- etter Layout Group similar transistors, so they can be in the same well P 4 F(,) P 3 P 2 P 1 Page 19

20 Pass Transistor Logic Pull-Up Version How do voltage levels at the output of this gate differ from that of the pass-transistor multiplexer in the previous foil? F(,) Page 20

21 Tristates Tristate buffer produces Z when not enabled EN 0 0 EN EN 1 1 EN Page 21

22 Non-restoring Tri-state Transmission gate acts as Tri-state buffer Only two transistors ut nonrestoring Noise on is passed on to EN EN Page 22

23 Tri-state Inverter Tri-state inverter produces restored output Violates conduction complement rule ecause we want a Z output EN EN EN = 0 = 'Z' EN = 1 = Page 23

24 Multiplexers (mux) 2:1 multiplexer chooses between two inputs S X X S 1 0 X X 1 Page 24

25 Gate-Level Mux esign How many transistors are needed? = S + S 1 0 (too many transistors) 20 1 S 0 1 S Page 25

26 Transmission Gate Mux Nonrestoring mux uses two transmission gates Only 4 transistors if both of the select signals are available If not then it takes 6 transistors S 0 1 S S Page 26

27 Inverting Mux Inverting multiplexer Use compound OI22 Or pair of tristate inverters Essentially the same thing Non-inverting multiplexer requires adding an inverter 0 S S S 1 S 0 S S 1 S S S Page 27

28 4:1 Multiplexer 4:1 mux chooses one of 4 inputs using two selects Two levels of 2:1 muxes Or four tristates Requires pre-decoded signals S1S0 S1S0 S1S0 S1S0 0 S0 S Page 28

29 Latch** When = 1, latch is transparent flows through to Q like a buffer When = 0, the latch is opaque Q holds its old value independent of Latch Q Q ** transparent latch or level-sensitive latch Page 29

30 Latch esign Multiplexer chooses or old Q 1 0 Q Q Q Q Page 30

31 Flip-flop esign uilt from master and slave latches QM Q Latch QM Latch Q Page 31

32 Questions? Page 32

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