ticf aounb A m-z-an- snb am-\m-bn-cp sk Pn B -Wn v A m-z-an-bn \evinb bm{x-bb v

Transcription

1 (1)

2 (2) ticf aounb A m-z-an- snb am-\m-bn-cp sk Pn B -Wn v A m-z-an-bn \evinb bm{x-bb v tic-f- ao-unb A m-z-an-bn \S kvtimf C Imºkv ]cn-]m-sn-bn Z lnµp-hns \mjw skiyp-cn n FUn- tpmkn tpmk^v A m-z-an- snb am B. Fkv. _m_p-hn\pw Poh-\- m p-w hnzym n-iƒ psam w

3 (3)... sk]v w-_ 2016 ]pkvxiw 5 e w 2 hne `20... FUnt mdnb apple 04 am[y-a-tem-ihpw Zen-Xcpw 06 hn. _n. ]c-ta-iz-c In Black and White 10 Dawning hopes in social media Mneme George h w auehn F ]{X-{]-h Ø-I 12 tum. Sn. Pam apl-ωzv Journalism - 18 Active, Passive or Safe? Shoma A. Chatterji UnPn- aounb 21 si. F. taml\h Ω Imh ]-{X-{]-h Ø-\hpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw 24 tpmkn tpmk^v ]{X-{]-kn- o-i-cww XS-bm 28 DtZym-K-ÿ\v A[n-Imcw? F.-]n.-B Human Interest News Stories 32 J. V. Vil anilam Paid News Pandemic Undermines Democracy 35 P\m-[n-]Xyw t\cn-sp sh p-hn-fn-iƒ ; cmpy-øns `mhnbpw 38 APbv ]n. aßm v A m-zan hm Ø-Iƒ 43 Bookshelf 49 temiw I hc 50 s{^bnw s^bnw 51

4 (4) ap hm-xn \oxn-tz-h-x-bpss hmxn-ep-iƒ Xpd p InS- s... Editor R. S. Babu Editorial Board K.C. Rajagopal George Podippara Printer & Publisher K. G. Santhosh Co ordinating Editor K.R. Pramod Kumar Marketing In Charge Shainus Markose Design & Layout Chetana Media, Kottayam Address Media Kerala Media Academy Kakkanad, Kochi Phone: kmamedia2015@gmail.com mediamag.kma@gmail.com Website: am[y-a-{]-h Ø-I p `c-w-l-s-\-bn Fhn-sS-bmWp {]txyi Ah-Imiw F p Nne ti{µ-߃ ]pcniw Npfn v tnmzn- p- p- v. icn-bm-wv, C y kaq-l-øn "{]nhn-epv' F p hnfn- p hn`m-k-߃ ]msn-s k -ev]-amwp \ΩpsS `c-w- L-S-\bv- p- -Xv. ]t, {]txyi Ah-Im-i-߃ A\p-`-hn- p ]e hn`m-k-ß-fp- v. G hpw IqSp-X hnin-jvsm-h-im-i-߃ In p- Xp ]m e-sa dn t\xm- ƒ pw ]n osv PUvPn-am p-am-wv. F m sxmgn-ep-iƒ n-s-bn G hpw A[nIw "{]nhn-e-ppiƒ' am[y-a-{]-h Ø-I p kaqlw A\p-h-Zn- n- p- v. AXn-\p Ah-Imiw `c-w-l-s\ apjm- cw e`n- -Xpam-Wv. Bi-b-{]IS\kzmX{ yw F Ah-Imiw `c-w-l-s\ \ Ip- p. AXm-bXv "{^ouw Hm^v kv]o v' hmbn-eq-ssbpw tcj-bn-eq-ssbpw F m-ap Bi-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn-\p kzmx-{ y-amwv. \nb-a-]-chpw kmwkvim-cn-ihpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-ambn e`n Bi-b-{]-I-S\ kzmx{ yw tims-xn-i-fn \n p am[y-a-{]-h ØIsc Hgn-hm- nbm \ntj-[n- -s -Spw. P\-߃ p th n hm Ø Adn-bn- p- -h-cmwv am[y-a-{]-h Ø-I. Hcp kw`hw t\cn- -dn-bm Ign-bm- Ø-h p-th n Adn-bp Hcmƒ dnt m v Fgp-Xp-Itbm ]d-bp- Itbm Ima-d-bn-eqsS ImWn- p-itbm snøp- p. AXn-\m am[ya-{]-h Ø-I Cs - n timsxn clky Ad-I-fm-Ipw. kwÿm-\sø tims-xn-i-fnse am[y-a-\n-b-{ Ww \o m apjy-a{ n ]nw-dmbn hnp-b ap ssisbspøv \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoi-cn- p-ibpw AXn KpW-^ew e`n- p-ibpw snbvxp F Xv Bizm-k-I-c-am-Wv. am[y-a- -A-`n-`m-jI kaq-l-߃ XΩn G hpw kulm ±-]q Whpw amxr-i-m]-c-hp-amb _ -amwp tic-f-øn \ne-\n p h -Xv. AXn\pta t]md-ep- m-i-cp-xv F Nn -bn-emwv A`n-`m-j-I-cnse _lp-`q-cn-]- w. hnim-c- Øn\v ASn-a-s -SmsX hnnm-c-øn\pw kmtlm-z-cy-øn-\p-w \o nh-bv p- -Xm-Is C\n-bp Zn\-߃. am[y-a-ßfpw PpUo-jydnbpw XΩn \ _ -amwp tic-f-øn s]mxp-th \ne-\n- -Xv. sslt m-s-xn-bn aounb dqw Xpd Xv PÃnkv Ipcy tpmk^v sslt m-sxn No^v PÃnkv Bbn-cn- p-tºm-gm-wv. kao- ]-k-a-bsø A\n-jvS-kw-`-h-ß-fn thz-\n- p a\- p- -hcmwp s]mxp-hn \ymbm[n] m F p Icp-Xp- p. {]iv\-]-cnlm-c-øn\v kp{]ow tims-xn-bnse apxn \ymbm-[n-]-\mb PÃnkv Ipcy tpmk^v Bflm -amb \o -߃ \S-Øn. am[y-a- -A-`n-`m-j-I- -\ym-bm-[n]temi-߃ ]c-kv]cw t]mc-sn-t - -h-b-. ChnsS kulm ±-Øns \qdp ]q ƒ hncn-b-s. \oxn-

5 (5) tz-h-x-bpss hmxn-ep-iƒ am[y-a-߃ p ap n AS- n-sm-xn-cn- -s. a\p-jy-hw-i-øns ]p n-cnbpw IÆocpw hnt\m-zhpw hn m-\hpw ] p-hbv- p, ]Icw hbv m-\m-imø D]-I-c-W-amWp am[y-aw. CXns kwc- -W-Øn\pw ssnx-\y-øn\pw i n-]-i-cp ZuXy-amWp ticf aounb A m-z-an. AXp-sIm- v kwÿm-\sø tims-xn-i-fnse am[ya \nb-{ Ww \o m-\p t]mcm- -Øn A m-zanbpw ] m-fn-bm- IpIbmWv. CXp-ambn _ -s sslt m-s-xn-bnse tikn I n-tn-cp- -Xn\v A m-zan t\m okv \ In-bn- p- v. am[y-a-߃ v C p e`n- p Hc-h-Im-ihpw Bcpw ssi p-ºn-fn Zm\-ambn sim p-h p X X. tims-xn, \nb-a-\n Ωm-W-k` F n-hn-s-ßfnse hm Ø dnt m p snøm-\p Ah-Imiw am[ya-kzm-x-{ y-øns `mk-am-bxp t]mcm- -ß-fpsS cwho-yn-iƒ Xm n-bm-wv. am[y-a-ßsf \memw Ftà v F p hnti-jn- n- Xp sa mf {]`p-hm-wv. Ht -ap- m \q m p apºp {_n ojv ]m e-sa nse Kme-dn-bn-en-cp dnt m amsc Nq n-bmwv AXp- ]-d- -Xv. ]t, B Ime-Øn-\p- apºv ]m e-sa n \S- p- Xp ]pd- Ø-dn-bn- p- Xp in m l-am-bn-cp- p G{]n 13\v tima k` Hcp {]tabw ]mkm- n. k`m-\-s- ]Sn GsX- nepw ]{X-Øn tn p- Xp k`-bpss A - ns\ Ah-tl-fn- p- Xpw AwK-ß-fpsS {]txyimh-imisø ewln- p- -Xp-am-sW- m-bncp p {]tabøns D -S- w. "P n am kv amk-kn ' BWv Cu {]ta-b- Øn\p hgn-sbm-cp- n-b-xv. AXns ÿm]-i-]-{xm-[n- ] FtUz Uv Iohv ]{X-Øns dnt m -dmbn Iyq{Snsb \nb-an- p. ]m e-sa ns hmxn-en \nev p Imh m-c\p ssi qen simspøv Iyq{Sn AIØp IS- p. ]m e-sa v ktω-f\w Ign-bp-tºmƒ Hm Ω-bn \n p k`m\s-]sn FgpXn ]{X-Øn\p simsp- pw. CXp hmb-\- msc BI jn- p. CtX-Øp- S mwp k`m-\-s-]sn dnt m p snøp- Xp hne n {_n ojv tima k` {]tabw ]mkm- n-b-xv. ]t, Iyq{Sn hn p-sim-sp-øn-. Imh m p IqSp-X ssi qen simspøp ]m e-sa n IS- pw. "en n-]q- nb' F cmpysø sk\- nse \S-]- Sn-Iƒ F a n-em-bn-cp p ]n o-sp dnt m p-iƒ. k`mw-k-ßsf hmb-\- m p Xncn- -dn-bm-hp hn[w Nn{Xo-I-cn- pw. CØcw kml-kni]{x-{]-h Ø-Isc {_n ojv ]m e-sa v \nc- cw in n p h p. ]m esa v \S-]Sn ]q W-am-bn, \n `bw dnt m p snøm Ah-Imiw t\sn-sb-sp-øxp {_n ojv {][m-\-a-{ nbpss IpXn-c-h n Xoh- -txm-ss-bm-wv. tpm hn okv F cmjv{so-b- m-c\pw c p {]km-[- Icp-amWv AXn\p Imc-W- m-cm-b-xv. ]m e-sa v \S]Sn ]{Xdnt m v B n-b-xn\p hn o-kns\ \mep-x-hw in n- p. hn o-kns dnt m p- sim-spø ]{X-ß-fpsS {]km-[-isc Ad-ÃpsN-bvXp. Ah-cn c p-t] ]m e-sa w-k-ß-fm-bn-cp- p. Ah-ImiewL-\-am-tcm-]n-s - nepw am -t]- n- m Ah Iq m- n-bn-. Ahsc Sh-dn-e-S- -t mƒ e -\n P\-߃ Cf-In. {][m-\-a-{ nsb In m-øxn- \m At±lw k -cn- n-cp IpXn-c-h n Xoh p \in- n- p. Sh-dn-e-S {]km-[-isc DSs\ hn -b- p. P\m-`n-{]mbw i n-s - -Xn-\m 1771 \p tijw ]m e-sa v \S-]Sn dnt m p -sn-øp- -Xn-\p Ah- Imiw \nt -[n- -s - n- n-. ]m e-sa v \S-]-Sn-Iƒ dnt m p snøm-\p Ah-Imiw AwKo-I-cn- -txmss timsxn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ dnt m p -sn-øm-\p Ah-Imihpw e`n- p. Cu Ncn-{X-h-gn-Iƒ Xm n-bmwp P\m- [n-]xyw \ne-\nev p C y-bn timsxn dnt m nßn-\p Ah-Imiw am[ya {]h Ø-I p e`n- n- p- -Xv. CXn-s\-Ø-S-bp H n-t\mspw tbmpn- n-s p apjy-a{ n ]nw-dmbn hnp-b hy -am- n-bn- p- v. sslt m-s-xn-bn aounb dqw AS- p-]q- n-bxpw am[y-a-{]-h Ø-I p kzx-{ -ambn dnt m p snøm- \p Ah-k-c-an- m-xm-bxpw A`n-`m-j-I-k-aq-l- Ønse Hcp-] w Bfp-I-fpsS hgn-sx- sim m-sw- nepw AXn\p hncm-a-an-ts apjy DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw PpUo-jy-dn- p- -Xm-Wv. B ISa PpUojydn \nd-th- p-sa p {]Xo- n- p- p. am[y-a-ßfpw A`n-`m-j-I - k-aq-lhpw PpUojy-dnbpw XΩn ]Xn- m- p-i-fmbn \ne-\n kulm Z-]q W-amb ]c-kv]-c-_ w DShp-X- msx XpS-c-Ww. ticf aounb A m-zan `c-w-k-anxn AwK-߃ snb am : B. Fkv. _m_p (tzim-`n-am\n), sshkv snb am : si.-kn. cmp-tkm-]m (a-e-bmf at\m-c-a) AwK-߃: hn. hna Ipam (am-xr-`q-an), ]n.-kn. sk_m-ãy (am-[y-aw), Fw. clp-\myv (tz-im-`n-am-\n), Fkv. _npp (G-jym-s\ v \yqkv), F.-]n. Pnjm (ao-unb h ), ]n.-hn. N{µ (am-xr-`q-an), Zo]p chn (ti-cf Iuap-Zn), ^m. t_m_n AeIvkv aæw-πm- (Zo-]n-I), km_p h Kokv (aw-k-fw), a[p B. _me-ir-jvw (ti-c-f-i-_vzw), Pb v amω amxyp (a-e-bmf at\m-c-a), si. am[-h (G-jym-s\ v \yqkv), t n amxyp (Po-h Snhn), sndp-ic kæn eqt mkv (ti-c-f-i-_vzw), tpmkv ]\- n- pdw (a-e-bmf at\m-c-a), tpm v s]msn- md (am-xr-`q-an), te_n kpo-{µ (am-xr-`qan \yqkv), _nhn ]o (P-bvlnµv Snhn), chn Un.-kn. (Un.-kn. _pivkv), Zo]Iv [ ΩSw (A-arX Snhn), {iotzhn ]n (a-t\m-ca \yqkv), sk{i- dn (^n-\m kv), sk{i- dn (C ^ ta-j & ]ªnIv dnte-j kv), Ub-d-IvS (C ^ ta-j & ]ªnIv dnte-j kv), saº sk{i- dn: si. Pn. kt mjv.

6 (6) hn.-_n. ]c-ta-iz-c F m G{]n 14 \pw \yqu ln-bpss lrz-b-]m-xbmb ]m e-sa v kv{so n Awt_-ZvI Pb- n-bpss `mkam-bp kmwkvim-cn-tim- hw \S- m-dp- v. tic-f-øn-em- Ip-tºmƒ hnjp-zn-\-am-wnxv. F m U ln-bnse {]hm-k- Po-hn-X-Øn AsXmcp BtLm-j-am-Im-dn- m-ø-xp-sim p Xs Xma-kn- n-cp hn.-]n. lukn-\-sp-øp ]m e-sa v kv{so n-te v B Znhkw t]mhpi ]Xn-hm-bn-cp- p. cmpy- Øns \m\m-`m-køp \n mbn At Znhkw Zen-X IpSpw- _-߃s m w Cu hoyn-bn-se-øm-dp- v. ]m e-sa v hf- nse Awt_-ZvI {]Xna kµ in- m\pw ]q -f- n- m\pw Zen-X\v Ah-kcw \ Ip Znh-k-am-b-XpsIm p Xs lcn-bm-\-bn \n pw DØ {]-tz-in \n pw a[y-{]-tz-in \n pw a p-ambn \qdp-i-w- n\p ZenXv IpSpw-_-߃ ]m e-sa v hoyn-bn-te v Hgp-In-sb-Øpw. BIm-i-hm-Wn pw dnk hv _m v si n-s-øn- \pw -C-S-bn-se sxcp-hv At Znhkw Awt_- ZvI-dpsS sndpxpw hep-xp-amb {]Xna hnev p- -hcpw Awt_-ZvI kmlnxyw hnev p- hcpsaøn \ndbpw.

7 (7) ]e s]mxp-ta-jemÿm]-\-ß-fn-sebpw ZenXv sk p-ifpw kmaq-ly-{]-h Ø-Icpw P\-߃ p sh hpw ` -Whpw kup-\y-ambn \ Ip-Ibpw snøpw. ]Xn-\m-bn-c-߃ HØp-Iq-Sp NS-ßm-bn pw am[y-a-߃ {]txy-in v ssen-hn-j Nm\-epIƒ Cu NSßv ]q W-ambpw Ah-K-Wn- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. Hcp ssen-hn-j Ima-d-bpw Cu ]cn- ]msn Ih snøm-s\-øp-am-bn-cp- n-. At a\- n-ep- m-bn-cp Hcp tnmzy-an-xm-bn-cp- p. I hm- NuØv, temlvcn, [\-e van XpSßnb sndnb BtLm-j-ß-ƒ t]mepw A Sn am[y-a-ß-fnepw Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fnepw \nd p Ihn-bp-tºmƒ Awt_-ZvI Pb- nbpw hmevaoin Pb- nbpw chn- Zmkv Pb- nbpw a pw Ch v hm Ø-bm-Im-dn-. Ahn- Sßfnte v Ima-d-Iƒ A_- - Øn t]mepw sns -Øm-dp-an-. Zen-X-cpsS BtLm-j-߃ am{x-a, am[ya Ah-K-W-\bv p ]m{x-am-ip- -Xv. Ah-cpsS Zpcn-X- ]q W-amb Pohn-X-Øn-te v A]q h-amtb apjy-[mcm-am-[y-a-ß-fpss {]txy-in v Cw ojv am[y-a-ß-fpss IsÆ-Øm-dp- q. Zriy-am-[y-a-߃ Hcn- epw AhcpsS Nmf-I-fn-te pw Iqc-I-fn-te pw Ima-d- -Æp- Iƒ ]mbn- m-dn-. {Kma-ß-fnse ti{µ-ÿm-\øv Hcn- epw Zen-Xt\m BZnhm-knt m {]th-i\w t]mepan-. ]pd-tºm- p-i-fn kh Ws HuZm-cy-Øn am{xw Pohn- p Zen-Xs AbnØPohn-X-sØ- pdn v Hcp am[y-a-hpw dnt m v snøm-dn-. CXp-sIm- mwv C y Pohn- p- Xp {Kma-ß-fn-emWv F p Km npn ]d- -t mƒ Zen-X-t\mSp \K-c-ß-fn-te p ]em-b\w snøm `ow dmhp Awt_-ZvI Blzm\w snbvx-xv. PmXn-]-c-amb ASn- -a Ø-en-s bpw Iqenbn- m-bva-bp-ssbpw ASn-a-Po-hn-XØn-s bpw ti{µ-amb-xn-\m-emwv {Kma-ß-tfmSp hns ]d-bm At±lw Zen-X-tcmSmh-iy-s - Xv. F m kzmx-{ y-øns 70- mw h j-ønepw Zen-X A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- p CØcw hnj-b-ßsfm pw tzio-b-am-[y-a-ß-fn hm Ø-bm-Im-dn-. kzmx-{ y-k-a-c-im-eøv `qcn-] w ]{X-ßfpw tziob{]ÿm-\-øn-s\m w \nev m\pw {_n ojv hncp kao-]\w kzoi-cn- m\pw Xbm-dm-sb- nepw kzmx-{ y-e_v[n p tijw kaq-l-øns ASn-Ø- n InS- p- -hsc Db Øn-s m- p-h-cm-\p t_m[-]q h-amb CS-s]-Stem {]Nm-c-Wtam \S-Øm Cu am[y-a-߃ k - cmbn. Zen-X A\p-`-hn- p ASn- -a Ø-ep-I-sf- p-dn v XpS -bmbn {]Nmc-W-sa-t mww dnt m p-iƒ {]kn- o-i-cn- m Hcp tziobam[y-ahpw Zriy-am-[y-a-ßfpw Xbm-dm-b-Xm-bn Nq n- m- m-\mhn. F m C v ÿnxn amdn-bn- p-s - mwp s]mxpth hne-bn-cp-ø-s -Sp- -Xv. tamzn k m A[n-Im-c-Øn h -Xn\p tijw tkmkw-c- -W- Øns t]cn apkven-߃ pw Zen-X p-sa-xntc \S- p B{I-a-W-߃ ]e tziob A -Sn-am-[y-aßfpw dnt m v snøp ÿnxn-bp- m-bn. cmpy Xeÿm-\-\-K-cn- -SpØv DØ {]-tz-inse Zm{Zn-bn _o^v ` n- -Xns t]cn a[y-h-b-kvi\mb apl- ΩZv AIv-em- ns\ ASn- p-sim- Xpw KpP-dm-Ønse D\-bn NØ ]ip-hns sxmen-bp-cn- -Xns t]cn \mep ZenXv bphm- sf hkv{x-ap-cn v a ±n- Xpw a pw am[y-a-߃ dnt m v snøp-i-bp- m-bn. F m, Zen- Xcpw a pw \S-Øp XpS {]t m-`-߃ v Hcp {]m[m-\yhpw \ Im CtX am[y-a-߃ Xbm-dm-bn-. D\ kw`-h-øn\p tijw Zen-X Al-Ω-Zm-_m- Zn \n v D\-bn-te p \S-Ønb am n\pw a pw apjy-[mcmam[y-a-߃ th {X {]m[m\yw \ Inbn. `qan Bh-iy-s v Ah Al-Ω-Zm-_m- Zn \S-Ønb sdbn XS-b ka-chpw {]mtzinihm Ø-bmbn HXp-ßn. I Wm-S-I-bnse tum. Awt_-ZvI Kth-jW C Ãn- yq- nse _me-kp-cp-aq Øn \nco- n- p- Xp

8 (8) t]mse ZenXv hm Ø-Iƒ am[y-a-ß-fn CSw-]n-Sn- -W-sa- n lnwkm-fl-i-x-bpss Awiw AXn-ep- mbn-cn- -Ww. kw`hw _em- w-k-tam, sime-]m-x-itam, Bfl-lXytbm BIp-tºmƒ am{x-amwp Zen- X p am[y-a-ß-fn CSw e`n- p- -Xv. Cu \nco- Ww Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc icn-hbv- p- -XmWv kao-]- Imekw`-h-߃. Zen-X s -Xntc \S- p lnwkbmwp hm Ø-bm-Ip- -Xv. lnwk-bp-ss, ssewkni-xbpss Dd-hnSw Zen-X-cm-sW [mc-w-bmwp s]mxpth {]N-cn- n- -s -Sp- -sx pw ZenXv BIvSnhn-Ãp-Iƒ hna in p p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v ]Øph jw apºv alm-cm-jv{s-bnse ssi em n {Kma- Ønse \mep Zen-Xsc kh W Iq -s me snbvx kw`hw Xs FSp- mw. alm-cm-jv{s-bnse apjy- [mcmam[y-a-߃ AXp dnt m v snbvxxv ]cs hna in- -s - p. c p ZenXv kv{xoisf kptcjsbbpw {]nb- -sbbpw \ -cm n a ±n- mwp h[n- -Xv. cmpysø \Sp- nb Zen-Xv ]o-u-\-am-bn-cp p CXv. F m kptc-j-sb kv{xobpss ]c]p-cpj_ - amwp sime-]m-x-i-øn\p Imc-W-sa- pw AXn-\m AXp \ymbo-i-cn- -s -Sp- p-sh pap coxn-bn-emwv "temivaxv ssswkv' t]mep ]{X-߃ t]mepw dnt m v snbvx-xv. ZenXv kv{xoiƒ F pw kh WcpsS Imam Øn p ]m{x-am-bn-cp- p-sh hkvxpx Hcn- t]mepw dnt m v snøm {ian- mø am[ya-ß-fmwp {Iqc-amb ZenXv Iq s me \S t mƒ AXn\p Imc-Whpw Ah-cpsS "A]-Y-k- mc' amsw coxn-bn dnt m v snbvx-xv. ]n osv {]apj tziobam[y-a-߃ t]mepw CtX hymjym\w Hcp hna i-\hpw C msx hngp-ßp-ibpw snbvxp. ssi em n kw`hw \S v 10 h jw XnI-bp Cu thf-bn t]mepw tikns KXn-sb- mbn F p kqnn- n- p dnt m p-iƒ am[y-a-ß-fn CSw ]nsn- p- n-. Zm{Zn-bn \n v D\ hsc \ofp Zen-Xv- -apkvenw ]ou-\-߃ ]e am[y-a-ßfpw dnt m v snøp- Xv Zen-X _o^v Ign- p- -Xt {]iv\-߃ p Imc-W-sa coxnbn-em-wv. _o^v Ign- -Xn\p lcnbm-\-bnse sahmønse c p apkvenw kv{xoiƒ _em- wkw snø-s - -t mƒ AXp {][m-\- hm Ø-t]mepamIm-ØXv am[y-a߃ GXp ] -ØmWp \ne-bp-d- n- p- Xv F -Xns hy -amb {]Jym-]-\-am-Wv. lcn-bm-\-bn {]Nm-c-Øn-ep Cw ojv- -lnµn ]{X-߃ Cu kw`hw Dƒt Pp-I-fn A{]- [m-\-ambn am{x-amwp \ In-b-Xv. Zriy-am-[y-a-߃ Cu kw`-hsø ]q W-ambpw Ah-K-Wn- p-ibpw snbvxp. F p-sim- mwp ZenXv hm Ø-Iƒ apjy- [mcmam[y-a-ß-fn CSw ]nsn- m-ø-xv? AXn\p {][m\ Imc-Ww B hn`m-k-øn \n p am[y-a-tem- IØp {]h Øn- p- -h Xp -am-sw Xp Xs. am[ya DS-a-I-fn Bcpw Xs ZenXv hn`m-k-øn \n v C-s - Xp ]I t]mse hy -am-wv. AXp am{x-a ZenXv {]iv\-߃ am[y-a-ß-fn {]Xn-^-en- m-xn-cn- m Imc-Ww. \yqkv apdn-i-fn, am[y-a-{]- h Ø-I-cn, Nm\ Ah-Xm-c-I-cn Zen-X-cpsS FÆw Xptemw Ipd-hm-sW- Xpw {][m-\amm-wv. "Z hb ' sh_vssk v ASp-Ø-bnsS {]kn- o- I-cn Hcp IW- -\p-k-cn p am[y-a-{]-h Ø-I-cn 71 ix-am-\hpw kh W am{x-am-wv. ]n m- -hn-`m-

9 (9) _n.-f. D\ym K-ß-fn \n p t]mepw am[y-a-{]- h Ø-I hfsc Ipd-hm-Wn- v. ticf-øn t]mepw BZn-hmkn hn`m-k-ßfn \n p hnc-en-se-æm-hp- -h am{xamwp am[y-a-cw-k-øp- -sx- mwv Adn-bp- -Xv. hm Ø-Ifpw hni-i-e-\- ßfpw kw_- n p Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp- p, am[y-a-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnse Db ]Z-hn-I-fn Ccn- p 300 Hmfw t]cn Hcmƒ t]mepw Zen-X-\-s pw "Z hb ' shfn-s -Sp-Øn hntzi am[y-a-{]-h Ø-I-\p- th n Xeÿm-\-\-K-c-amb U ln-bn _n.-f. D\ym F apxn ]{X-{]-h Ø-I \S-Ønb At\z-j-W-Øn Hcp ZenXv tej-i-s\- t]mepw Is -Øm-\mbn-. "C tk v Hm^v F ZenXv tp W-enÃv' F t]cn Xs A\p-`hw D\ym "Zn ]b-\o ' ]{X-Øn Fgp-Xp-Ibpw snbvxp {]apj am[ya\nco- -I (Z-lqXv ssh_vssk- v) APmkv Ajvd^v Znh-k-߃ \o At\z-j-W-Øn Is -Øn-bXv samøw 21 ZenXv am[y-a-{]-h Ø-I-scbm-Wv. Ch-cn Øs hm Øm Ah- Xm-c-I-cmbpw a pw sndp \yq\-] w am{x-amwp- m-bn-cp- -Xv. {][m-\-s Hcp t]mãnepw Ch-sc-Øn-bn-. ]e pw a p- -h p e`n- p iºfw t]mepw ÿm]-\- ߃ \ Ip- n-s - -XmWp bmym yw. izk\-\m-fn v A _pzw _m[n p acn sxep- m-\-bnse \mk-cmpp tim pe F am[y-a-{]-h Ø-I Xs DZm-l-c-Ww. \yq C y FIvkv{]- nse Cu ZenXv ]{X- {]-h Ø-I\v AtX XkvXn-I-bnep Db PmXn- m-tc- mƒ iºfw Ipd-hmWp e`n- n-cp- sx p shfn-s -Sp-Øp-I-bp- mbn. F n pw ]e {][m\ tãmdn- Ifpw \mk-cmpp ]{X-Øn-\mbn \ Ip-I-bp- m-bn. \mk-cmpp tim pe ZenXv hnzym n-iƒ am[y-a-{]-h Ø\w ]Tn- m-øxn\p ImcWw Ah p th {X kvtimf jnt m klm-btam kwh-c- Wtam e`n- m-ø-xm-wv. tp W-enkw C Ãn- yq- p-i-fpss ^okv LS-\bpw a pw Zcn-{Z-cmb ZenXv IpSpw-_-߃ p Xmßm Ignbm-Ø-Xn\memWv Cu taj-e-bn-te v Cu hn`mkw IS- p-h-cm-øsx v \yq C y FIvkv{]-kn-s bpw UnF -F-bpsSbpw ap FUn- -dm-bn-cp BZnXy kn l A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. k m amkv Iayq-Wn-t -j C Ãn- yq- p-iƒ am{x-amwp kvtimf jn pw kwhc-whpw \ Ip- -Xv. IqSmsX snss -bnse Gjy kviqƒ Hm^v tp W-en-khpw ZenXv hnzym n-iƒ p kvtimf jn v \ Ip- p- v. ZenXv hnzym n- Isf am[y-a-tem-itø p ssi]n-sn- pb Øm ti{µ- -kwÿm\k m-cp-iƒ Xbm-dm-IpI Xs thww. am[y-a-tem-isø kpo-h-ambn \ne- \n Øm\pw _lp-kz-cx ImØp kq n- m\pw CXp klm-bn- pw. kh W-cpsS "_u ni Kp -Iƒ' am{x-amwp am[y-a-߃ F ZenXv Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-sSbpw Nn -I-cp-sSbpw Bt ]w Hcn- epw `qj-w-ambn am[yatemiw sim p-\-s- -cp-xv.... tzim-`n-am\n sk {S sukviv \yqkv FUn- -dmwv tej-i. C -sabn : vbparamu@gmail.com

10 (10) In Black and White: Dawning hopes in social media Mneme George The days when I started reading newspapers, though marked with something very close to what the great romantic poet called prenatal innocence (of news and no news ) in the very personal plane, I made it a habit to call all inclusions in the newspapers as appearances in black and white. Gone are the days of black and white in news rooms as far as the production process is concerned. Later, one came to learn that black is the colour and white is the absence of colour on that long spread of paper. Paradoxically enough visibility had been for black in letters, whereas for the lives behind letters invisibility was doomed for the black. India stands tall among all countries of the world, yes, among the developed as well the developing and the under developed countries, for the overload of media sway. We have a very powerful press second only to China where nearly eleven crore copies of newspapers are sold every day against our nearly ten crore copies per day. Even The United States sells a little above five crore copies a day. We have nearly five thousand daily newspapers and nearly fifteen thousand weekly publications. Number of news channels is supposed to have crossed fifty by now across the country. If the same vigour is kept for a qualitative assessment of our media as we have done in the quantitative assessment, one will have to say Let god save our media and our readers. Does it exclude more than it includes?. There comes the old saying relevant again, in black and white, but with a difference. Here White

11 (11) becomes the colour these days, white becomes the visibility these days and black just winked at as the absence of white. The topsy turvey makes black to be defined as the lack of the - white of complexion, white of ancestry and white of affluence. Editors and CEOs of the Indian press, with some occasional exceptions, belong to the privileged classes in a nation of faceless crowds. Most have ancestry of origin and inheritance of wealth, education and culture. They represent the cultural elite of our country. Social media could be called an explosion of the aam aadmi sentiment in media. It gave tongue to the so far tongue tied segment. It empowered at least a section of the least privileged classes, call them dalits or women, or transgenders to come out in an open cyber society and to speak out their minds, without fear of oppression or chastisement for the first time in the history of this country. Cyber media in the social perspective means an entire realm of blogs, websites, social media, chat rooms, online forums and similar electronic domains in which borders vanished and silences smashed for all forms of socializations. It is amazing to see the great following the newly liberated and so far oppressed voices are getting in the social mediascape. For example journalist Dilip C. Mandal, the prominent among the dalit voices in the social media enjoys a formidable following of more than netizens in his social media foothold. That exactly is the reason why Rohit Vemula incident amassed sufficient strength as to disturb the criminal and sectarian complacency of the civil society within a very short time by the beginning of the running year. On the evening of 17 th January this year Mandal flashed perhaps the most terrible news of our times-a few hours earlier, Rohit Vemula, a dalit scholar suspended by the university in a manner that reeked of caste discrimination had committed suicide. Subsequent events show the impact these words scribbled on the virtual wall of facebook had in the real social structure of our country. Later that night Mandal posted again on facebook that protests would be held the following day at three venues, The Tata Institute of Social Sciences Mumbai, English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad, and outside the office of the minister of human resource and development, Newdelhi. The most interesting fact is that the following day nothing of this thunderstorm was reflected in the Delhi editions of any of the mainstream media. What hurricane does to a wild fire, social media did to the turmoil that followed is recent history and hence very fresh in our minds. The impact social media can have on the mainstream psyche and the potential sway it can have over the main stream media is also live history, just two months old. It was on 5 th August 2016 that the ten day long Dalit Asmita Yatra commenced from Ahmedabad after the brutal torture of four dalit men by the self proclaimed protectors of gomatha charging them of beef consumption and issues related to the burial of carcasses of dead animals. What ensued was nation wide protest and rampant unrest thanks this time not only to social media, but to main stream media as well. That s the change that came over in just seven months time. In India social media is strong these days to unsettle the complacency of the elitist society, established media and erudite community. This newly unleashed wild might will only amass more strength and sway in days to come.... The author is the former assistant editor in Malayala Manorama group and the editorial director of Chetana Media, Kottayam. mnemegeorge@gmail.com

12 (12) tum. Sn. Pam apl-ωzv h w auehn F ]{X-{]-h Ø-I h w apl-ωzv A_vZpƒJm-Z auehn kmap-zm-bni]cn-jvi-c-w-øn ti{µo-i-cn- mwv h w apl-ωzv A_vZpƒJm-Z auehn Xs s]mxp-{]-h Ø\amcw-`n- Xv. kzm-nm-c-aq-ey-߃ pw Pohn-X-hn-ip- n pw ]c-a{]m-[m\yw \ In-bn-cp aue-hn p Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdnse cmjv{so-b-cw-køp \ne- \n n-cp Agna-Xnbpw kzm -Xbpw Ak-l\o-bambn A\p`h-s - p. A -hn-izm-k-ß-fn \n pw A\m-Nm-c-ß-fn \n pw P\-ßsf tam-nn-x-cm- m kmaq-lyafieß-fnse Agn-a-Xn-s -Xntc t]mcm-sphm At±lw Xnc-s -SpØ Bbp-[hpw AXp-Xs -bm-bn-cp- p. ]{X-{]-h Ø-\-sØ- n aue-hn p hy -amsbmcp [mc-w-bp- m-bn-cp- p. AXp-sIm- p-xs At±lw {]kn- o-i-cn- m Xocp-am-\n "kztz-im-`nam\n' Fßs\ {]h Øn- -W-sa pw AXns BZye- -Øn Øs tcj-s -SpØn: ""Rms\mcp I -h- S- m-c-\-, kmaq-ln-i-tk-h-\hpw cmpy-tk-h-\-hpamwp Rm ]{Xw sim v Dt±-in- p- -Xv. F\n p th ]c-a-amb e yw ]Wa. Rm\pt±-in- p Xv F\n-, Fs cmpy-øn\p In p-sa p Xs -bmwv Fs Dd- -hn-izm-kw. F\n- Xp axn.'' (1) kztz-im-`n-am\n kap-zm-bni]cn-jvi-c-w-tømssm w cmpy]ptcm-k-xn pw ap K-W\ \ In-s m- p {]kn- o-i-c-w-am-bn-cp p. AXp-sIm p Xs hf-sc-tbsd {i -tbmspw ap I-cp-X-tem-Spw- IqSn am{xta AØcw Hcp ]{Xw XpS-ßp-hm Ign-bp-Ibp- q. P\m-[n-]Xyw \ne-hn-en- m-bn-cp A m-eøv A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S\kzmX-{ y-sø- n kwkm-cn- p- Xp Xs {]Xn-k- n-iƒ hnfn- p-h-cp-øp-am-bn-cp- p. cmpm-hns Iev]-\-Iƒ \nb-a-ß-fmbn AwKo-Icn- -s ncp Imew. cmpm-hn\p th n `c-w-b{ w

13 (13) Xncn- p Znhm-\m-I-s, P\-Io-bm-h-iy-߃ \ncm-i-cn- p-ibpw am\-hn-i-aq-ey-߃ p hne- I-ev]n- m-xn-cn- p-ibpw snbvxp. cmpy-øns Cu Ah-ÿ-bn XnI pw Akz-ÿ\mb aue-hn v AXn-s\-Xntc {]Xn-I-cn- m-xn-cn- phm Ign- n-. cmpy-øns Zb-\o-b-ÿn-Xnsb- n P\-ßsf t_m[-hm- m-cm- p-isb Xp am{x-amwv CXn-\p icn-bmb ]cnlm-c-am -sa v At±lw Xncn- -dn- p. kztzim-`n-am-\n-bpss {]kn- o-i-c-w-øn\v F m -P- \-hn-`m-k-ß-fp-ssbpw [m ΩnI]n pw auehn A`y n-s - nepw kmº-øn-i-ambn AXns ]q W DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw At±lw kzb-ta-s -Sp- Øp. kztz-im-`n-am\n {]kn- o-i-cn- p-tºmƒ aue-hn p 30 hb- m-bn-cp p {]mbw P\phcn 19 \v A p-sx-ßn \n- mwv {]kn- o-icww Bcw-`n- -Xv. A p-sxßv A p {_n ojv CuÃv C y I-º-\n-bpsS t\cn- p \nb-{ - W-Øn-em-bn-cp- p. e -\n \n p t\cn- n-d- paxn snbvx F m B[p-\n-I-ku-I-cy-ß-tfmSpw IqSn-bp Hcp {] n-emwv AXns {]h Ø\w XpS-ßn-b-Xv. auehnbmcw-`n ]{X- Øn\p kztz-im-`n-am-\n-sb p \ma-i-cww snøphm At±-lsØ t{]cn- n- Xp km{am-py-xz-i- n-i-fpss t]snkz]v\-am-bn-cp Pam-ep-±o A^vKm-\nbpsS tzi-kvt\-lsø Ipdn- p A`n-am-\-t_m-[-am-Wv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn ]{X-{]-h Ø-\-cw-KØp ]pxp-bp-k- Øns Bcw`w Ipdn- p-sim- mwp kztz-im-`n-am\n {]Xy- -s - -Xv. A sø kmwkvim-cni\mb-i- mcmb F.- B. cmpcm-p-h Ω, ticfh Ω henb timbn-ø-ºpcm, D q Fkv. ]c-ta-iz-c-ø, tum. ]ev]p, i -c \mb XpS-ßn-b-h AXn\p klm-bhpw t{]m m-l- \hpw \ In. (2) kztz-im-`n-am-\n-bpss ]{Xm-[n-]sc Ipdn p auehn p hy -am-sbmcp ImgvN- m-sm-wp- m-bncp Xv. Hcp ]{X-Øns {]kn- o-i-c-w-øn AXns ]{Xm-[n- ] p ]cn-]q Æmh-Im-i-ap- m-bn-cn- -W-sa- p auehn B{K-ln- -p. {]kn- o-i-c-w-øn-\p hkvxp-x-iƒ Xncs -Sp- p- -Xnepw apj-{]-kwksagp-xp- -Xnepw kw`h-ß-tfmsp {]Xn-I-cn- p- -Xnepw ]{Xm-[n-] p kºq W kzmx{ yap m-bn-cn- -Ww. ]{X-ap-S-a-bpsS XmXv]-cy-߃ kwc- n- p- -Xn\p th n kxyw ad- ph-bv p- -Xn\pw hkvxp-x-iƒ Zp hymjym\w snøp- - Xn\pw ]{Xm-[n-]sc \n _- n- m ]msn-s v Dd- phn-iz-kn- p-ibpw {]mtbm-kn-i-ambn AXp- ]q W-ambpw Pam-ep-±o A^vKm-\n \S- n-em- p-hm\pw At±-l-Øn\p Ign- p. ]{X-{]-h Ø-\-sØ- p-dn p X\n- p k - ev]-߃ v A\p-tbm-Py-\mb Hcp ]{Xm-[n-]sc Is -Øp-I-sb- p -Xm-bn-cp p aue-hn v A`nap-Jo-I-cn-t n h {][m\ {]iv\w. kztz-im- `n-am-\n-bpss BZysØ ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn \nb-an-x- \mb kn.-]n. tkmhn-µ- n Bflm -Xbp- bmfpw ]cn-n-b-k-º- -\p-am-bn-cp- p. F m, kztz-im-`n-am-\n-sb- p-dn p aue-hn- p- m-bn-cp {]Xo- -Iƒ ]q Øo-I-cn- p-hm tkmhn-µ]n- bv p Ign- n-. alm-cm-pm-hn-s\bpw `c-wm- [n-im-cn-i-sfbpw _lp-am-\-]q hw ho n- p-ibpw cmp-` n hnizm-k-øns `mk-ambn AwKo- I-cn- p-ibpw snbvx tkmhn-µ- n- bv p ]{X-{]- h Ø-\-Ønepw B Zu _-ey-ß-fn \n p kzx- { \m-im Ign- n-. A[n-Im-cn-Isf H pw `bs -SmsX kmaq-ly]p-tcm-k-xn p th n {]h Øn- p-ibpw A\o-Xn-Iƒs -Xntc apjw-t\m- msx {]Xn-I-cn- p-ibpw snøp ]{Xm-[n-]-sc-bm-bncp p aue-hn mhiyw. s]mxp Pohn-X-Øn kpohne-\-ß-fp- m- m Ign-hp {]kn- o-i-

14 (14) c-w-ambn kztz-im-`n-am-\nsb am n-sb-sp- -W-sa v At±-l-Øn\p \n _- -ap- m-bn-cp- p. Cu kµ `- Øn-emWp tkmhn-µ- n as mcp ]{Xm-[n-]Xyw kzoicn- p-sim p kztz-im-`n-am\n hn p-t]mb-xv. kztz-im- `n-am-\n v A\p-tbm-Py-\mb ]{Xm-[n-]sc Is -tø- Xv Aßs\ ASn-b- -c-amb Bh-iyambnØo p. Xs Bi-b-߃ -\p-tbm-py-\mb Hcp ]{Xm- [n-] p -th- n-bp At\z-j-W-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn auehn Is -Øn-bXp si. cma-ir-jvw-]n- -sb-bm- Wv. Xm At\z-jn- p-sim- n-cp ]{Xm-[n- ]scøs Is -Øn-b-Xmbn At±-l-Øn\p txm n. cma-ir-jvw-]n {]h Øn- n-cp ]{X߃ H pw-xs At±-l-Øns Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-ø-s - p-t]m-ip-hm Ign-hp- -h-bm-bn-cp- n-. AXp-sIm- v C\nbpw ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn {]h Øn- m Ign-bn F Xocp-am-\-hpambn HXp-ßn- q- SpIbm-bn-cp p At±lw. Aß-s\-bn-cn- p-tºm-gmwv auehn At±-lsØ txsn-s - p- -Xv. aue-hn-bpss hy n-xz-ønepw Bflm -X-bnepw kwkm-c-co-xnbnepw cma-irjvw]n BIr-jvS-\m-bn. F nepw D n-s -bp- n At±-l-Øn\p kwi-b-ß-fp- m-bncp- p. aue-hn-bm-i-s, cma-ir-jvw-]n- -bpss at\m- KXn Xncn- -dn- p-sim- p kao-]-\-amwp kzoicn- -Xv. cma-ir-jvw-]n- -bpss BZ i-[o-c-x AwKo-Icn- p-ibpw \ne-]m-sp-isf BZ-cn- p-ibpw snbvxpsim- mwp auehn At±-lsØ ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn Wn- -Xv. ]{Xm-[n-] F p \ne-bn ]cn-]q Wkzm-X{ yw At±lw hmkvzm\w snbvxp. Ncn-{X- Øn A]q -ambn am{xw kw`hn m-hp Hcp _ w AhnsS Bcw-`n- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. ]{Xm-[n-]- cpss kzmx-{ y-ambn A`n-{]m-b-cq-]-h-XvI-c-W-Øn\pw Bhn-jvI-c-W-Øn-\p-ambn kztz-im-`n-am-\n-bpss t]pp- Iƒ Xpd- p-sim-sp-ø-t mƒ {]Xn-`m-[-\-\mb Hcp ]{Xm-[n-] p hf-cp-hm-\p Ah-kcw \ Ip-IbmWp auehn snbvx-xv. Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h B{K-ln- p-ibpw as m-cn-søpw Is -Øp-hm IgnbmXncp- Xp-amb Hcp Ah-k-c-amWp cma-ir-jvw-]n- bv p e`n- -Xv. aue-hn-bpss Ww kzoi-cn v At±-lhpw `mcy Ieym-Wn-b-Ωbpw h Øv ]q{ m hn-fmiw ho n-se-øn. aue-hn-bpss ktlm- Z-cs hosv Ah p Xma-kn- m-\mbn \ In P\p-hcn 17 apx ]pxnb ]{Xm-[n-] si. cma-ir-jvw-]n- -bpss t\xr-xz-øn kztz-im-`nam\n c mw hmeyw H mw e w apx {]kn- o-icn p XpS-ßn. tic-f-øn \s - p, BtcmSpw hnt[- bxzan mø {]kn- o-i-c-w-øns XpS- -am-bn-cp p AXv. [oc-amb ]co- -W-߃ v F m- m-eøpw Zp L-SL- -ß-fn-eqsS IS- p-t]m-ti n hcp-sa- p- cma-irjvw]n bv p \ Inb hmkvzm\w hm nepw {]hrøn-bnepw ]q W-ambn ]men- p- - Xn auehn AXo-h-{i- m-ep-hm-bn-cp- p. (3) ]{Xm-[n- ]-cpss {]h Ø-\-ß-fn bmsxm-cp-hn[ CS-s]-S-ep- Ifpw aue-hn-bpss `mk-øp-\n- p- m-bn-. AXp-am- {X-a-, a p- -h-cmcpw Xs ]{Xm-[n-]-cpsS kzmx-{ y- Øn ssihbv -cp-sx pw aue-hn p \n _- -apkztz-im-`n-am\n cma-ir-jvw-]n- - Xv Hcp Ncn-{X-k-Xy-am-Wv. kztz-im-`n-am-\n-bpss XpS p {]h Ø-\hpw AXn\v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cnt n h {]Xn-k- n-ifpw Cu hkvxp-x-bn-te- mwp shfn w ]I-cp- -Xv. Xs Bibm`n-em-j߃ \pkr-x-amb Hch-kcw Xs txsn-sb-ønbxmbn cma-ir-jvw-]n- bv pw txm n. AXp-sIm- p-x-s -bmwp ]{X-Øn\p th n kzbw ka n- m At±lw Xocp-am-\n- -Xv.

15 (15) m-bn-cp- p. ]{X-tØmSp _ -s kmº-øni CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ ssiimcyw snøp- -Xn\p cma-ir-jvw-]n- bv p kzmx{ yw \evin. ]{Xm-[n-] p \n -bn- -s - n-cp iºføpi-bn Ihn Hcp kwjy Hmtcm amkhpw IrXy-amb ka-b-øp-xs FØn- p-sim-sp- Øn-cp- p. kztz-im-`n-am-\n-bpss Bÿm\w A p-sx-ßn \n p Xe-ÿm-\-tØ p am n-bxv, ]{Xm-[n-] p IqSp-X kabw ]{X- Øn-\p- th n sne-h-gn- p-hm Ign-bp-sa- -p- XpsIm- m-wv. ticf-øns ]{X-{]-h Ø-\-N-cn-{X-Øn Hcp ]{Xw BZy-ambn {]Xn- Zn\]Xn- p-ifnd- n-bxv 1908 \hw-_ amk-øn-em-bn-cp- p. kztz-im- `n-am-\n-bm-bn-cp p B ]{Xw. (4) `c-wm-[n-im-cn-i-fpss {]hrøn-iƒ FSp-Øp-]-d p hna in- p-ibpw {]XymLmX-ßsf n i -amb `mj-bn ap dnbn p \ IpIbpw snøp AXn\nin-X-amb hna i-\-co-xn-bmwp cma-irjvw-]n Ahw-e-_n- -Xv. P\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ- p-dn- p k -ev]-߃ AwKo-I-cn- -s -SmØ Ime-am-bn-cp p AXv. \ma-am-{x-ambn P\-{]- Xn-\n-[n-k-`-Iƒ {]h Øn p XpS-ßn-bn-cp-s - nepw cmpm-hns Xocpam\w Xs -bm-bn-cp p \nb-aw. P\m-[n-]-Xy-co-Xn-bn-ep `c-w-kwhn-[m-\-øns Iogvhg- -ß-sf- p-dn p P\- ߃ A -cm-bn-cp- p. ]{X{]h Ø-\-am- I-s, i -amb \nb-{ -W-Øn\p hnt[-bhpw. cmpy-xm-xv]-cy-øn\p hncp- -sa v A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ p txm p-i-bm-sw- n GXp {]kn- o-i-c-whpw AS p ]q m k m-cn\v A[n-Im-c-ap- m-bn-cp- p. `c-wm- [n-im-cn-iƒs -Xntc hy n-]-c-amb hna i- \-߃ \S-Øp ]{Xm-[n-]sc cmpy-t{zm-l- Ip- -am-tcm-]n p in n- p-hm-\p Ah-Imihpw Ah p- m-bn-cp- p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdns\ kw_- n- n-s-tømfw hna i-\-߃ GXp `mk-øp-\n- p- m-bmepw AwKo-I-cn- m Iq m- mø `c-w-kw-hn-[m-\-amwp \ne-hn-en-cp- -Xv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq Znhm-\m-bn-cp ]n. cmp-tkm-]m-em-nmcn GIm-[n-]Xy{]h-W-Xbp `c-wm-[n-imcnbmbn-cp- p. B GIm- [n-]-xy-{]-h-w-xsb cma-ir-jvw-]n \nin- X-ambn hna in- p. cma-ir-jvw-]n- bv p cmpm-hn-t\msv FXn n- m-bn-cp- p. F p-am- {X-a At±lw Hcp cmp-`- -\p-am-bn-cp- p. F m, cmpm-hns t]cn Znhm\pw cmptk-h-icpw \S-Øn-bn-cp Agn-a-Xn-Iƒ hna i-\-hn-t[-b-am- p- -Xn Hcp hn p-ho-gvnbv pw At±lw Xbmdm-bn-. Znhms Zp `-c-w-øn-s\-xntc cma-ir-jvw-]n i -ambn {]Xn-I-cn- p. cmp-`-c-w-øn \S- p Agn-a-Xn-I-fpsS IY-Iƒ Hs m- mbn ]pd-øp-h-cm XpS-ßn. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse ]{X-{]-h Ø\- cw-køv AsXmcp ]pxn-b- A\p-`-h-am-bn-cp p. Znhm ]n. cmp-tkm-]m-em-nmcn `c-w-iq-ssø hna in- p-sim- p Ht sd apj-{]-kw-k-߃ kztzim-`n-am-\n-bn {]Xy- -s p. Ahbn Nne-Xns Xe-s - p-iƒ C{]- Im-c-am-bn-cp- p. "Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw ssi q-en- mcpw', "cmpy-tk-h-icpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq Kh sa pw', "sim mc-ønse sime-]m-xiw', "k m k okv Zqjyw cmp-`- n-h [-\', "i -c- \-ºq-Xn-cnsb \msp-i-s-ø-cptxm'. "Hcp e w cq]' F Xe-s - n-segp-xnb apj-{]-kw-k-øn {ioaqew Xncp-\m-fns ai-fpss si p-i-eym-w- Øn\p s]mxp-j-p\m-hn \n p snehgn `oa-amb XpI-sb- - n-bmwp ]cma in- n-cp- -Xv. DtZym-KÿZpjv{]-`p-XzsØ- p-dn pw Ah-cpsS A[m an-i-xsb- p-dn pw Xpd- -Sn- p-sim- p tej-\-߃ kztz-im-`n-am\n {]kn- o- I-cn- p. "K ly-amb \SØw' F apj-{]-kw-k-øn-eqss Znhms kzm-nmc-t_m-[sø ]{Xm-[n-] Xpd- p-im-

16 (16) Wn- p. (5) A sø cmjv{sobkmln-cy-ß-fn kztz-im-`n-am\n ]{X-Øn\pw AXns ]{Xm-[n-] pw F mwp kw`-hn- m t]mip- -sx v Duln- m-hp- -tx-bp- q. A`yp-Z-b-Imw- n-i-fmb ]ecpw cma-ir-jvw-]n- sb D]-tZ-in- p. A]-ISw ]Xn-bn-cn- p v F hkvxpx At±-lsØ Hm Ωn n psim- n-cp- p. F m, cma-ir-jvw-]n Xs kao-]-\- Øn am w hcp-øn-bn. ]cn-{i-a-ß-sf mw ]cm-p-b-s - -t mƒ kplr-øp- ƒ aue-hnsb hkvxp-x-iƒ t_m[y-s -Sp-Øm {ian- p. k m-cns\ hna in- p- - Xn \n p ]{Xm-[n-]sc ]n n-cn- n- -W-sa pw As - n AXv A]-I-S-w Wn- p-h-cp-øp-sa pw Ah At±-ltØmSp ]d- p. As - n `oaamb XpI aps n hmßnb {] v I p-si- m-\n-sbp-s pw Ah ap -dnbn p \ In. F m, Cu D]-tZ-i-ß-sfm pw aue-hn-bn bmsxmcp Ne-\-hpw krjvsn- n-. Hcp Imcyw hy -am-wv. Agn-a-Xn- pw GIm-[n-]Xy{]h-W-X-Iƒ p-sa-xntc cma-ir-jvw-]n \S-Ønb ka-c-øn\p aue-hnbpss ]q W]n p-w-bp- m-bn-cp- p. kztz-im-`n-am-\n, `c-w-i Øm- ƒs -Xn-tcbp hna i\w \n- Øm XømdmImØ kml- N-cy-Øn Ah as mcp am w kzoi-cn- p. ]{Xhpw {] pw tnmzn- p hne-bvs -Sp-Øp-sIm- m-sa p Znhms {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ aue-hnsb Adnbn- p. CØcw {]tem-`-\-߃ sims m pw auehn Xs \ne-]m-sn am w hcp-øn-bn-. kztzim-`n-am\n Znhm-s\-Xn-sc-bp B{I-a-W-߃ XpS p BKÃv 26 \v kztz-im-`n-am-\n-bn Znhm-s\-Xntc AXn-i- -amb hna i-\-ß-fp-ambn "K ly-amb \SØw' F Xe-s - n {]Xy- s apj-{]-kwkw `c-w-iq-ssø De- p. AXp Znhms hy n-]-c-amb kwkvim-c-cm-ln-xysø am{x-a At±-lsØ h ps]mdp- n- p cmpm-hns\bpw hna in- p coxn-bnemwp ]pd-øp-h- - Xv. kv{xop-\-ßsf ]c-ky-ambn Ah-tl-fn- p Znhms {]h Ø-\-sØ- p-dn p ]cm-a in- -Xn-\ptijw tej\w Ah-km-\n- p- -Xn-ß-s\-bmWv: ""alm-cmpm hnimjw Xncp-\m-fns Ime-Øm-bn-cp p Znhm Cßs\ s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp- sx- n Xncp-a-\- ns IpXn-c- m-cs Ihp n sim v Cu a{ nÿm\hy`n-nm-cnsb sxmen s]mfn- p -hn-sp-am-bn-cp- p.'' (6) alm-cm-pm-hmb {ioaqew Xncp-\m-fns Ign-hn- m-bva kqnn- n- p-sim- mwp tej\w ]q Ønbm- p- -Xv. AtXmsS kztz-im-`n-am-\n-s -Xntc i -amb \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp- p-hm Xocp-am-\-am-bn. ]{Xw I p-si n AXns {]kn- o-i-cww \n Ø-em- p- -txmsp IqSn {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn- -s -Sp-sa- -p Xm-bn-cp p {]Xo- n- n-cp- -Xv. F m, ]{X-a AXns ]{Xm-[n-]-cmWp in n- -s ts- Xv F \ne-]m-smwp Znhm kzoi-cn- -Xv. AXp-sIm p ]{Xw I p-si- p- -txm-ssm w ]{Xm-[n- ]-scbpw in n- -W-sa- p Xocp-am\saSpt nh p. F m ]gp-xp-ifpw AS- p-sim- p Hcp cmp-iobhnfw-_-c-tømss 1910 sk]v w-_ 26 \p ]{Xw I p-si- p-ibpw ]{Xm-[n-]sc {ioaqew Xncp-\mƒ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn \n p \msp-i- S-Øp-Ibpw snbvxp. (7) cma-ir-jvw-]n- \msp-i-s- Ø-s p IÆq-cn Ign- n-cp ImeØv At±-lsØ Biz-kn- n- p-hm h w aue-hn-b- msx a mcpap m-bn-cp- n-. Ah XΩnep _ w, cma-ir-jvw-]n- bpss \msp-i-s-ø-temss Ah-km- \n- n-. "kztz-im-`n-am\n cma-ir-

17 (17) jvw-]n ' F -dn-b-s -Sp Ncn-{X-]p-cp-js\ B \ne-bn-se-øn- t{]cii n aue-hn-bm-bn-cp- p. At±-l-Øns {i m-]q -amb {]h Ø-\hpw ]n p-w-bp-amwp cma-ir-jvw-]n- sb Adn-b-s -Sp ]{Xm-[n-]-cm- n-b-xv. aue-hnsb ]q W-ambpw a\- n- em- p-hm\pw At±-l-Øns Dt±iyi-e- y-ß-sf- p-dn p hy -ambn [cn- m\pw Ign- -Xp-sIm- mwp cma-ir-jvw-]n- bv p i -amb \ne-]mss-sp p-hm\pw AXnepd- p-\n-ev p-hm\pw Ign- - Xv. F ph mepw auehn Xt m-ssm- -ap- m-ip-sa- p hnizmkw At±-l-Øn\p ss[cyw ]I p. B ss[cy-øn \n p e`n Du -w aqeamwp kztz-im-`n-am-\n-bn-eqss Xs BZ i-߃ BhnjvI-cn- m-\pw \ne-]m-sp-i-fnepd p \nev m\pw AXph-gn, ticfw A p-hsc I n- n- mø Hcp ]{Xm-[n- ]-cmbn Db-cp-hm\pw At±-l-Øn\p Ign- -Xv. AXn- \-t±lw Btcm-sS- nepw IS-s - n- p-s - n AXp h w aue-hn-tbmsp am{x-am-wv. ]{Xm-[n-]cpw ]{X-ap-S-abpw XΩnep- m-bn-cn-t, D m-bn-cn- -Wsa v F m-hcpam{k-ln- p Hc-]q - _- -amwp h w aue-hnbpw cma-irjvw-]n- bpw XΩn-ep- m-bn-cp- -Xv. ]{Xm-[n-] p kzmx{ yw \ Ip- psh v Ah-Im-i-s -Sp ]{X-ap-S-a-Iƒ ]ecpw kz w ]{X-Øns \ne-\n ]v A]-I-S-Øn-em-Ip L -Øn, AXp ]{Xm-[n-]-cpsS \ne-]msp Imc-W-am-Wp- m-bn- p- -sx- n, At±-lsØ c ma-sxm p Nn n- msx ]pd-øm- p- - Xn asn ImWn- p- -h-c-. ]{X-ap-S-abpsS cmjv{sob \ne-]m-sp-iƒ p hncp- -ambn tej\w {]kn- o-i-cn- m Hcp ]{Xm-[n-]cpw Xbm-dm-Ip-I-bn-. ]{Xm-[n-]-kzm-X-{ y-sa- p- Xp tihew Hcp k -ev]w -am-{x-am-wv. AXp tic-f-øntem C y-bntem am{x-a-, temi-hym-]-i-ambp s]mxp-kz-`m-ham-wv. Cu hkvxp-x-i-fpss ] m-ø-e- Øn kztz-im-`n-am\n ]{X-Øns DSabpw ]{Xm-[n-]cpw XΩn-ep _ sø hne-bn-cp-øp-tºm-gmwp ]{X{]h Ø-\-ta-J-e-bn h w auehn \evinb alømb kw`m-h-\- sb- p-dn p hy -am-ip- Xv. Hcp-]- t, Bh Øn- m km[y-x-bn- mø AXy]q hpw Akm-[m-c-W-hpamb _ - am-bn-cp p AXv. temi-]-{x-{]-h Ø-\-N-cn-{X-Øn Xs -bp- m-bn- p AXy-]q -amb Hcp _ w - F v AXns\ hnti-jn- n- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. Ipdn- p-iƒ 1. ]pxp- n cml-h, tic-f-]-{x-{]-h Ø-\-N-cn-{Xw, t]pv Sn. Pam apl-ω-zv, kztz-im-`n-am\n h w aue-hn, t]pv 71 3.]pXp- n cml-h, t]pv ae-bm-f-a-t\m-ca \hw-_ 30, kztZ-im-`n-am-\n, HmKÃv 24, Ibid 7.cmP-Iob hnfw-_-cw, si. cma-ir-jvw-]n-, Fs \msp- I-S-Ø t]pv tum. Sn. Pam apl-ωzv NcnXw, Imcy-h w, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw

18 (18) JOURNALISM ACTIVE, PASSIVE OR SAFE? Shoma A. Chatterji Internet and the Social Media networks have made is possible for journalists from across the globe to get together and discuss, debate, argue and talk about the changes in journalism over time and how the tenets of negotiation, honesty, integrity and industry have changed or not changed between and among journalists and between the journalist and his/her readers. The Media and Development Network Group on the Communication Initiative Platform takes on a subject and opens it for discussion on the pros and cons of the subject that can range from simple, straightforward journalism through a broader base for journalism that covers global areas and also focuses specifically on areas such as Latin America, Africa, besides other areas of research such as strategic thinking, and so on. Recently, Warren Feek, an active initiator of discussions in the group posted some points inviting discussions on active and passive journalism into The Media and Development Network Group urging journalists from across the map to join in the discussion. Writes Feek, The role, positioning and responsibility of journalists and journalism related to Development issues are areas of much debate.. The CI s summary of the recent Nordicom publication: Journalism in Conflict and Post-Conflict Conditions: Worldwide Perspectives commences with this challenging quote: [R]eporting on events is not just a passive process. In constructing a narrative for the reader, the journalist plays an active role in defining the event in question and underlining what is at stake. In so doing, the journalist both reports as well as joins the effort to forge a way forward. Feek urges journalists to state whether they

19 (19) agree or do not agree with this statement. Responding to this, Jason Browne writes: There are two challenges here.. Studies such as this one refer to the media as a collective mass, with little differentiation. There are decades of such studies, that reflect upon impacts of themedia on societal problems. Yet there is still little evaluation of capacity of the media to participate in these studies, or indeed, the problems themselves.another challenge is that academics frequently fudge the importance of the media in creating mass awareness. Here we learn that news media occupy a significant position addressing issues. As indicated in an earlier post about the enduring importance of radio in reaching mass audiences, mass media, I suggest, occupy the significant position. He goes on to add that even with most countries enjoying wide access to mobile phone services, broadcasting remains the main means by which people receive information about the world around them.. Journalists are most passive when it comes to their own affairs - issues of ethics, capacity and development. After nearly a decade of vaguely discussing a worldwide crisis in journalism, there is still little recognition that the Fourth Estate has failed, and that journalism is beyond crisis. According to Sugata Roy, We have three types of journalists - Senior Journalists who wriites columns, next are journalists in the middle level who only report on the facts on ground and lastly we have entry level journalists or stringers. The last groups only report small, petty stories and if they stumble upon a big news it is appropriated by the middle level journalists. The terms of reference of these two types of journos are only to report facts, highlight problems and at regular interval act like activists. They cannot have any opinion or solution. They are trained only to speak of problem. If and when solutions are offered by columnists, they might or might not be accepted by bureaucrats and policy makers. So the journalists are left with no option other than highlighting the problems. Interestingly, policy makers wake up only to make a hue and cry not to a piece which offers solution. That is the unfortunate scenario in the south Asia. This will continue until there is a policy where, views of journos, are integrated in the decision making process. This will bring change in the reporting style and stories on best practices and solutions will find its way. But journalists are also concerned about what is safe journalism and what might be considered unsafe journalism considering the sensitivity of a

20 (20) given issue. For example, many young journalists might shy away from reporting on doing opinion pieces on the present issue around Kashmir especially following the Uni killing of army soldiers on September Or, say, whether some political parties are neglecting the Dalits and minorities and focussing on the Hindu card. No journalist can guarantee safety while dealing with these questions while writing. One either has to steer clear of these issues or become completely active almost as a vicarious participant in the subject one is writing about. In this sense, passive journalism can be assumed to be politically correct that will not raise the hackles of the editor or the management or the governing body that runs the publication or group of publications. Does a freelance journalist have more access to dealing with sensitive issues and therefore become more active? Or, does a regular, paid correspondent have better access dependent on the rope of liberty his editor permits him? In active journalism, whether one is reporting, or opinion pieces, or, editorials, it is difficult to draw a clear line of distinction between active and passive journalism because even as one is researching a given story, one gets involved and the line between the two tends to get blurred beyond recognition. Paid journalists owe allegiance to the organization that employs them and pays them and have to keep in line with the political beliefs and editorial policies of the paper. Online journalism brings greater opportunity for the freedom to be active but one must remember that online stories have a much shorter shelf-life than print journalism. The result is that even if you are actively writing on a given subject, such as the killing of secular fighters against superstition such as Narayan Dhabolkar, the print media article might raise the hackles of people sensitive about the subject while the same article posted online will have disappeared even before these people notice it. All said and done, the active-passive debate must be decided by the journalist himself. If he feels stifled by his employing organization for drawing limits to his being active and aggressive in his writing or reporting, he should think over quitting the organization either to join another or to become a freelancer. Accuracy, honesty, authenticity, integrity and a balance between becoming opinionated and remaining objective are issues of ideology a journalist must aspire to reach, Whether he will be able to reach the peak of the mountain will depend entirely on him. Safe is a word that should be thrown out of any and every journalist s lexicon.... The writer is a freelance journalist, author and film scholar based in Kolkata. She has authored 17 books and contributed to many compilations on cinema, family and gender. shoma.chatterji@gmail.com

21 {^w h Ωm-Pn, hnøv eu (21) si.-f. taml-\-h Ω UnPn- aounb Ipd- p-amkw apºmwv. ]pxp-xmbn Bcw-`n Hcp ]pkvxi{]kn- o-i-cw ÿm]-\w, UnPn- cwktø p {]th-in- m Xøm-dmbn Fs kao-]n- ncp- p. Hcp t\mh thww. UnPn- -embn Cd- m-\m- Wv. ]ckyw hgnbpw hmb-\- m v Aev]mev]w {^obmbpw tijw hnebv pw \evin kmº-øniw icn-bm- pw. Dd- m-wv. ]ns hmb-\- m-cpss FÆw. AXp Iq pw. C\n UnPn- -ens ImeamWv. F\n-s mcp Imcyw Xo -bm-bn-cp- p. kz w t]gvk-w Iºyq- -dns ]pkvx-itø- mƒ hen- -ap kv{io\n-tem, Sm_ns ]pkvx-ihen- -ap {]X-e-Øntem t\m n-bn-cp v Bcpw ]Øp an\n- pt]mepw Hcp t\mh hmbn- n-. Hcp hountbm It - mw. hm Ø hmbn-t - mw. ]m p tit - mw. ]{Xw hmbn-t - mw. tej\hpw hmbn-t - mw. ]t, Hcp t\mh, \o -I-Y... hmbn- n-. t\mhtem AXp-t]mse \o awn- q-dp-iƒ Ipds - nepw GIm{Kambn {i ti{µo-i-cn-t am IS-emkv ]pkvx-i-cq-]-øn-e- msx hmbn- p tikp- Iƒ Xosc A]q h-am-wv. ]pkvxiw s\ n ht m ap ntem sskuntem ht m awn- q-dp-iƒ hmbn- pw. ]pkvx- I-Øns t]pp-iƒ adn- p- Xpw CSbv p {i H p Xncn-bp-tºmƒ t]pns tim as- n-h-bv p- Xpw hmbn- nsw ]n osv Xnc-bp- Xpw AhnSw In p- tºmƒ Adn-bmsX kt m-jn- p- Xpw CS-bvs m v ]n nse Nne t]pp-i-fn-te p t]mip- Xpw F mw ]pkvx-i-hm-b-\-bpss `mk-am-wv. CXp Iºyq- -dnepw Sm_nepw ]pkvx-i-øns dou {^ ven kzim-cy- X-tbmsS {]mivsn- -embn A\p-`-hn- m ] n-. ImcWw IY-sb-gp-Xnb A -c-ß-tf- mƒ efn-xhpw BI j-i-hp-amb Nn{Xßfpw i_vz-ßfpw A\- ßfpw Ifn-Ifpw hm Ø-Ifpw F mw Hcp hnc-ea Øen In ptºmƒ teiw t_md-sn- m-ep-s t mkp snøm-hp- n-søv \n p t]mim-hp UnPn- t\mh-ens \ne A]-I-S-Øn-em-Wv. C v ap -Xp-h-b- n\p taep Xe-ap-d- AΩbpsS asn-bn \n v Fgp-t v HmSm\pw NmSm\pw XpSßn-b-t mƒ Bcw-`n- -XmWv A -Sn IS-em-knse hmb-\. ]pkvx-i-hm-b\ CjvS-an- m-ø-h t]mepw

22 (22) hnt\m-zhpw hn m-\hpw a\x-]q h-a- msx t\sp- p- v. kviqfn h v ssivãv _p n ] p ]Tn Ncn-{X-Øn-s bpw kmln-xy-øn-s bpw Hm Ω-Iƒ. slb I- nmv keq-wn Dugw ImØn-cn- p-tºmƒ hmbn ]gb amkn-i-bpss Xmfp-I-fnse ck-i-c-amb A\p-`-h-߃. s{sbn-\n h v ASp-Øn-cp bm{x- m-cs ssibn I kmbm- - -{X-Ønse kvtxm`-p-\-i-amb {Iqc-hm Ø-Iƒ. Nmb- -S-bn \n p hs s]mxn p In nb tpyma{sn ]pkvx-i-ømfnse {XntIm-Whpw ]nc-anupw Db Øn-b, Ip n- meøp kpo-h-am-bn-cp imkv{x-kvt\-lw. Ch-sb mw tn p ]mxn apdn p ]mxn sh p ]mxn Zln v Ahn -cp-h-øn-ep Bi-b-߃, ÿncw ]pkvx- I-hm-b-\- m-c- m-ø-h t]mepw A`n-am-\-ambn Icp- Xp- p- v. ]pkvxiw hmßn- p. ]t, Xpd p t\m m sssw In n-bn-. \mw km[m-cw tiƒ p-, \mw Xs ]d-bm-dp CutKm-sk {SnIv hm p- I-fm-Wv. ]ns c m-a-xv, C v hen- -sam-gnsi as m- Ønepw Iºyq- dpw Sm_pw \evip tkh-\-ßfpƒs ss a p ]expw IqSn \ Ip samss_ t^mwns hchpw AXp \sω Iogvs -Sp-Øn-b-Xpw. CubnsS tic-f-øn BZy-ambn samss_ t^m km[m-cw P\-Øn\p ap n Ah-X-cn Zn\-sØ- p-dn p hm Ø I -t mƒ Hm Ω h p. Ccp-]Xp sim w apºm-wv sk]v w-_-dn Fkvt m- Iº-\n-bpsS (C- sø sfun-bm) tic-f-ønse {]h Øt\mZvLm-S\w Fd-Wm-Ip-fØp h m-bncp p. A v Fs ai kp`mjv Fkvt m- -ens ]cky-hn-`m-k-øn FIvkn-Iyq- nhv BWv. samss_- ens BZyhnfn DZvLm-S-\-Øn\v Hcp hnsf-]nsb thww. Ft msv D]-tZiw tnmzn- -t mƒ Rm ]d- p. CXv Iayq-Wn-t -js bpk- n-d-hn-bm-wv. Fgp- Øn \n v H -bn-te- p {Sm kvan-j. G hpw ] nb Bƒ Fgp-Øns Ipe-]-Xn-bmb XIgn inh- -c- n- -bm-wv. A v am[-hn- p nbpw (I-a-em-Zm-kv, ]n osv Iae kpc-ø) Rm\pw tn v Hcp Iq p-t\mh Aam-hmkn cnn- p ka-b-am-wv. XI-gn-t - tic-f-øn \n- p- BZy samss_ hnfn \SØn Zn n-bn-te v Fkvt m- -ens No^v Sfi- \p-am-bn. tn n, am[-hn- p- n, Xncp-h-\- -]p-c-tø p hnfn p kmwkvim-cn-i-a-{ n-bp-ambn kwkm-cn- p. Rm tlmwtim-ßnse t]c v Iº-\n-bpsS C y Hm -td-j No^v simdn-b- m-c-\p-ambn i_vzw ] n- p. (A v Ah X AtX samss_ IWIvj\mWv C pw Ft -Xv). Ccp-]Xp h jta Bbp- q. C v samss_ Ahn-iz-k-\o-bamw hn[w tic-f-øn-se-sb- -, temiw apgp-h\pap am\-h- P-\-X-bpsS `mk-am-bn- -gn- p. Hcn- epw kb kv ^nivj Imscm-gnsI Bcpw kz]v\w t]mepw I ncp- -X-, Cu am w. C -gn ]Xn-\ p h jw, Ccp-]-sØm mw \q m- nse BZy H c ZiIw Xs temi-øn\p hcp-ønb am -ß-fpsS Hcp sndnb ]Xn p ImWm \mw Fßpw t]mti-. Np pw t\m n-bm axn. imkv{x- km-t Xn-I-cw-KsØ \hw- \h-ß-fmb I p- ]n-sn-ø-ßsf \ΩpsS Ip p-߃ kzmwio-i-cn- p coxn {i n- m axn. temi-sø- m-bn-søpw Bsd- p-amkw {]mb-ap Ip v Bcpw t{]mw]v v snømsx BZyw D -cn- p i_vzw AΩsb hnfn- p "a'bmwv. aωn, amxm, amw, AΩ, az. F p-am-imw AXnse "a' F i_vzw. ]t, Ct mƒ H p kq n p t\m q. "a' sas amdn "tem' BIp-I-bm-Wv. sk t^m-wnse ltem-bpss "tem'. CXp shdpw Xam-i-bmbn Icp-X-cp-Xv. H p {i n- q. Cu am w \mw ImWm-Xn-cn- -cp-xv HmkvIm t\man-t\-j In nb sl F tlmfn-hpuv Ne- n-{xsø \mb- I tpm n Xs ImapIn kvim e- ns i_vz-øn kwkm-cn- p I]yq- -dp-ambn t{]a-øn-em-ip- p- v. F pw cmhnse Ahƒ A p sntø Imcy-߃, A sø Imem-hÿ, Adn- n-cn-t {][m\ hm Ø-Iƒ F mw Hm Ωn- n- pw. Rm ]Xn-s\ p sim w apºv Cw ojn Fgp-Xnb \n n B Uv Zn I]yq- sshdkv F Ip n-i-fpss kb kv ^nivj t\mh-en AXnse Ggp hb- p-imcn \mbni \n n X\n p Ifn- m-\mbn In nb ]gb Iºyq- -dn Hfn p Ibdn

23 (23) ]m Øn-cp ]c-tem-i-po-hn-bmb hb- sshd- p-ambn CjvS-am-Ip- p- v. sshd- n\p \mw B{K-ln- p cq]-ambn kv{io\n hcmw. ]t, ]d-bp- Xp \ΩpsS `mj-bm-wv. kvam v t^m {]f-b-øn jm ns Hcp ]pxnb tamu. \mw cmhnse DW p AXn sxm -mep-s A sø ]e Adn-hp- Ifpw \ap p \ Ip-a-s{X. C sø Poh-hmbp-hmWv ssh -ss^. C\n DS ssh -ss^ p ]Icw sse ss^ hcp- p. Hcp F -CUn _ƒ_ns shfn w Du -am n AXn-eqsS i_vzhpw Zriyhpw C s\ pw C -tø- Xns Aº-Xn-c n thk-øn e`y-am-ip ssivt\m-f-pn-bm-wv. hne Xp w KpWw sa w. C v C s\ v kn -ep-iƒ ASn p am p coxn C m-xm-ipw. Cu ] m-ø-e-øn {Km^nIv t\mh hmbn- n- m ] ptam? Hcp ]pxnb hmb-\kw-kvimcw hf p hcn-i-bm-wv. \yq P\-td-j hmb-\bv p sne-hm- p kabw h [n- p-h-cp- p- v. ]t, hmbn- p am A\p-Zn\w hni-kn- p C s\ v Is pw samss_ sh_v D]- tbm-k-hpw I nmv FUvPv ssivt\m-fpn hcp- Øp Is ns BI j-wo-b-amb cq]- ku-µ-cyhpw ImcWw C p-hsc hmb-\bv v A\n-hm-cy-sa p \mw Icp-Xn-bn-cp ]mx an hmdpw C m-xmbn gn- n-cn- p- p. _nkn-\- p-imcpw kwcw-`-icpw \nt -]-Icpw hcpwime -ao-unb Bbn Cu IS-emkv clnx temi-sø-bmwp ImWp- -Xv. Hcp DZm-l-c-Ww G hpw IqSp-X hmb-\- msc e`n- p hm Øbv v C v 60 hm n Ipdth ]msp- q. samss_ kv{io\n 60 hm p Ign- m s]mxpth hmb-\- m-c Xmtg p kvt{imƒ snøpw. Cu Nn sb ASn-ÿm-\-am n 2013 cq]-s -Sp-Ønb C tjm Svkv F C y B v BZyw t^kv_p p hgn \yqkv C tjm v F t]cnepw ]n osv hm Ø-Ifpw 60 hm v cxv\- p-cp- - Ønepw ]n osv AXns en pw \evin cwk-sø-øn. \mep timsn-bn-tesd hmb-\- m-cp-ambn C Xv KqKnƒ tπ tãmdnse aounb dmwn-bmwv Cu hm Øm ]{Xw. hyh-ÿm-]nx aounb C p hsc \ In-bn-cp D ]- -Øns D -S w cmjv{so-b -km-º-øn-i-i- n-iƒ \nb- { n- p \ne-bn-te p amdn-s m- n-cn- p ] m-ø-e- Øn hn m-\-tø- mƒ hnt\m-z-øn\p {]m[m\yw kzm`mhn-i-ambn h psim n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. ChnsS IS-em-kn\p ]Icw sf t^manse UnPn- {]Xew ]pxnb Hcp Ne v hm p-i-fn-eqss tpmen snøp Fgp-Øp-Im pw tp Wen-Ãp-Iƒ pw t\cn-ts n hcn-i-bm-wv. t\mh-en Hcp ]co- Ww \S-Øm Fs kao- ]n {]km-[-i-tcmsp Rm ]d- p: F m amkhpw H mw Xob-Xnbpw ]Xn-\ mw Xob- Xnbpw t\mh-ens Hmtcm F n-tkm-uv. amivknaw 1500 hm v. ]Øp an\n p sim p hmbn p Xo m-hp- -Xv. do Iym p- Iƒ Dƒs -ss. X -ab Ia p t]mãp snøm kwhn-[m- \-hpw. \mw ssivt\m-f-pn-tbmsp bp w snømsx AXns\ AwKo-I-cn- p-i-b-t, icn.... t\mh-enãpw "ho Ww' ap No^v FUn- -dp-amwv tej-i. C -sabn : klmv@rediffmail.com

24 (24) kvtimf C Imº-kv tpmkn tpmk^v Imh ]-{X-{]-h Ø-\hpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw tic-f- ao-unb A m-z-an-bn \S kvtimf C Imºkv ]cn-]m-sn-bn Z lnµp-hns \mjw skiyp-cn n FUn- tpmkn tpmk^v kwkm-cn- p p hm v tumkp-iƒ BtI- -h FÃm-ªn-jvsa ns em]v tum-kp-i-fmbn amdn-bn-cn- p- p. ]{X- m am{x-a DØc-hm-Zn-Iƒ. ]{X-ap-X-em-fn-am DØ-c-hm-Zn-I-fm-Wv. A v cq] v ]{Xw hmßn hmbn- p hcn- mcpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-I-fmWv AXn ]ckyw simspøp \Ωsf ]oun- n- p ]c-ky- mcpw DØc-hm-Zn-I-fm-Wv. aoun-bsb cmjv{sob]c-ambn Zpcp-]-tbmKw snøm {ian- p cmjv{so-b- mcpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-I-fm-Wv. hm v tumkv tp W-enkw F Xp hfsc Kuc-h-X-camb H m-wv. Printing what the others does not want us to print F mwv AØcw hm Ø-Isf hymjym-\n- m-hp- Xv. CØcw tp W-en-k-Øn\p c p aq p-xcw kz`mhkhn-tij-x-i-fp- v. H v, kn\n-a-bn-sems \n߃ m-wp- Xp t]msetbm Nne ]{X- m Snhn-bn-sems ]d-bp- Xp t]msetbm \ms- Io-b-ambn H p-an-, AsX mw \pw-bmwv F -Xm-Wv. kn\n-abn ImWp- -sxms Bfp-Isf sx n- -cn- n- m th n tp W-enkw snømø GtXm Bfp-Ifpw Xnc- -Ym-Ir-Øp- fpw ]{X- mcpw Hs D m- p- -Xm-Wv. A msx \ms-iob-x-sbm pw CXn-en-. hmkvx-h-øn hm v tumkv tp Wen-kw F Xp A m-z-aniv Kth-j-W-hp-ambn ASp-Øp-\nev p H m-wv. \ A m-z-aniv dnk n\v th -Xp-t]mse tcj-iƒ tij-cn- m\pw B tumiyp-sa p-iƒ ]Tn- m\pw AXp ]cn-tim-[n- m\pw AXn C thm ƒum-bn- p Bfp-I-fpsS sdkvt]m kv FSp- m-\p-ap Hcp abpw endurance amwv AXnse {][m-\-s Imcyw. Aßs\ sim p-h-cp tãmdn-i-fmwv hm v tumkv tp W F p ]cn-k-wn- -s -Sp-I. ImcWw hniz-k\ob-a mø kw`-h߃ p henb watch dog quality H pw ImWn-. \ΩpsS hnizmkyx t]mbn- -gn- m AtXm-Sp-IqSn IYbpw Xo p. c m-axv hm v tumkv tp W-en-k-Øn snøp Bfp-sS Bflm X hfsc \n Wm-b-IamWv. AXm-bXv k m Ko-bX, C -{Kn n F -sxms hy n-]-c-amb kwk-xn-i-fm-wv. CXv ]c-ky-am-bns m pw At\z-jn- m ] n-. Hcp IY snømxncn- m ss]k In p am - m-wn-xv. Hcp tãmdn snøm F{X ss]k In pw? Cu ss]k hmßn t]m - n-en p ho n t]mbn- -gn- m ho p-im pw Adn-bn-, hmkvx-h-øn ho p-im pw kt m-j-ap- m-ipw. ImcWw ]nsn- -s -Sp- -Xp-hsc Agn-aXn snømw F p hniz-kn- p Hcp

25 (25) kaq-l-øn-emwp \Ωƒ Pohn- p- -Xv. ]nuªypun F Pn-\ob ssi qen hmßn p hosp ]Wn-bp- Xp \ap p kt m-jap Imcy-am-Wv. As - n tamt m shln- n C kvs]- IvS. Abmƒ ]nsn- s Sp-tºmƒ \Ωƒ D n \n p Ip w ]dbpw. AXp-hsc \ΩpsS \ _ p-hmwv At mƒ hy n-]-camb BZ i-ip- nbpw \n Wm-b-I-am-Wv. Cu A m-z-aniv kvin pw personal integrity bpw IqSnbp Bƒt hm v tumkv tp W-enkw snøm-s\m- q. Aßs\ snøp hm v tumkv tp W-en-k-Øn\p C sø Ime-L- -Øn c p {][m-\-s sh p-hn-fn-i-fmwp ImWp- -Xv. H v sk k jn v. C y-bn sk k jn- pt m? C. ]t, \ΩpsS F m \yqkv dnt m p- I-fnepw Fgp-X-s -SmØ Hcp-]mSp sk j jn- p-iƒ \ne- \n p Ime-L- -am-wn-xv. Cu sk k jn v XpS-ßp- Xp \ΩpsS am[ya DS-a-ÿ-Xbn \n p- X-s -bm-wv. F m aounb-bn-sebpw DS-a-ÿ F p ]dbp F m-hcpw IpSpw-_- m-cm- Wv, As - n s]mfn- n- ]m n-i-fm-wv. A msx kzx- { amb Hcp {StÃm H p-a-. Hcp tap ]{Xw am{xta kzx-{ -amb {SÃns DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep- q. AXmWv Nfin-K-Un-ep {Sn_yq ]{Xw. c p spbn ktlm-z-c-߃ \S-Øp ]{X-am- Wv ssswkv Hm^v C y. Rm AhnsS Iptd h j-߃ {]h Øn-sb-Sp-Øn- p- v. Ch s - mh pw Xs hy n-]-c-amb Hcp]mSp XmXv]-cy-ß-fp v. Cu XmXv]-cy-ß-fp- m- p Hcp henb sk k jn- p- v. AXns Hcp DZm-l-cWw F p ]d- m ssswkv Hm^v C y {Kq v C y-bnse Xs G hpw henb ss{]h- v C sh-ãvsa m- Wv. \qdp-i-w- n\p Iº-\n-I-fn Ah p tãiv D v. bq_ F p ]d-bp SmIvkn k hokv sxm v ]e _nkn-\-kp-i-fn ssswkv Hm^v C ybv v \nt -]-ap- v. Aßs\ tã v D Iº-\n-Iƒs -Xnsc ssswkv Hm^v C y-bn Fs - nepw Fgp- Xm ] p-tam? ] n-. C{Xbpw kmº-øni XmXv]-cy-߃ D ssswkv Hm^v C ybv p Kh sa n-s\-xnsc F{X-am{Xw t]mim ] pw F Imcyhpw \n߃ v Duln- m ] pw. lnµp-ÿm ssswkv F ]{Xw snøp- Xv _n fm ^manen-bm- Wv. Ah p KpP-dm-Øn s]t{sm sian- C U-kv{So-kp- v. Ah-cmWp \ΩpsS tuman-t\mkv ]n -sbms \S-Øp ^man-en. Aßs\ Ah v Hcp-]mSv hmwnpy XmXv]-cy-ßfp v. Aß-s\-sbms bp ^man-en-i-fpss apx-em-fn-am-cpss sk k jn v Ahn-sSsbms tpmen p Ib-dp-tºmƒ Xs \ap- -dn-bmw. \Ωƒ lnµp-ÿm sssw kn tpmen snøp-tºmƒ Dominos piza sb n Fgp-Xnbn p- Imcy-an-. Ahn-sS-\n- mwv sk k jn v XpS-ßp- -Xv. c m-asø Xcw sk k jn v F p ]d- m \ΩfpsS \yqkv t], Sn.-hn. F n-h-bpss kz`mhw t\m -Ww. temiøv Hcn-SØpw \n߃ v 5 cq]- bv v ]{Xw In n-. bpsi-bn t]mbn Hcp {_n ojv ]{Xw hmß-w-sa- n Npcpßn-bXv 100 cq] simsp- -Ww. C y-bn G hpw hne-iq-snb ]{Xw lnµp-hm-wv. lnµp-hns Ih t]pn\v 8 cq]-bm-wv. At mƒ 4/5 cq]bv p In p Hcp I v Im n-sb- mƒ, Hcp s]]vkn-sb- mƒ hne Npcp n ]{Xw hmßn- p-tºmƒ, Hcp ]{Xw s{]muyqkp snøm-\p 25 cq]- bn _m n ss]k Fhn-sS-\n v In p p? AXp Xcp- Xp ]c-ky- m-cm-wv. Aßs\ Cu Xcp ]c-ky- m AXp Ieym Pz -dn-bm-is t_m_n snω- Æq Pz -dn-bm-i-s, Ah s -Xnsc

26 (26) hm Ø-sb-gpXp-w F AXn-tam-l-sam pw ]msn-. ~Hcp Pz -dn-bn \n v Btcm Hcmƒ ai-fpss Ieym-W-Øn\p kz Æw AUzm kv tem kvioan hmßn- n v B kz W- -S- m-cs ieyw kln- -h-ømsx ]Ww Xncn p simsp- m-\mhmsx Pz -dn-bpss ap n BfllXy snbvx-t mƒ {][m\ ]{X-ß-sf mw ]d- Xv Pz dn tjmdq-an\p ]pdøv Hcp hb- mb a\p-jy acn p F m-wv. ]m n-ÿms\ Ipdn v \Ωƒ Cßs\ Fgp- Xptam? Hcp cmpy-ønse ] m-f- m \ΩpsS Hcp ] m-f- m-cs\ sim p F p ]d-bptam? C. ]m n-ÿms\ sh n- n-sn p sim m ]d-bpw, \Ωƒ. CXv Hcp-Xcw sk k jn- m-wv. CXn-\p-a- p-d-øp sk k jn v F p ]d-bp- Xv \ΩpsS s]mfn- n- knã-am-wv. AXm-bXv \ne- \n p Kh sa p-iƒ \ΩpsS ]{Xw AS- -ap Imcy-ß-fpsS I t{smƒ h p p, Kh sa p-iƒ henb ]ckyw Xcp- -h IqSn-bm-Wv. Hcp km[m-cw Cw ojv ]{X-Øn-s -sbms 40% hsc-bp hcp-am\w Kh sa v ]c-ky-øn \n m-wv. Sn.-hn. Nm\en t]mepw Aß-s\-bmWv. At mƒ Kh sa ns ASp- Øp-t]mepw hg- p- m- p- n-. Aßs\ ]e-xcw sk k jn- p-iƒ \ne-\n p- - \yqkv dqap-ifn-te- m-bn-cn pw \Ωƒ hm v tumkv tp Wenkw {]mivsokv snøm-\mbn Cd-ßn-t m-ip- -Xv. AhnsS ]e-xcw sk k jn- p-iƒ D m-ipw. cmhnse aptijv Aw_m-\n-s -Xnsc Hcp tãmdn snømw F p-]-d- mwp t]mip- -Xv. AXp ] n. Ah ]dbpw Aw_m\n Fs ]{X-Øn\v 150 timsn-bpss ]c-ky-amwv Xcp- -Xv. AXp-sIm v Fs apx-emfn hm Ø simsp- n-. Abmsf hnt - mw KuXw AZm-\n-s -Xnsc Fgp-Xn-bm-tem. AXpw th AZm\n \tc-{µ-tam-zn-bpss kplr- Øm-Wv. AXp-sIm p ]{X-Øn simsp- n F p ]d-bpw. Hcp Pz dns Xnsc \n p kacw, kv{xoiƒ v Ccn- m ÿew simsp- p- n- F mbncp p hm Ø. AXn-s\- p-dns -gp-xm Btem-Nn- p-tºmƒ ]dbpw AXp-th-. AXp \ΩpsS ]{X-Øn\v G hpw henb ]ckyw \ Ip Pz -dn-bp-ss-xmwv. Aßs\ sk k snbvxp Ign-bp-tºmƒ \ap p a\- n-emipw IqSn-t m-bm Hcp k_v C kvs]-ivs hscbp- -h s -Xnsc FgpXmw F -Xv. Aß-s\- bp-s - n t]mepw \ΩpsS kmaq-l-øns diversity ImcWw CXn-\n-S p IqSn-sbms \ΩpsS hy n-]-c-amb integrity kwc- n msa- p-s - n Hcp ]t, Hcp Xe-ap-d pw In mø Ah-k-c-ß-fmWp \n߃ p ap n hcp- -Xv. Hcp ]msv \ tp W-enkw snøm- \p Ime-Øn-te- mwp \n߃ Cd-ßn-h-cp- -Xv. H v, \ΩpsS kaq-l-øn-ep sshhn[yw h [n p hcn-i-bm-wv. 15 h jw apºv Hcp i -amb ZenXv aqhvsa v C y-bn D m-bn- m-wn-. e - -W- n\p Zen-X-cp-Iƒ street te n-dßn protest snøp-tºmƒ AXns\- p-dn p dnt m p snøm-xn-cn- ms\m mø Hcp kml-ncyw D m-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv A-ßs\ ]e diverse aqhvsa p-iƒ C y-bn hfsc i ambn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. AXn\p {][m- \- Im-cWw \ΩpsS C y \nß-sf-t mse hfsc sndp- -amb Hcp cmpy-amwv F -Xm-Wv. \ne-\n-ev p hyh-ÿn-xn-s -Xnsc sndp- - m-cpss AXn-i- -amb Hcp Hcp FXn v C p- v. \ΩpsS cmpy-øns Hcp icm-icn {]mbw F p ]d- m shdpw 25 hb- m-wv. 50% Bfp-Ifpw 25 hb- n Xmsg-bm-Wv. At mƒ Hcp-]mSv tãmdn-iƒ snøm-\m-hpw. AXn ]expw aoun-bbv v Ah-K-Wn- m ] m-ø-h-bm-wv. adph-iøp hm v tumkv tp W-en-k-Øns Hcp

27 (27) henb kt m nmv t]mbn v F "content is the king' F kw`-h-øn-te p \mw FØn-s m- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. AXp-sIm p Hcp churning s (Ießn-sX-fn-b-ens ) Imew IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv. Aß-s\- sbmcp bmym yw \ne-\n p Hcp aounb am - n-te- mwv \n߃ Cd-ßn-h-cp- -Xv. \ I t{smƒ Ds - nte \nßfpss ]{Xhpw Sn.-hn.bpw hmb-\ m /t{] n-xm- ƒ ImWp q F Ime-L- -Øn-te p \mw FØn- -gn- p. Fs kplrøp jm\-hmkv kmdp- v. hfsc Ign-hp Ign-hp sxmgn-en {]mho-wyap t^mt m-{km-^-dm-wv. Hcp ImeØv tic-f- Ønse G hpw \ ]pkvx-i-ß-sfms Ah Cd- n-b-xm-bn-cp- p. ]t, A v Cd- n-bm AXv Ah hn Xv 2000 tim n-bm-sw- n C Xv 20,000 tim n hn p-t]m-ipw. \ΩpsS Pn-Un]n-bpsS 1.4 As - n 1.5% am{x-amwv aounb As - n F ss-bv sa n\p th n Bƒ m sne-hm- p- Xv C y-bn. CXv Hcp 5% F nepw Bbn h [n- pw. 3/4 Cc nbmipw. aounb D]-t`mKw IqSp-X i -am-im t]mhp-i-bm-wv. aoun-bbnse Ah-k-c-߃ h [n- pw. Cu hf apxse-sp- m Hcp]mSv \ Bƒ m \ ss]kbpambn am - n-en-d-ßpw. Hm sse Bbn-s m- s ssen-hn-j-\n Bbn-s m- s ]pxnb C sh-ãp-sa v hcpw. IqSp-X kpxm-cyx hcpw. IqSp-X C shãp-sa p-iƒ hcp-tºmƒ Cu ssswkv Hm^v C ybpw at\m-c-abpw amxr-`q-anbpw F m-h pw hmtß n hcpw. Aßs\ amtd n hcp Hcp Ime-L- -Øn-em-Wv \n߃ tp W-enkw snøm t]mip- -Xv. AXp-sIm v hm v tumkv tp W-en-k-Øn\p hfsc \ Hcp Ah-kcamWp hcm t]mip- -Xv. AXn-\p dntkm-gvkp-ifpw aqeyßfpw h- p-sim- n-cn- p p. Existing media amtd n hcpw. Aßs\ amdn hcp-tºmƒ \n߃ p Pz -dn- Iƒs -Xn-tcbpw Aw_m-\nam -s -Xn-tcbpw Hs IY Fgp-Xm ] pw. Rß-sfms Hcp 10/25 h jam-bn v tpmen snøm H p- n- t m F tzjy- Øn tpmenbpw amdn ]pkvx-ihpw Hs FgpXn \S- p B ]cn-]msn amdn-hcpw F mwv Fs Hcp txm. AXp-sIm v watch dog democracy F p ]d-bp-tºmƒ F\n v txm p- Xv \ΩpsS Xe-ap-dtb- msfms P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn Hcp hm v tumkns tdmƒ IrXy-am-bn v Ifn- m t]mip- Xp \nß-fpss Xe-ap-d-bm-bn-cn- pw. AhnsS P\m-[n-]-Xy- Ønse {]ÿm-\-߃ XΩn-ep hns-hp-iƒ hns-hp- I-fmbnØs \n Øp-hm\pw Ah XΩn-ep com- petitions h [n- m-\p-sam-s -bp henb Hcp contributing factors Bbn \n߃ amdpw. AXm-bXv C ybn PpUo-jydn, FIvkn-Iyq- ohv, sepn-t - Hs bps nepw Ch-scms Iq p-im-cmbn Hcp-an p \n p I -Øcw ImWn- m t]mhp-i-bm-sw- n P\m-[n-]Xyw \in p t]mipw. AXmWv \Ωƒ ImWp- -Xv. Ch XΩn-ep a -c-_p n \ne\n ØWw light Hm^mbn Ign-bp-tºmƒ Ch Hcp-an- n-cp v DuWp Ign- cpsx p \Ω-fmWp Xocp-am-\n-t - - Xv. Aßs\ Xocp-am-\n- m \ap- mipw hcpw Znhk-ß-fn F m-wv. Fs Hcp kn m w Fs _p v t]mse H p Hcp- Im-e-Øv, Hcp ]t 10 h jw apsºßpw ]ªnjv snøm ] n- m-bn-cp p C y-bn. 10/15 h j-߃ p apºv Aw_m\n IpSpw-_-sØ- p-dn v Hcp _p v Bkvt{S-en-b- m-cs\-gpxn Hcp tim n-t]mepw hn n-. Ah AXpsamØw hnebv p hmßn \in- n p If- p. C v Aß-s\-sbm p \S- p-sa v txm p- n-. AXpsIm v hm v tumkv tp W-en-kw AXm-bXv adversary role \n p-sim v FÃm-ªn-jvsa ns\ sh phn-fn- p tp W-enkw \ Ime-ØmWv ChnsS h p-sim- n-cn- p- -Xv. B \ Ime-ØmWv \n߃ ]Tn- m h n-cn- p- -Xv.... Xøm-dm- n-bxv : si tla-ex

28 (28) aounb ss_ vkv F. ]n. B ]{X-{]-kn- o-i-cww XS-bm DtZym-K-ÿ\v A[n-Imcw? N{µ-auen Ipam {]kmzv ti{µ C ^ ta-j hip- n\p Iogn-ep Ub-d-IvS-td v Hm^v AUz sss-knmv B Uv hnjz ]ªnkn n v (-Un.-F.-hn.-]n.) k m \ Inb ]pxnb A[n-Im-c-ß-fn {]kv Iu kn Hm^v C y v Bi PqWn \ne-hn h ]pxnb \bw, A[m an-i-amb ]{X-{]- h Ø-\-co-Xn-Iƒ A\p-h Øn- -Xmbn {]kv Iu kn Is -Ønb ]{X-ßfp-sSbpw cmpy-t{zm-l-{]-h Ø-\-ßfn G s ]{X-ß-fp-sSbpw XpS p {]kn- o-i-cww XS-bm Ub-d-IvS P\-d-en\v A[n-Imcw \ Inbn-cn- bmwv. ]pxnb \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-bpss Kpcp-X-c-amb kz`mhw {i bn s - -Xns\ XpS v {]kv Iu kn snb t]-gvk N{µauen Ipam {]kmzv BKÃv Ah-km\w Iu kn-ens ASn-b- -c-tbmkw hnfn p tn p-i-bp- m-bn. {]kv Iu kn hy - amb ip]m i-iƒ ka n- p- -Xp-hsc k m ]pxnb \nb-ahy-h-ÿ-i-f-\p-k-cn- p \S-]-Sn-sbm pw kzoi-cn- -cp-sx v Iu kn Bh-iy-s - p. ti{µ-k m ÿm]-\-ß-fp-ss-sb mw ]c-ky-hn-x-cww \n hln- p- Xv Un.-F.-hn.-]n. Bb-Xn-\m am[y-a-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-ss- ta, {]txy-in p sndp-in-s CS-Øcw ÿm]-\-ß-fpss ta hip- n\p henb kzm[o-\-ap- v. ]{X-kzm-X-{ ysø _m[n- p Hcp \n tziw {]kv Iu knens A\p-a-Xntbm N tbm C msx \S- m- n-b-xn snb t]- gvk Bi {]I-Sn- n- p. {]kv Iu kn ip]m i k m kzoi-cn- -W-sa p \n _- -an-s - Xp icn-bm-wv. ]t, CØcw Imcy-ß-fn Iu knens ip]m ibv pw A`n-{]m-b-Øn\pw henb {][m-\y-ap-s pw At±lw ]d- p. Hcp am[y-a-øns {]kn- o-i-cww Ah-km-\n- n- m-\p A[n-Imcw Hcp _yqtdm-{im- n\p \ Ip- Xv ]{X-kzm-X-{ y-øn\p t\tc Db henb `oj- Wn-bm-sW p tp W-enÃv bqwn-b-\p-isf {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- p- -h Iu kn tbmk-øn hy -am- n.

29 ]{X-Øn\pw ]c-ky-øn\pw \nipxn G s -Sp-Øptam? (29) ]pxnb ti{µo-irx \nipxn (Pn.-F-kv.-Sn.) kwhn-[m-\- Øn A Sn {]kn- o-i-c-w-߃ pw \nipxn G s -Sp- Øm hyhÿbps v hnz-kv[ Nq n- m- p- p. As - n Øs sshimsx Zp _-e-am-ip-sa p {]h-nn- -s -Sp taj-e-bpss XI thk-øn-em- p- -XmWp ]pxnb \o sa pw Ah Icp-Xp- p. A -Sn-am-[yahyh-kmbw C{Xbpw Imew \nip-xn-bn \ns m-gn p \n p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. `c-w-l-s\ ti{µ- -kwÿm-\-`-c-w-ß-fpss \nipxn NpaØm-\p taj-e-iƒ th Xncn- -t mƒ ]{X-߃ pw ]c-ky-߃ pw \nipxn Npa-Øp- Xp kw_- n p IrXy-amb hyh-ÿ-i-sfm pw D m- nbn-cp- n-. AsX mw ]gb IY-bm-bn-cn- p p F v a{zmkv sslt m-sxn A`n-`m-j-I\pw \nipxn Imcy-hn-Z-Kv[-\p-amb si. sshøo-iz-c \yq C y FIvkv{]-kn BKÃv 28\v Fgp-Xnb tej-\-øn Nq n- m- p- p. ]m e-sa v ]mkm- nb t`z-k-xn-b-\pk-cn v 246 F hyhÿ {]Imcw ti{µ-øn\pw kwÿm-\-øn\pw KpUvkv B Uv k hokkv SmIvkv kw_- -ambn \nb-a-߃ D m- m A[n-Im-c-ap- v. CXn Ø-s - B n- nƒ 366 (12-F) {]Imcw azyw Hgn-sI-bp F m D ]- -ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw Pn.-F-kv.- Sn.-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn hcp- p. CXn hm Ømkw-_- n-bmb D ]- -ßsf Hgn-hm- n-bn- n-. AXp-sIm- p-xs am[y-a-߃ v Hscmgnhpw Cs - p-h-cp- p. Ct mƒøs ssenhn-j Nm\-ep-I-fn-sebpw Hm sse am[ya-ß-fn-sebpw ]c-ky-h-cp-am\w tkh-\-\n-ip- Xn-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn hcp- p- v. AXp-sIm- p- X-s, ]pxnb hyhÿ A[n-I-ambn _m[n- pi A -Sn-am-[y-asØ am{x-amwv. A{i- -aqew kw`-hn Hcp ]ni-imiptam CsX kwibw C m-xn-. F m, C{X-tbsd Btem-N-\-Iƒ C{Xbpw \o Imew \S Hcp \nb-a-\n Ωm-W-Øn-\n-S-bn Aßs\ kw`-hn- m km[y-x-bn F mwp an hnz- Kv[cpw Icp-Xp- -Xv. amxr-im-\n-b-a-ønse D ] w kw_- n-bmb \n h-n-\-øn am[y-a-ßsf {]txy-i-ambn ]cma in- n- n- ; H n-s\bpw Hgn-hm- n-bn- p-an-. ap Im-e-ß-fn, ]{X-ßsf am{xw _m[n- p coxn-bn D m- nb Nne \nb-a-ßfpw \nb-{ -W-ßfpw kp{]ow timsxn d±m- n-bn-cp- p. hm Ø-Ifpw hnh-c-ßfpw {]kn- o-i-cn- p- - Xn\pw Ah P\-ß-fn-se-Øn- p- -Xn\pw XS- -ap- m p hn[- Øn \nip-xn-ifpw \nb-{ -W-ßfpw G s -Sp-Øp- Xv `c-w- L-S\ hyhÿ snøp A`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{ y-w l\n psa p tims-xn-iƒ ]e tikp-i-fnepw hn[n- n- p- v. ]t, Chsbm pw Xs F m-h pw _m[-i-amb \nb-a-øn \n p ]{X-ßsf am{xw Hgn-hm- - W-sa \n tz-i-apƒs m- p- n-. kp{]ow timsxn d±m- n-b-xmwp ]{X-ßfpsS t]pp-i-fpss FÆhpw hnebpw ]c-ky- Øns txmxpw hyhÿ snøp \yqkv t]- (t]pv B Uv ss{]kv) BIvSv se \yqkv t]- I t{smƒ Hm Udpw Cßs\ kp{]ow timsxn d±m- p-i-bp- m-bn. ]{X-kzm-X-{ yhpw \yqkv {]n v hnebpw XΩnep _ w FSp-Øp-]-d kp{]ow -tim-s- Xn, a v D ]- -ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn A\p-h-Z- \o-b-amb ]e \nb-{ -W-ßfpw \yqkv {]n ns bpw A -Sn-bp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn A\p-h- Zn- p- Xp ]{X-kzm-X{ yw C m-xm- n-tb- psa pw Nq n- m- n-b-xm-wv. ]{X-Øns hne \n W-bn- p- -Xn D ]m-z-\-s -ehp am{x-a, ]c-ky-h-cp-am- \hpw apjy-] p ln- p- p. AXp-sIm- v, ]cky-ß-fpss ta Npa-Øp \nipxn ]{Xhn-e-sbbpw ]{Xw hmbn- m-\p P\-ßfpsS Ign-hn-s\bpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n- psa p tims-xn-iƒ ap -dn-bn p \ In-b-Xm- Wv. ]pxnb Pn.-F-kv.-Sn. \nbaw CXp ]cn-k- Wn- n- n-s p thww Icp-Xm F p tej- I Nq n- m- p- p. {]iv\w kw_- n v am[y-a-ßtfm ]{X DS-a-ÿ-kw-L-S-\tbm CXp-hsc Imcy-ambn {]Xn-I-cn- n n.

30 (30) A]-Io Øn-t kv hgn am[y-a-ßsf ]m -cm- mw Hcp am[y-a-ÿm-]-\sø samøw ]m -cm- m F mwp hgn? Ffp- w. ÿm]-\-øn-s\-xnsc Hcp am\- \-jvs-t kv \SØn "\s mcp' hn[n t\sn-bm axn. \jvs- ]-cn-lm-c-ambn hn[n XpI \ Ip-tºm-tg pw ÿm]\w ]m -cm-bn-s m- pw. Ata-cn- -bnse tkm tumsvtimw (gawker.com) F hm Øm-ssk v CubnsS ]m -cm-bxv timso-iz-c- \mb ]o Xobv ^b snbvx am\-\-jvs-t -kn tims-xn-hn[n \S- m- n-b-txm-ss-bm-wv. Cu kw`-h-sø- Øp-S p ]e {]ap-j-cpw am[y-a-߃s -Xntc CØcw tikp-i-fp-ambn tims-xn-i-fn-te p \oßn-øp-s-ßn-bn- p- -t{x. Aßs\ ]pd-s - -h-cn bp.-f-kv. {]kn- U v ÿm\-tø- p dn -ªn- ]m n ÿm\m n {Sw]ns `mcy saem-\nb {Sw]pw t^mivkv \yqkns ap Xe-h tdmp Fbvevkpw s]sp- p. X\n-s -Xn-cmbn ssewkn-im-tcm-]-w-߃ D -bn \yqtbm v amk-kn\pw AXns dnt m K{_n-tb sj am\pw FXn-sc-bmWv tdmp Fbvevkv hyh-lm-c-øn\p ]pd-s - n-cn- p- -sx p ^n\m jy ssswkv dnt m v snbvxp. Gsd {]iw-kn- -s - -Xm-bn-cp p tej\w hmbn- mw; ]t, A`n-{]mbw th... A -Sn-am-[y-a-hp-am-bp Hm sse am[y-a- Øns Hcp {][m-\-hy-xymkw, As - n Hm sse am[y-a-øns {][m\sa w, AXn hmb-\- m v AhcpsS A`n-{]m-b-߃ hm Øbv p Nph-sS-Xs At mg-t mƒ {]kn- o-i-cn- m Ah-kcw \ Ip p F Xm- W-t m. ]t, AXv Ah-km-\n p XpS-ßp-I-bm-bn. Hm sse am[y-a-߃ Ah-cpsS Ia v sk -\p-iƒ Dt]- n- p p F -XmWv Ct mƒ I phcp {]h-w-x. {]i-kvx-amb \mj-w ]ªnIv tduntbm F F ]n-b BWv Cubn-sS-bmbn Ia v hn`mkw ths p h Hcp {][m-\-am-[y-aw. F p h j-ambn Ia v sk \S-Øn-h-cp ÿm]-\-amwxv. _lp-`qcn-] w hmb-\- m pw Ia v hn`mkw \s mcp hmb- \m-\p-`-ha \ Ip- Xv F p t_m[y-s - -Xmbn UnPn- hn`mkw amt\-pnmv FUn- kvtim v am SvtKm-adn ]d-bp- p t]m p-e kb kv amk-kn BWv BZyw Cßs\ snbvx-xv. A v FSp-ØXp icn-bmb Xocpam\ambn-cp p F p ÿm]\w Ct mgpw Icp-Xp- p. tej-\-߃ hmbn- m\pw sjb snøm-\p-ap- -XmWp ÿm]-\-øns sh_vssk- v. A`n-{]m-bhpw N -bpsa mw tkmjy aoun-b-bn \S- s F -XmWv AhcpsS \ne-]m-sv. sh_vssk- p-i-fn \S- p hmb-\- m-cpss A`n- {]m-b-{]-i-s-\-ß-fp-ssbpw N -bp-ssbpw \ne-hm-c-sø- pdn p \ A`n-{]m-b-a ]e p-ap- -Xv; \s mcp hn`mkw Hm sse am[ya\nco- -I-cpw. F_n-F-kv- -kn-_n-f F ^nen- o kv aoun-b-bpss Xe-h F eo _p tkmkv C q- -Øn s -Sp- p. ^nen- o P\- kw-jy-bpss aq nsem v Cu Hm sse amk-kns hmb-\- m-cm-wv. Hcp]mSv ÿew A`n- {]m-b-߃ mbn sne-hm- p- p-s - n-epw Kuc-h-ap- txm _p n-]-c-am-btxm Bb N -sbm pw AhnsS \S- m-dn-s v Ah Icp- Xp- p. \ncp-ø-c-hm-z-]-c-amb A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S\w hgn N -bpss KXn Xs am p-ibpw hnjbw dm n-sb-sp- p-ibpw snøp {]h-wx i ns -Sp- -Xmbn A`n-{]m-b-ap- v. CXn-s\ mw A pd-w, CØcw Ia v t]pv A - p N -mth-znbm- -W-sa- n cmhpw ]Iepw FUn- nmv \S- Øm am[y-a-߃s mw tp W-en-Ãp-Isf \ntbm-kn-t - -Xmbn hcp p F -XmWv an hcpw ]pd-øp-]-d-bm asn- p- Xpw F m, G hpw {]m[m-\y-ap- -Xp-amb XS- w. CXp- m- p _m[y-x-bn \n v, Ia v A Sn tkmjy aoun-bsb G n- p- -Xn-eqsS c s -Sm-\m-Ip-sa v Ah Icp-Xp- p.

31 \yqtbm v amk-kn-s dnt m v. saem-\n-b- {Sw]v GXm-bmepw subven sabn-en\v FXntc tikv ^b snbvxp-i-gn- p. Ah ] v Hcp timƒ tkƒ Bbn-cp p F p dnt m v snbvx-xmwp {]iv\w. A[nIw Adn-b-s -SmØ Hcp tªmk s -Xn-scbpw tikp- v. 150 Zi-e w tumf BWv Ah \jvs-]-cn-lmcw Bh-iy-s - n- p- -Xv. ]e am[y-a-ÿm-]-\-߃ pw CØcw tikp-iƒ v C jp-d kv kwc Wap v. ]t, tikp-iƒ s]cp-ip-ibpw \jvs-]-cnlmc-øpi IpXn- p-b-cp-ibpw snbvxp-xp-s-ßn bm ]cn-c sim p {]tbm-p-\-an- m-xm-ipw. Imc- Ww, C jp-d kv Iº-\n-Iƒ H p-in h XpI {]oanbw hmßpw As - n C jp-d kv (31) Xs Ah-km-\n- n- pw. F m-bmepw ]pxnb {]Xn-`mk sø Bi- -tbm-ss-bmwv am[y-a-ta-je t\m n- m-wp- -Xv. CXm-Zy-am-b CØcw hn[n-iƒ D m-ip- -Xv. th {X sxfnhp sim p-h-cm Ign-bp- n-s - n am[ya-߃ am p ]d-bp-itbm XncpØv {]kn- -s -Sp-Øp-Itbm snbvxp XSn-bq-cm-dmWp ]Xn-hv. ]t, kao-]-im-eøp kº- -cmb Agn-a-Xn- mcpw AØcw a m-fp-ifpw HØp- Xo n\p hg-ßmsx tims-xn-hn-[n p \n _- n- p- - XmWp ]pxnb Bi- bv p Imc-Ww. Btcm-]-W-ßfpw dnt m p-ifpw `mkn-i-am-sb- nepw kxy-am-sw- n H mw bp.-f-kv. `c-w-l-s-\-bpss `c-w- L-S-\m-t`-Z-K-Xn-bpsS kwc- Ww X߃ p e`n- -W-sa \ne-]m-smwp am[y-a-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw kwl-s-\-ifpw kzoicn- p- -Xv. A`n-{]m-b-kzm-X{ yw kwc- n pw F Dd v Dƒs m- p- -XmWv H mw `c-w-l-s-\m-t`-z-k-xn. an- -Ww, R߃ v sft^m-wn-emwp {i! kao-]-im-e-øp temi-øp-\- S G hpw henb sxmgn-emfn ]Wnap-S v GXm-bn-cp p? \ΩpsS am[ya-߃ AXns\ Aßs\ I pthm F -dn-bn-. F m temi-{]-i-kvxam-[ya\nco- W {]kn- o-i-c-wamb s^b (s^-b \kv B Uv B p-dkn C dnt m n-mv) ]d-bp- Xv C y-bn sk]v w-_ c n\p \S ]Wn-ap-S- mwv AsX m-wv. F m, temiønse c masø henb cmpy-øv, aq m-asø henb kº-zvl-s-\-bn \S Cu ka-csø temi-am-[y-a-߃ dnt m v snbvx -coxn G hpw \ncmim-p-\-i-am-bn-cp- p-sh v s^b hne-bn-cp-øp- p. 1.8 timsn sxmgnem-fn-i-fpss ]Wn-ap-S v henb kw`-h-am-sw p tim -td v am[ya-߃ p txm m-ø-xn A p- X-an-s p amk-kn-s sh_vssk- n {]kn- -s -Sp-Ønb Ipdn v ]dbp- p. Imc-Ww, \ntbm-en-_-d \b-߃ D m- p Zpcn-X߃s -Xn-sc-bm-bn-cp p B ]Wnap-S v. kacw ImcWw 2.8 _ney tumf \jvsw C y kº-zvhy-h-ÿbv v D m-b-xmbn C y tnw_ Hm^v timtagvkv IW- m- n-bn- p- v. an -hmdpw bp.-f-kv. ]{X-ß-fn Cu hm Ø D m-bn-cp n. Atkm-kn-tb- Uv {]kv hm Øm GP kn 289 hm p Hcp dnt m p \ In-bn-cp- p. \yqtbm v ssswkv sh_vssk pw a p Nne ]{X-ssk- p-ifpw CXp `mkn-i-am-sb- nepw D]-tbm-Kn- p-i-bp- mbn. c p timsn-tbmfw sxmgn-em-fn-i-fpss kacw hm Ø-b-s - nepw sf]m-uns ]pxnb D ] w Cd-ßp- Xp henb hm Øbmbn {]kn- o-i-cn- m Bcpw hn p-t]m-bn F pw dnt m p ]cn-l-kn- p- p- v. hn p-t]m-in- ; Imc-Ww, ]{X-߃s mw henb txmxn ]ckyw \ Ip Iº-\n-bmWv sf]muv! dnt m ns Xe-s - n Øs B ]cn-lm-k-ap- v. temi-n-cn-{x-ønse G hpw henb sxmgn-em-fn-k-a-ctam? Rß-f-dn- n- ; an- Ww "R߃ v sft^m-wn-emwp {i.'... ap-xn am[y-a-{]-h Ø-I\pw timf-anãpw ticf aounb A m-z-anbpss ap snb am-\p-amwv tej-i. C -sabn : nprindran@gmail.com

32 (32) Students Corner HUMAN INTEREST NEWS STORIES J. V. Vil anilam Is not everything a newspaper or a media channel presents of interest to humans? Then what do we mean by the phrase, human interest stories? This question is important because many of the stories we read in newspapers, magazines, etc., and the ones we come across on television are called human interest stories. If not to all, these stories are of interest to a large number of human beings, many of whom may get personally interested in the stories they read, see or hear. Readers get personally absorbed in the narration; they empathize with the characters that appear in the story. Such stories lead the readers to get involved, at least mentally. The readers get personally interested because of the human qualities evinced in such stories. A story that makes the reader, viewer or listener personally touched by what it describes may be called a human interest story. But do not mistake that such stories have to be about human beings. A pet cat or a pet dog belonging to oneself or to another person may become the central character in a human interest story. The real human interest story establishes an emotional bond with its audience quickly and maintains that link for a long time. Emotional experience created by the story, rather than intellectual or information experience generated in the media user is the hallmark of a human interest story. A famous communications scholar, Wilbur

33 (33) Schramm, in one of his articles, spoke about immediate reward and delayed reward that a media user can get while using the media. Some news stories and features give immediate reward to the reader, and others give a delayed reward. Soft news stories give immediate reward whereas hard news stories give delayed rewards, he said. (W. Schramm, The Nature of News, Journalism Quarterly, Vol. 26, 1949). Another famous scholar, Mitchell V. Charnley, observed in 1976 that most human interest stories are soft news such as accident Wilbur Schramm and crime news. Or stories about a pet companion or a moving incident in life. He said: When a story horrifies or amuses a reader, excites or depresses him, stimulates his sympathy or his sexual appetites, saddens or angers him, or appeals to his self-interest in any way, he becomes a vicarious participant instead of an outside observer. Since such a story allows the consumer to respond emotionally rather than intellectually, it requires less concentration and effort than are demanded by hard news. (Charnley, M. V., Reporting, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976.) This supports Schramm s views about hard and soft news. Hard news requires the reader to exert his intellect, try various sources of information to understand fully the import of what he is experiencing, and hence it can offer only delayed reward to the media user. On the other hand, soft news is easy to understand fully; it appeals directly to the emotional state of mind and gives immediate reward to the media user. There are others who think that humanization of facts or giving a human touch to what is reported, gives a personal dimension to facts and figures, and they will sink well in the reader s mind. Several human interest stories are personal narrations where the I-factor is predominant, that is, the first person singular, the narrator s personal account. And as for topics, love, likes and dislikes, anger, suspense, idiosyncrasies and personal peculiarities of an individual, intense dislike of an idea or habit, personal hatred, surprise all these figure in HI stories. Through personalization, the stories succeed in appealing to the readers. All of us are moved to laughter, tears, sympathy and other emotions, We tend to see our own predicament in the narrator s situation. Carl Warren, a great journalist of the 20 th century once said that there are broadly speaking two kind of news: straight news and features. Straight news is intended primarily to inform. Features are meant to touch the readers /viewers / listeners emotions that stir, stimulate and entertain. Most media these days try to stir the minds of the media users. This is not far from what Herbert Schiller called mind management in the latter half of the 20 th century! Human interest stories are features, not straight news, although Warren allows some such features to ignore such distinctions. (C. Warren, Modern News Reporting, New York: Harper, 1961.)

34 (34) Although many topics can yield themselves to human interest stories, it is worth listing some topic that are usually selected by journalists: SOURCES General: Police stations; fire stations; railway stations; airports; courts; jails; toddy shops and bars; liquor stores; brothels. Animals: Zoos; snake parks; aquariums; animal pounds; pet shops; circuses; museums. Children: Pre-schools, schools, playgrounds, sports and games fields; foundling homes, orphanages, missing persons, lost and found stories, etc. Oddity: Strange stories about and reminiscences from senior citizens seniors recollections about their youth and adolescence; startling/unusual hobbies; generosity from the elders; comparisons of seniors experiences with those of the current day s young generation; cults of various kinds; persons who claim divine powers; etc. We have indicated sources that provide stories of human interest but the list is not comprehensive. A reporter or feature writers can add various other sources, depending on his or her interests. Now let us look at the types of stories: Humour: Some speeches made by certain people are full of humour, some natural and others contrived, but all likely to fill the readers and listeners with mirth. Interviews with certain persons will be enjoyed by media users provided the interviewer asks the interviewee the right questions to elicit their humorous reactions. Sports stars, famous cricketers and football/volleyball/basketball/wrestling stars about their odd experiences and interactions with fellow stars may sometimes provide material that is quite interesting to readers and listeners. Adventure: Air-show adventurers, parachuters, helicopter jumpers, mountain-climbers, motor-cycle heroes, race-car drivers, swimmers and other heroes provide material for adventure stories. Pathos: Stories full of pathos are abundantly available from hospital experiences of certain people who are themselves patients or standby relatives of patients or friends. Keepers and attendants at morgues (mortuaries), funeral home directors, chaplains, priests and pujaries, provide unexpected narratives of their strange experiences, although they may not identify themselves or their customers. Charitable institutions and their directors may narrate some reallife experiences of many inmates without revealing their identities or those of their inmates. Starving mother selling her baby to a childless couple is a heart-rending human interest story often found in many developing (poor) countries. A couple losing their toddler in a crowded shopping mall joyfully embracing the child and the man who returns the missing child to its sorrowing parents is another type of story full of pathos and joy. Search your memory and look around; you will find sources and types of human interest stories.... Professor Dr.J. V. Vil anilam was Vice-Chancellor ( ) and Head of the Department of Communication & Journalism ( ) at the University of Kerala. As Professor Emeritus of the UGC he has taught at Berhampur, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Calicut, Dharwar, and Mangalore universities from 1996 onwards. Visit his website:

35 Doyen s Pen (35) Paid News Pandemic Undermines Democracy In a major twist to the Ashok Chavan vs. Madhav Kinhalkar legal battle (more notorious as the Paid News scandal), leading civil society organisations and eminent individuals have approached the Supreme Court to implead themselves into the case. Their intervention application, moved by advocate Prashant Bhushan, minces no words on their reasons for doing so. They are disturbed by the stranglehold of money power on our electoral politics. And by a recent move of the Union Law Ministry which could destroy the Election Commission of India s power to disqualify candidates filing incorrect or false accounts. The applicants for intervention hope to defeat the nefarious design of the Union government which seeks to undo all the good work done by the Election Commission of India. And which further seeks, to unsettle the law already settled by the Supreme Court of India. They wish to ensure that the ECI retains the plenitude of its power and authority to safeguard the purity and integrity of the electoral process. Which includes holding candidates to account on poll expenses. This action follows the Union Law Ministry filing a counter-affidavit on behalf of the Government in the Ashok Chavan case. That affidavit, first reported by The Hindu on March 20, asserts that the power of the Election Commission to disqualify a person arises only in the event of failure to lodge an account of expenses and not for any other reason, including the correctness or otherwise of such accounts. Simply put: the government claims the ECI has no right to disqualify a candidate even if his accounts are found to be improper or fraudulent. If accepted, this would virtually gut the powers of that Constitutional body. (However, the Court is yet to give any ruling on the matter.) Those seeking to intervene include Common Cause, a public interest body.

36 (36) Its legal activism on electoral matters had a role in the Supreme Court s ordering that political parties had to file regular returns of income or invite possible penal action. Also in the line-up is the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), a group at the forefront of many battles for electoral and political reforms. Vital among those, a public interest litigation (PIL) of ADR in 1999, which later saw the Supreme Court order candidates to disclose their criminal, financial and educational background prior to the polls. That is, by filing an affidavit with the ECI. Common Cause and ADR are joined by five other civil society bodies in this application. The line-up of distinguished Palguny Sainath Palguny Sainath Palguny Sainath was born into a Telugu speaking family as the grandson of freedom fighter and former President of India, V. V. Giri. He started career as a journalist at the United News of India in 1980 where he received the news agency s highest individual award. He then worked for the Blitz, then a major Indian weekly tabloid published from first as foreign affairs editor and then as deputy editor, which he continued for ten years. He later became the rural editor of The Hindu, Chennai. Since 1988 Sainath has trained over 1,000 mediapersons. He was a visiting faculty at Sophia Polytechnic s Social Communications Media course and also at the Asian College of Journalism in Chennai. He was the McGraw Professor of Writing at Princeton University Fall (2012). On June 1, 2015, Sainath became the first ThoughtWorks Chair Professor in Rural India and Digital Knowledge at the Asian College of Journalism. He is also the holder of the Coady Chair in Social Justice at the St. Francis Xavier University, Canada In a 34-year career as a journalist, Sainath has won over 40 global and national awards for his reporting (and turned down several, including the Padma Bhushan because, in his view, journalists should not be receiving awards from governments they cover and critique). He is the winner of the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 2007, for Journalism Literature and Creative Communications Arts. He was the first reporter in the world to win Amnesty International s Global Human Rights Journalism Prize in its inaugural year in He was also the first Indian reporter to win the European Commission s Lorenzo Natali Prize for human rights journalism in Apart from the 40 plus print media awards, two documentary films on his work, Nero s Guests and A Tribe of his Own, have between them picked up over 20 awards across the globe. Sainath s book Everybody Loves a Good Drought (Penguin India, 1996) has remained a nonfiction bestseller by an Indian author for years and was declared a Penguin Classic in In just the past few years, he has published well over 150 investigative reports on India sagrarian crisis in The Hindu alone, the largest journalistic body of work ever on India s farming communities. His latest project, the People s Archive of Rural India launched on Dec. 20, It aims at capturing the everyday lives of everyday people their labour, languages, livelihoods, arts, crafts and many other aspects of rural India

37 (37) individuals includes veteran journalist and editor B.G. Verghese, former Chief Election Commissioners of India (CEC) N. Gopalaswami and J.M. Lyngdoh, and former adviser to the ECI, K.J. Rao. B.G. Verghese J.M. Lyngdoh N. Gopalaswami K.J. Rao The immediate beneficiary of the UPA government s attack on the ECI s powers is the disgraced ex-chief Minister of Maharashtra, Ashok Chavan. As former Chief Election Commissioner N. Gopalaswami has pointed out: The government has joined Mr. Chavan in challenging the Election Commission s powerto disqualify a candidate under Section 10A of the Act for his failure to submit a correct and true rendering of his election expenditure ( The Hindu, April 17, 2013). The former CEC clearly sums up the impulse for civil society action: The case before the Supreme Court is no longer one of Dr. Kinhalkar and others vs Ashok Chavan. It concerns every individual and institution that is uneasy about and opposed to the sway of money power in elections. See Doublespeak on electoral reforms, April 17, 2009, The Hindu, thne.ws/gopalaswami Mr. Chavan not only lost his post in the fallout of the Adarsh scam, but also earned notoriety in the Paid News scandal, a story broken by The Hindu (See: Is the Era of Ashok a new era for news, thne.ws/era-of-ashok, November 29, 2009). Destructive The applicants for intervention in the Ashok Chavan case note there is a growing concern that the pandemic of Paid News is eating into the vitals of our democratic polity by compromising the purity of the elections and destroying the credibility of the print/electronic media. They cite the case of Umlesh Yadav, MLA from Uttar Pradesh, who was disqualified by the ECI for three years. Ms Yadav had failed to account for an expenditure of Rs. 21,250 on an advertisement that had appeared in the disguise of a news item in thedainik Jagran, of April 17, They note that Umlesh Yadav Umlesh Yadav pales into insignificance in comparison to the media blitzkrieg launched in support of Ashok Chavan s 2009 Assembly election campaign. And that the Government of India which had ostensibly taken a strong public position on Paid News and praised the ECI s efforts to curb it, has filed a counter affidavit which reveals its true colours. The Election Commission is also likely to file an affidavit opposing the government s pro-chavan counter-affidavit.... Published in the Hindu dtd. May 10, 2013

38 (38) hmb-\ P\m-[n-]Xyw t\cn-sp sh p-hn-fn-iƒ; cmpy-øns `mhnbpw APbv ]n. aßm v Iptd- h j-߃ p ap ]v cma-n-{µ-kpl C ysb "^n^v n- - ^n^v n Utam-{Ikn' F mwp hntijn- n- Xv. s]mxp -sx-c-s -Sp- p-iƒ, P\-ß-fpsS k m-c-kzm-x{ yw XpSßnb taj-e-i-fn henb txmxn P\m-[n-]-Xy-{Iaw ]men- -s -Sp-tºmƒ hym]-i-amb cmjv{sob Agn-aXn apx \oxn-\n h-lwkwhn-[m-\-ønse ]mfn- -Iƒ hsc P\m-[n-]Xyw Nhn- nsa-xn- -s -Sp taj-e-ifp- v. A`n- {]mbkzmx-{ y-ew-l-\-amwp as mcp P\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-cp {]h-w-x. cma-n-{µ-kp-l-bpss ]pxnb ]pkvxiw Utam-{Im vkv B Uv Uok-t gvkv BZy-`mKw C y-bnsebpw adp-\m- n-sebpw kaqlhpw cmjv{so-bhpw At\z-jn- p- p. c p tej-\-߃ \ap p k o Wamb _ -ßfp c v Ab cm-py-ß-sf- - nbmwv: ssn\bpw ]min-ÿm-\pw. Ah-bpsS B[p-\nIcmjv{So-b-Ncn{Xw \Ωp-tS-Xp-ambn Xmc-Xayw snøp- p. A{I-ahpw P\m-[n-]- Xyhpw txmtfm-sp-txmƒ tn p t]mip- -Xns IY-bmWp aq ma-tø-xv. C y-sbbpw {ioe- - sbbpw Xmc-Xayw snøp tej- \hpw hmbn- mw. BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS Zpc-h-ÿ hni-i-e\w snøp tej-\- Øn cmpysø Zen-X-cp-sSbpw apkven-ß-fp-ssbpw ÿnxn-bpambn AXp Xmc-Xayw snøp- p- v. Zpc-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-t mb C y \mj-w tim {K- ns Ah-ÿ-bmWp as m- v. C y cmjv{sob-øn Hcn- AXn-\p- m-bn-cp A[o-i-Xz-hp-ambn C sø tim {K- ns ]X-\sØ Xmc-Xayw snøp- p. C y-bpss kml-n-cy-ß-fn {]k- -amb c p ]m m-xy-]- fin-x-cpss kw`m-h-\-iƒ hne-bn-cp-øp p c mw `mk-øns XpS- -Øn. XpS v C y-bnse A p {]apjnn -I-sc-bpw. C ybn-se- mwp bmym-ÿn-xni_p n-po-hn-iƒ C{X timjn- p- t]mbxv F tnmzy-øn\v DØcw txsm\pw c mw `mk-øns A y- Øn {ia-ap- v. Zn\-]-{X-߃ tzio-b-x-bpss \n am-w-øn apjy-] p hln cma-n-{µ-kp-l

39 (39) s_\-univsv B tu-gvk Xmc-X-ay-]-T-\-co-Xn-bmWv cma-n{µkpl-bptsxv. kpxm-cy-x-bmwv At±-l-Øns KZy-Øns khn-tij-x. A m-z-ani_p n-po-hn-i-fn \n pw Ncn-{X-Imc- m-cn \n pw Xms\-ßs\ hyxy-kvx-\m-ip- psh p Kpl ]d-bp- p- v. U ln-bnse A m-zanipohnxw Ah-km-\n- n p _wkeq-cp-hn ÿnc- Xm-a-kamb-XmWp Xs Nn m-co-xn-i-sfbpw ss[j- Wn-I-Po-hn-X-sØbpw am n-a-dn- -sx v At±lw ]d-bp- p. _wkeq-cp-hnse PohnXw cmpyxe-ÿm-\-øns A m-z-anikz`m-h-ß-fn \n p Xs ap -\m- nsb Kpl-bpsS shfn-s -Sp-Ø IuXp-I-I-c-am-Wv. C y \mj-w tim {K- n-s\- p-dn- p At±l-Øns tej-\w, hfsc kua-\kyw \nd H m- Wv. tim {K- ns cmjv{sobncn-{x-ønse apjykhn-ti-j-x-iƒ Hmtcm- mbn hnh-cn- p- p v AXn. Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n- p-tºmƒ tim {K- n\p {_n -\nse te_ ]m n, P a-\n-bnse tkmjy Utam-{Im- niv ]m n, bpf nse Utam-{Im- niv ]m n F n-h-bvs m- -amwp ÿm\w. F m, tim {Kkv C p XI -Sn- p-t]m-bn-cn- p- p Km npn C y-bn I -en-d-ßp-tºmƒ tim {Kkv Hcp tzio-b-i- n-bm-bn-cp- p. F m A m-eøv AXn\p c p henb t]mcm-bva-i-fp- mbn-cp- p. ]m n -N -Ifpw \S-]-Sn-Ifpw tim {Kkv \S-Øn-bn-cp- Xv Cw ojn-em-wv. A`n-`m-j-I-cp-sSbpw sx-ß-s\-sb p kmaq-ln-i-im-kv{x- -\mb s_\- UnIvSv B tu-gvk hni-z-ambn hnh-cn- p- p- v. \ni-_vz-amb GIm- -X-bn ]{Xw hmbn- p- -bmƒ, CtX {]hrøn cmpysø e - -W- n-\m-fp-ifpw Bh Øn- p- -Xmbn Adn-bp- p. A m-x-am-bn-cn- p-tºmgpw ]uc- msc ]c-kv]cw _ n- n- p tzi-km-ap-zm-bn-ix F Xv Abmƒ v G hpw Bflhn-izm-k-ap Imcy-am-bn- am-dp- p. ]{X-߃ p ]Icw Zriy- -kaq-l-am-[y-a-߃ A`n-{]m-b-cq-]o-I-c- W-Øn h i- n-bmbn amdnb ImeØv axw, PmXn, tzio-b-x, kmap-zm-bn-ix F n-hbv p kw`-hn cq]m- -c-whpw B tu-gvk-s\- p-dn- p tej-\- Øn Kpl kqnn- n- p- p- v. B tu-gvk\p ]pdta Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb Un.-Un. simkmw-_n-bpss ]nxm-hmb [ am-\µv simkmw-_n-sb- p-dn- p {it -b-amb as mcp tej-\ap v. [ am-\µv simkmw- _n-sb- Km n-b-\mb _p nãv F mwp Kpl hntijn- n- p- -Xv. A p-i-c-amb ss[j-wn-i- -s]m-xp-pohn-x-am-bn-cp p simkmw-_n-bp-ts-xv. [ am-\µv simkmw-_n- Cw ojv ]d-bp {]^-j-w-ep-i-fp-ssbpw ]m n- am- {X-amWp tim {Kkv F p X m {_n o-jp- Im pw asn-bp- m-bn-. Km npn-bmwp {]ÿm- \Øns \S-]-Sn-Iƒ {]mtz-in-i-`m-j-i-fn-te p am nb-xv. ASp-Ø-Xmbn At±lw tim {K- n-te p I j-i-scbpw kv{xoi-sfbpw sim p-h- p. aq ma-xmbn Abn-Ø-hn-cp {]Nm-c-Whpw lnµp- -apkvenw kmtlm-zcyhpw {]N-cn- n- p.

40 (40) Hcp hy n Ft mgpw _lp-kz-xz-ß-fpss hml-i- \m-sw bmym yw Aa Xy-sk- n\p ap t] Km npn a\- n-em- n-bn-cp- p-sh- mwp cma-n{µkpl Nq n- m- p- -Xv. {Kmao-Wsc kzmx-{ y-k-a-c-øn-te p sim p-h- Xpw Km n-pnbm-bn-cp- p. F m, C v tim {Kkv G hpw Zp _-e-amb {]Xn-]- -am-wv. cmpysø an hmdpw kwÿm-\-ß-fn \n v A{]-Xy- -am-ip-ibpw snbvxp. F m, P\m-[n-]Xy C ysb cq]-s -Sp-Ø-nbXn tim {Kkv snbvx henb {]h Ø-\-߃ hnkva-cn- m-\m-in-. HcpZm-l-cWw ]d- m kzmx-{ y-øn-\p- ti-jap tim {K- ns `c-w-imesø BZyc p Zi-I-ß-fn-emWv C y-bpss `c-w-l-s-\m-[njvtnxp\m-[n-]xyw thcq- n-b-xv. kzx-{ -amb s]mxp-sxc-s -Sp- p- Iƒ, PpUo-jy-dn-bpsS kzx-{ -amb AkvXnXzw, \nb-a-\n Ωm-W-k-`bpsS A[o-iXzw F n-hbv v Cf- ImØ ASn-Ø-d-bn-Sm\pw tim {Kn\p Ign- p. as mcp hn`m-ko-b- X-tb- mƒ, P\m-[n-]-XysØ ka- \z-b-øns `c-w-{i-a-am- p- Xp tim {K- ns {]Xyb-im-kv{Xm-Sn-Ø-d-bpsS `mk-am-bn-cp- p. C y-bvs m w kzmx{ yw t\snb At\Iw cmpy-߃ P\m-[n-]-Xy-am K- Øn ]cm-p-b-s - -t mƒ \ΩpsS cmpyw P\m-[n-]-Xy- ]m-x-bnse sh p-hn-fn-isf AXn-Po-hn p apt -dn-sb- Xp sndnb Imcy-a-. CXp hen-sbmcf-thmfw tim {Kkv `c-w-øns BZy c p Zi-I-ß-fpsS kw`m-h-\-bm-bncp- p. tim {K- ns Po W-X-bv p {][m-\-im-c-w-ambn D -bn- p IpSpw- _m-[n-]xyw F {]iv\hpw tej-\- Øn hne-bn-cp-øp- p- v. Cµnc apx tkmwnb hsc-bp t\xm- -fpss {][m\ kz`mhw Ah-cpsS Ac- n-xt_m-[-am-bn-cp- p. Cµnc Xs IpSpw-_- Øn\p ]pdøv ]m n t\xm- sf Btcbpw hniz-kn- n-. cmpohv Km nbpw Aßs\ Xs. ]m n t\xm- ƒ n-s-bn Ac nxamwp tkmwnb-bpss ÿnxn-bpw. cmlp Km n-bn FØp-tºmƒ tim {Kkv as-ßn-h-cm hnzqckm[y-x-bn- m-ø-hn[w Zp _-e-ambn- -gn- p. k p-nnxtzio-b-hm-zhpw ax- -kz-xzhmzkwl j-ß-fp-a-s w _lp-ap-j-amb sh phn-fn-iƒ t\cn-sp- p v \ΩpsS cmpyw. `n -X- Iƒ n-s-bnepw P\m-[n-]-Xy-aq-ey-ß-fn-ep ZrVamb hnizm-k-amwv cmpy-øns `mhn \n Wbn-t - -Xv. B Zni-bn-ep At\z-jW-amWp cma-n-{µ-kp-l-bpss Cu ]pkvx-iw.... aebm-f- a-t\m-c-a-bpss No^v k_vfun- -dmwv tej-i. ajaypmangatt@mm.co.in

41 kvacw si.-si. {io[-c \mb : ÿnc-{]-b-xv\hpw Bflm -Xbpw amxri acn- p- -Xn\v HcmgvN ap ]p ImWp-tºmƒ ]Xn-hp-t]mse {io[-c \mb tnmzn p ""a[p Ct mƒ F p snøp p?'' adp-]sn At±lw {i n- -Xmbn txm n-bn-. as t m Imcy-amb Btem-N-\-bn-emWv. ""acp v F{X awn p sim p-hcpw?'' apdn-bn klm-bn-bmbn \n n-cp- -bm-fn-t\msp {io[c \m-b DXvI- WvT-tbmsS At\z-jn- p. ]e-h w ]d adp-]sn Abmƒ Bh Øn- p. GXm\pw an\n- p-iƒ p- n ho pw AtX tnmzyw Bh Øn- p- Xp I p. c p-amkw ap ]p I {io[-c \mb ]mts amdn-bn-cn- p- p. cm{xn-bn Xosc Dd- -an-s pw Htc Imcyw Xs Bh Øn p tnmzn- p-sim- n-cn- p-sa pw ai-fpss ` Ømhv tum. ctaiv ]d- p. ap s]ms ImWp-tºmƒ HØncn hnti-j-߃ tnmzn- pw. F m-h-sc- - nbpw At\z-jn- pw. "shdpsx Ccn- cp-xv. Fs - nepw snbvxp-sim- n-cn- Ww' F v D]-tZ-in- pw. si.-si.-f-kv. F v R߃ hnfn- n-cp si.- si. {io[-c \mb Aß-s\-bm-Wv. X\n p {]nbs F m-h-cp-ssbpw t aw At±lw At\z-jn- ncp- p. ]{X-{]-h Ø-\-ta-J-e-bn am{x-a, Pohn-X- Øns ]e L -ß-fnepw D]-Im-c-{]-Z-amb ]e {]mtbm-kniam -Z i-\-ßfpw kl-{]-h Ø-I v At±-l-Øn \n p e`n- n-cp- p. {io[-c \mb No^v k_v FUn- -dmbn si. si. {io[-c \mb (41) sim n-bn tpmen t\m p-tºm-gmwp Rm k_v FUn- s{sbn-\n-bmbn AhnsS tpmbn snøp- - Xv. ]I jn^v n-epw- cm{xn jn^v nepw Gsd mew At±-l-Øns IqsS {]h Øn- m Ah-kcw e`n- n- p- v. tem t]pp-iƒ snøp- Xp t]mse-b ; H mw t]pv cq]-iev]\ snøm k_v FUn- am v A]q h-amtb Ah-kcw e`n- q. AXv jn^v v C Nm Pv Bbncp No^v k_v FUn- dmwv snøp-i. {io[-c \mb sabn jn^v ns Npa-X-e- m-c-\mbn hcp-tºm-sgms R߃ k_v FUn- am v H mw t]pv snøm\pw Nm kv In n-bn-cp- p. Hcp taep-tzym-k-ÿ-s\ `mhw si.-si.-f-kv. BtcmSpw Hcn- epw ImWn- n- n-. sim n-bn RßfpsS \yqkv sukviv GXm v Hcp IpSpw_w t]mse-bm-bn-cp-s p ]d-bmw. {io[-c \mb F m \nebv pw XnI Hcp tkmjy-enãv Nn m-k-xn- m-c-\m-bn-cp- p. kz w hnizmk-ß-fn At±lw Dd- p-\n- p. {io[-c \mb ]e hnj-a-l- -ß-fnepw Akm-[m-c-W-amb Bfl-ss[cyw {]I-Sn- n p I p. Bdp ]Xn- m- n-tesd \o ]{X-{]-h Ø-\-Po-hn-Xw. A[n-I-am pw Ah-Im-i-s -Sm Ign-bmØ A]q hamb HutZym-KnIPohn-X-am-bn-cp p AXv. amxr-`q-an-bn s{sbn-\n-bmbn Ibdn No^v k_v FUn-, \yqkv FUn-, FUn-, ]ocntbm-un- kv FUn- F o \ne-i-fn-se mw {]h Øn- p. ]Øp-h jw At±lw FUn- -dmbncp p. \mkv]q bqwn-th-gvkn- n-bn \n p tp W-en-k-Øn Untπma t\snb At±lw ]n osv amxr-`q-an-bnse {]h Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWp Xs Ign-hp-Iƒ hni-kn- n-s -Sp-Ø-Xv. At±-l-Øns Bflm - Xbpw hniz-kvx-x-bpw ÿnc-{]-b-xv\hpamwv F m t\ -ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-sa p ImWm-\m-Ipw. si.- si. a[p-kq-z-\ (ap U]yq n FUn-, amxr-`q-an, sim n)

42 (42) kvacw tzim-`n-am-\n-bn Rm I G hpw kuay-\mb a\p-jy hn.-hn. Z n- Wm-aq Øn-bm-Wv. kuayx hy n- KX_ -ß-fn am{x-am-wv. ]m n-bpss Imcyw hcp-tºmƒ FXn ]- -Øp- -hsc Z n-wm-aq Øn amjv Im -iy-tømss B{I-an- p- Xp ImWmw. \ap p ]cn-nb-ap amjv Xs -bmtwm AsX-gp-Xn-bsX p kwibw txm pw. ae- p-døv GIm-[ym-]IhnZym-e-b- Øn A[ym-]-I-\m-bmWp XpS-ßn-b-Xv. hs- p-ºm v sluvam-ã-dmbn hnc-an- p-ibpw snbvxp. injy IqSn-bmb Sn.-]n. cmpo-h amsj- p-dn p ]d- Xv Hcp kl-{]-h Ø- I-\n \n p Rm ti n- p- v. msk-sp- ptºmƒ At±lw ]d-bpi lnµp-hnepw C y FIvkv{]- n-ep-ap tej-\-ß-sf- p-dn- m-wv. A v AhnsS Cw ojv ]{Xw In m {]bm-k-am-wv. Z n-wm-aq Ønamjv AXp txsn- n-sn p hmbn- p-am-bn-cp- p. Cw ojn \ hn m-\-ap- m-bn-cp At±-lam-bn-cp p DØ-tc- y-bn \n p hcp F m t\xm- -fp-ssbpw ]cn-`m-j-i. AXpsIm p Xs ]m n-bpss GXp tzio-bth-zn-bnepw ]nw-dmbn hnp-b\pw hn.-f-kv. ANyp-Xm-\-µ\pw Ign- m G hpw IqSphn.-hn. Z n-wm-aq Øn: kuay-\mb Im -iy- m-c hn.-hn. Z n-wm-aq Øn- X t] p ]cn-n-b-ap- m-bn-cp- Xp amjns\-bm-wv. timgn-t msv Iayq-WnÃv ]m n {]h Ø-I v FXntc \S emøn- m Pn Z n-wm-aq Ønamjn\pw ]cnt - n-cp- p. B emøn- m Pn at\m-c-a-bpss No^v t^mt m-{km-^-dmbn-cp Sn. \mcm-b-w FSp-Ø Hcp t^mt m tzio-b-{i ]nsn- p-]- n. ani t^mt m-{k-m^ p \ Ip Hcp Ahm Uv \yqu ln-bn \n p Sn. \mcm-b-w\p In n-bxv B t^mt mbv m-wv. B Nn{Xw {]kn- o-i-cn- -txmss emøn- m Pv F mbn-søpw N m-hn-j-b-ambn. kzm`m-hn-i-ambpw ]cn-t - -h-cn U ln-bn-ep- -h v G hpw IqSp-X ]cn-nbw aq Øn amjns\-bm-bn-cp- p. B kacw At±-l-Øns cmjv{sobpohn- X-Øn-semcp hgn-øn-cn-hm-bn-cp- p. Adp-]-Xp-I-fn {]i-kvx-cmb aq p amt\-p am-cmwp ]{Xcw-K-Øp- m-bn-cp Xv. tzim-`n-am\n sim n amt\-p-cmb IÆ \mb, amxr-`qan timgn-t msv amt\-p-cmb F. IrjvW \mb, Xriq FIvkv{]- ns amt\-p-cmb Fw.-sP. tpm. At m-gmwv timgn-t msv tzim-`n-am\n amt\-p-cmbn Z n-wmaq Øn amjv Npa-X-e-tb -Xv. 19 h jw At±lw amt\-p-cmbn XpS p. Hcn- At±-lsØ I -t mƒ amjn\v A]q hamb Hcp sdt mup-s p Rm ]d- p. amt\-p-cmbn h p No^v FUn- -dmb sdt muv, At mƒ At±lw Xncn p ]d p: ""D v; si.-fw. amxyp CXp c pam-bn-cp- p.'' A{Xbpw IrXyamb Hm abm-bn-cp p amjn\v. 10 h jw At±lw No^v FUn- -dm-bn-cp- p. AXn Ah-km\ \mtem At m h j-amwp Imdn k -cn- -Xv. t]cm{º FwF F Bbn-cn- p-tºmƒ t]mepw _ n-emwp k -cn- n-cp- -Xv. Iayq-WnÃp ]m n-bn CXp-t]mse _ nse bm{xbpw \S- p-ambn c p t\xm- tf D m-bn- p- q Z n-wm-aq Ønamjpw IÆq-cnse kn. IÆ-\pw. BgvN-Iƒ p ap ]v tzim-`n-am-\n-bnse \yqkv FUn- amcpss tbmk-øn At±lw ]d- p. Xm tcmk-{k-kvx-\m-bncn- p- p F v. F m-hcpw Aº-c-t m-ss-bmwv AXp ti -Xv. Im k BsW p Is Øn aq m-gvn-tbm-fta amjv Pohn- n-cp- p- q. AXym-lnXhn`m-K-Øn \n p apdn-bn-te p am nsb dn v At±-lsØ ImWm Rm timgn-t msv t]mbncp- p. hn.-hn. Z n-wm-aq Øn hns ]d-bp-tºmƒ \jvs-am-ip- Xp kuay-\mb Im iy mc-s\-bm-wv; Im -iy- m-c-\mb kuay-s\bpw. txmakv tp _v (ae-bmf at\m-ca FUn-t m-dn-b Ub-d-IvS, ticf aounb A m-z-an-bpss ap snb am-\p-amwv)

43 A m-zan hm Ø-Iƒ B.-F-kv. _m_p aounb A m-zan snb am-\mbn Npa-X-e-tb p (43) ticf aounb A m-zan snb am-\mbn tzim-`n-am-\n- I kƒ v FUn- B Fkv _m_phns\ \nb-an- p apx tzim-`n-am\nbn {]h Øn- p _m_phns dnt m p-ifpw tej-\- ßfpw ]e-l- -ß-fn cmjv{sob -`-cw taj-e- I-fn Ne\w krjvsn- p. \nb-a-k-`-bp-ambn _ -s At\z-j-WmflI dnt m ns t]cn- {]kv Kme-dn- {]thi\ ]mkv kv]o - \ntj-[n Xv henb H - msv krjvsn- p-ibpw, "{]kv ]mkv tikv' F t]cn kp{]ow-tim-sxn hsc \o \nb-a-bp- - Øn\p hgn-h-bv p-ibpw snbvxp. ]mkv \ntj- [sø XpS v am[y-a-߃ H -S w \nb-a-k` _ln-jvi-cn- Xp ImcWw A sø k m-cns \b-{]-jym-]\w shfn w I n-. PeAtXmdn n- Ipw`-tImWw ]pd-øp-sim- p-h- -Xns\ XpS v 19 F Pn-\n-b am AS w 21 DtZym-K-ÿsc k m kkvs] v snbvxp. sk{i-t -dn-b- nse ^b Ipw`-tImWw A\m-h-cWw snbvx tej\ ]c-ºc A sø B.-Fkv. _m_p No^v sk{i- dnsb k ho-kn \n p kkvs] v snøp- -Xn\v hgn-sx-fn- p. sk {S Pbn-enepw at\m-tcm-km-ip-]-{xn-bnepw Ign hnnm-cw XShp-Im-cpsS A\- -amb XS-hp-Po-hnXw hnh-cn At\z-j-Wm-flI dnt m p-isf XpS v At\-Iw-t] v tamn\w e`n- p. ani dnt m n-ßn-\p inhdmw Ahm Uv c p XhW e`n- p. kwÿm\ k m Ahm Uv, aounb {SÃv Ahm Uv, sf hn -Zmkv ]pc-kvimcw XpS-ßn-b-hbv v A l-\m-bn. ticf ]{X-{]-h- ØI bqwn-b BIvSnMv P\-d sk-{i- dn, tikcn kvamci tp W-enÃv {SÃv sk{i- -dn- F o \ne-i-fn {]h Øn- n- p- v. Fkv-F^vsFbpsS t\xr-ÿm-\o-b-\m-bn-cp- p. ASn-b- -cm-h-ÿ-bn Fkv- F^vsFbpsS sim w Pn m sk{i- -dn-. kn]nsf Fw kwÿm\ sk{i-t -dn-b v AwK-am-bn-cnt Imd-]- I-S-Øn acn F {io[-cs (F -F-kv) aiƒ ]n KncnPbmWv `mcy. \nxn, \oxp F n-h a fpw tum. anyp, kp\nxv F n-h acp-a- fpw. AJn-te ym \ne-hm-c-ap ÿm]-\-ambn ticf aounb A m-z-ansb Db Øp-sa p Npa-X-e-tb- -tijw am[y-a-{]-h Ø-I p \ Inb A`n-ap-J-Øn At±lw ]d- p. k m-cp-ambn Btem-Nn v A m-z-an-bpss k_vsk -dp-ifpw kviqfp-i-fn aounb p-ifpw Bcw-`n- p-sa p snb am ]d- p. Im -\m- p aounb A m-z-an-bn Bcw-`n- p Kth-j-W-tI-{µsØ tziob \ne-hm-c-ap sk Hm^v FIvk-e kv B n Db Øpw. Fd-Wm-Ipfw {]kv v {]kn-u pw tzim-`n-am\n t^mt m FUn- -dp-amb si. chn-ip-am, A m-zan P\-d Iu kn AwKhpw AarX Nm\ _yqtdm No^pamb Zo]Iv [ ΩSw F n-h k n-ln-x-cm-bn-cp- p.

44 (44) "tims-xn-i-fnse am[y-a-hn-e v: sslt m-s-xn-bn-ep tikn aounb A m-zan I n tncpw' tims-xn-i-fn am[y-a-߃ p hne-t s - Sp-Øn-b-Xp-ambn _ -s v sslt m-s-xn-bn \nehn-ep tikn ticf aounb A m-zan I n tncp-sa p snb am B.-F-kv. _m_p ]d- p. Fd-Wm-Ipfw {]kv _v kwl-sn- n ao v Z {]kv ]cn-]m-sn-bn kwkm-cn- p-i-bm-bn-cp p At±lw. C m-cy-øn \nb-a-hn-z-kv[-cp-ambn Bi-b-hn- \n-abw \S-Øn. am[y-a-kzm-x-{ y-øn\p hne-ßn-sp \nb-{ Ww DS-\Sn \o w snø-w-sa Bhiyw D -bn v No^v PÃnkv taml-\ Fw. im \ KuUbv p \nth-z\w \ In-bn- p- v. sslt m-sxn Dƒs -ss-bp tims-xn-i-fn \n p am[y-a-ßsf am n \n Øn-bn-cn- p- -Xn-t\mSp kwÿm-\-k m-cn\pw hntbmpn- m-wp- -Xv. apjya{ n ]nw-dmbn hnp-b Xs C mcyw hy - am- n-bn- p- v. kwÿm-\sø {]apj A`n-`m-j-I Dƒs -ss-bp- -h p am[y-a-{]-h Ø-I-cp-ambn \ _ w XpS-c-W-sa \ne-]m-sm-wp- -Xv. sslt m- S-Xn-bnse aounb dqw Xpd- p- -Xn\pw am[y-a-{]- h Ø-I p kzx-{ -ambn dnt m v snøp- -Xn- \p kuicyw Hcp- p- -Xn\pw ]pxnb No^v PÃnkv ap ssi-sb-sp- -W-sa pw snb am \nth- Z-\-Øn Bh-iy-s - p. kviqfp-i-fnepw timtf-pp-i-fnepw aounb v ]pxn-sbmcp ticfw F ]nw-dmbn hnp-b k m-cns {]Jym-]-\-Øn\v CW-ßpw-hn[w A m- Z-an-bpsS apj-om-bbv p am w hcp-øp-sa v snb am B.-F-kv. _m_p ]d- p. P\-ß-fpambn IqSp-X CS-s]-Sp-, Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-sØkv] in- p Hcp ÿm]-\-am n A m-z-ansb am m-\p ]cn-]m-sn-iƒ \S- m- pw. CXns `mkambn kviqfp-i-fnepw timtf-pp-i-fnepw aounb _v cq]o-i-cn- m Dt±-in- p- p. am[y-a-km- -cx hf ØpI F e yw CXn\p ]n n-ep- v. hnzym n-i-fn kn n-k tp W-enkw t{]m mln- n- m\pw kmaq-ly-{]-xn-_- X hf Øm\pw aounb _v apjm- cw aq p an\n v ssz Ly-ap \yqkv n n-ßnkv \n Ωn- pw. CXp-ambn _ -s p kwÿm-\-xe a -chpw ]cn-k-wn- pw. ka-{k-amb Hcp ae-bmfw am[y-a-n-cn{xw Xbmdm- m-\p ]cn-]m-sn p cq]w \ Ipw. kwÿm-\- Øn-\-IØpw ]pd-øp-ap hfsc apxn, tic-fob-cmb {]ap-j-am-[y-a-{]-h Ø-I-cpsS tumiyp-sa dn \n Ωn- m-\p ] Xn Xbm-dm- pw. C m-cy-øn k m-cns hnzym-`ymk Nm\-emb hnivts-gvkp-ambn kl-i-cn- pw. h jw txmdpw kwÿm-\- ao-unb s^ãn-h kviqƒ bph-p-t\m- hw t]mse kwÿm\ aounb s^ãn-h h jw-txmdpw \S-ØpI F Bi-b-hp-ap- v. A m-z-an-bp-ss- hn-hn[ timgvkp-iƒ \S-Øp C Ãn- yq v Hm^v Iayq-Wn-t -js\ tziob-{i t\sp ÿm]-\-am n Db Øm \S-]Sn FSp- pw. tic-f-øn\p ]pd-øp {]apj hnzym-`ymk-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-ambn A m-z-aniv kl-i-cww txspw. `uxn-i-ku-i-cy-߃ sa -s -Sp-Øp- -Xns `mk-ambn C p F m mkv apdn-ifpw kvam v mkv apdn-i-fm- pw. Im -\m v ]pxnb _lp-\ne aµncw \n Ωn pw A m-z-an-bpss Im -\ms Imºkv hni-kn- n- pw. AhnsS dnk v sk -dn\pw HmUn-t m-dn-b- Øn-\p-ambn ]pxnb _lp-\ne aµncw \n Ωn- pw. aq p amk-øn-\p- n CXns inem-ÿm-]\w apjy-a{ n ]nw-dmbn hnp-b \n h-ln- pw. kwÿm-\-øp-s-\ofw At\Iw am[y-a-]-t-\- ÿm-]-\-߃ apf- p-s]m-ßp- p- v. F m \ ssivãv _p p-iƒ C. Cu Ipdhv A m-zan \ni- Øpw. tp W-enkw kw_- n \ ]pkvx-i-߃ {]kn- o-i-cn- pw. kwÿm-\sø am[y-a-]-t-\-ÿm- ]-\-ßsf tim Øn-W- m-\p Hcp kwhn-[m-\- ambn A m-z-ansb am pw. Hcp h jw Ipd- Xv 12 ]pkvx-i-sa- nepw ]pd-øn-d- m B{K-ln- p- p. s{]m^. Fw. eoem-hxn So -dpss "\s -gpøv' F ]pkvx-i-øns {]Im-i\w [\-a{ n Sn.-Fw. txmakv sfkiv \n h-ln- pw.

45 (45) F pw \mw ]Tn-Xm- ƒ : tum. Fw. eoem-hxn tic-f-ao-unb A m-zan C Ãn- yq v Hm^v Iayq-Wn-t -j-\nse _m p-i-fpss {]th-i-t\m- -h-tøm-s-\p-_- n v tum. Fw. eoem-hxn \S-Ønb {]`m-j-w-ønse {]k- -`m-k-߃ C v A[ym-]-I-Zn-\-am-Wv. hnzym n-zn\w F H v Ds p txm p- n-. ImcWw ]gb k ev]-a- \p-k-cn v A[ym-]-I\pw hnzym nbpw H m-wv. D]- \n-jøp- -fpss ImeØv XnI pw skiyp-e Bb {]m -\-Iƒ D m-bn-cp- p. AXn-sem v: A w Hmw kl-\u-a-hxp kl-\u...-`p-\ p kl-hocyw Ic-hm-hssl txpkzo-\u- -A-[nXw AkvXp am hn-zznjm-hssl Hmw im n im n im n: \Ωƒ Hcp-an v c n- -s -St \mw Hcp-an v kt m-jn- pi Hcp-an v {]h Øn- pi \Ωƒ Hcp-an v ` Ww Ign- pi \Ωƒ Hcp-an v A[y-b\w \n h-ln- p-i. \Ωp-tS-Xmb Cu "A[nXw' F p h m ]Tn- Xv txpkzn-bm-bn-cn- s \Ωƒ Hcp-an p ]Tn- Xv A[nIw txp-kzn-bmbncn- s F mwp ]d-bp- - Xv. am hnzzn-jm-h-ssl BtcmSpw bmsxmcp hntzzjhpw D m-im-xn-cn- -s. CXn-t\- mƒ skiyp-e Bb {]m -\-bpt m? icn-bmb A[ym-]-I-s\- n Ah-km-\-izmkw hsc ]Tn- psim-t -bn-cn- pw. A[y-m]-I Hcp h w, hnzym n-iƒ thsdmcp h w. Aß-s\-b-. A[ym]-I Hcn- epw At[yXm- ƒ A m-xm-ip- n-. icn-bmb A[ym]- I Ah-km\ izmkw hsc At[y-Xm-hm-bn-cn- pw. ]Tn- p-sim-t -bn-cn- pw. hnzym n-i-fn \n p ]et mgpw A[ym-]-Icpw ]Tn- m-dp- v. Fs hnzym n-i-fn \n p Rm ]expw ]Tn- n- ps v A\p-`hw sim mwp ]d-bp- -Xv. A[ym-]- I hnzym n-i-fmbpw hnzym n-iƒ A[ym-]-Icmbpw -am-dp ]e kµ `-ßfpw D v. hn m-\-{]-] w km m {]-] w t]mse

46 (46) A\p- Ww hni-kz-c-am-wv {]] w Hcp _eq t]mse ho Øp-h-cn-I-bmWv F mwp k ev]w. A`n-{]mbt`Z-ß-fp- m-imw. Steady state theory Ifn hni-kn- n-s -SpØ ]T-\-am-Wn-Xv. icm-icn km{µx \ne-\n Øp-tºmgpw {]] w A\p-\n-anjw hf p-sim- n-cn- p- -Xm-bp kn m- -am-wn-xv. F m Pulsating Theory (B _ v sf Ãos kv]µ-\-{]-] w F kn m- w) ]d-bp- Xv {]] w A\p-\n-anjw hni-kn- p-ibpw kt m-nn- p- Ibpw snøp-i-bmsw m-wv. F m, ÿncÿnx{]]- tam kv]µ-\-{]-]- tam t]mse-b hn m-\{]] w. AXp hni-kn- p-sim-t -bn-cn- p- p. hn m-\-im-j-i-fpw h [n- p-sim- n-cn- p- p. hn m-\-im-j-i-fn ]exnt bpw D]-im-J-Iƒ p kvs]j-sse-tk-j thtd hcp- p- v. a\p-jy-i-coc-sø- p-dn- p Imcy-am-sW- n Hmtcm- n\pw thtd tumivs am-cm-wv. IÆn\pw snhn pw Hs. Iøn\pw Imen\pw tht sd Ds v txm p- n-. ]t, C\n ht - mw. ]pxnb ssivt\m-fpn A\p-k-cn v ]tc-x-i-co-c- Øn (B-flmhv t]mb ico-c-øn ) Xe h p-]n-sn- n- m t]mip p F p ]d-bp- p. A[nIw Xma-kn- msx a\p-jy-i-co-c-øn Poh-\p Xe H n- m km[y-amipw F -XmWp hm Ø. F nepw AXp km[y-am pw. Xe-am- n-h-bv hsc (transplantation of head) hn m\w hni-kn- p. A\p- -W-hn-I-k\w F ]Zw ]q Wm -Øn icn-bm-wv h j-߃ p ap ]v Bdp imkv{x-ßfpw \mep thz-ß-fp-am-wp- m-bn-cp- -Xv. imkv{x-im-j-iƒ Bsd-Æ-ta-bp- q. At mƒ AtX ]Tn-t q. C v FÆ-a imkv{x-im-j-i-fm-wp- -Xv. Znh-k-Øn 24 awn- q-dm-wp- Xv. Hmtcm awn- q-dn\pw 60 an\n pw an\n n\v 60 sk pw. \ap p In p kab-øn sx pw am -an-. ]t, \ap p t\ts Imcy߃ p t\ctø ]d hnikz-c-x-bp- v. GXnemWp \ap p {]txyisshz-kv[yhpw hmk- \bpap Xv F p-h- m B imj \ mbn ]Tn p hni-kn- n- m \ {i -th-ww. -]{Xw F p ]d- m {]n v am{x-a-. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv aounb; C s\ v Dƒs -ss-bp ]e-xcw imj-i-fp- v. AXpsIm- mwp aounb A m-zan F v t]cp-xs am nb-xv. GXn-emWv \nß-fpss XmXv]-cy-w F -dn-bpi; GXn-emWp {]h Øn- m Ign-hp- Xv; AXn\p {]h-w-x-bp- Xv AXn-\-\p-k-cn p ]Tn- m {ian- - Ww. Hmtc, \nan-jhpw D]-tbm-Kn- m ]Tn- -Ww. ka-bsø Unkvbqkv snømw. ankvbqkv snømw. Unkvbqkv snøpi F m \njv{]-tbm-p- \-am- -em-wv. ankvbqkv F m Zpjv{]-tbm-P-\-am- p- I. NoØ-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn- p-i. {]tbm-kn- m-xn-cn- pi. kp{]-tbm-p-\-am- p-i. In p ka-b-øn\p bmsxmcp h [-\-hp-an-. t\ts Imcy-߃ p henb hym]vxnbp-s p a\- n-em- n-s m v Hcp \nan-jhpw \njv{]-tbm-p-\-am- msx \ mbn A[zm- \n- pi F p- -XmWv BZysØ A\p-{K-lw. In p kui-cy-߃ apgp-h ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-Kn- p-i. Hcp- Xcw Un n Umen-bnMv Fs ms Cw o-jn ]d-bp- -Xp-t]mse t\cwt]m n-\p- th n t\cw D]-tbm-Kn- -cp-xv. e yw ad- msx {]h Øn- -Ww. AXn-\p kn n-bp- m-i-w-sa v Biw-kn- p- p. Biwk ^en- -W-ta-sb p IqSn A\p-{Kln p p. hf-sc-b-[niw DØ-c-hm-ZnXzap Hcp s{]m^j BWnXv. P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns \mep kvxw`-ßfn G hpw i n am[y-a-߃ mwv. PpUo-jydn sepn-t -, FIvkn-Iyq- ohv F n-ßs\ a p aq p kvxw`-ß-tfbpw hna in- m Ign-hp H mwp am[y-a-߃. AXn-\mWp IqSp-X Dd- v. Iayq-WnÃv ap{zm-hmiyw Hm p-i In m-\p- Xp hen-sbmcp temiw; \jvs-s -Sp-hm-\p- Xp Nß-e-Iƒ. hf-sc-b- [niw km[y-x-ifpw A[n-Im-chpw D Hcp cwk-tø- mwp \n߃ {]th-in- m t]mip- -Xv. B temiøp {]h Øn- m sndn-sbmcp A\p-{Klw IqSn Xcm B{K-ln- p- p. Fhn-sS-bmWp tpmen In pi F Xp {]h-nn- m ] n. FhnsS In n-bmepw kzoi-cn- p p \Ωƒ. Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ AXp tnmbvkn\v AYhm Xnc-s -Sp- n\v AXo-X-am-Wv. \Ωƒ P\n- p- Xp t]mse-bp Hcp Imcy-am-Wv. GXp ax-øn, GXp PmXn-bn, GX- -\-Ω-am-cpsS ai-fmbn As - n ai-\mbn P\n- -W-sa- Xp πm snbvxn p \S- p Imcy-amtWm? \ΩpsS C - -Xo-X-am-WXv Hcp ax-øn, Hcp PmXn-bn ]nd p hogp- p. Hcp Zº-Xn-am-cpsS a -fmbn ]nd- p-ho-gp- p. \ap p tnmbvkv C. AXp-t]mse Xs -bmwp {]h Ø-\- cw-k-tø- p ]nd-hn-bpw. Fhn-sS-bmWp {]h Øn- m kµ `w In p- Xv? Adn- p-iq-sm. Aßs\ In p kµ `w Nne-t m-sg- nepw C bv p hncp- am-bn p hcmw. Hmtcm-cp-Ø pw kz w a\x-km- n- -\p-k-cn p Nne hnizm-k-{]-am-w-ß-fp- m-imw. ticf-øn-ep ]{X-ßfpw am[y-a-ßfpsams ]cn-tim- [n p t\m p-i. Htc hm Ø, Htc kw`hw ]e ]{Xß-fn ]e -co-xn-bn-emwp ]pd-øp-h-cp- -Xv. amxr-`q-an, at\m-c-a, tzim-`n-am-\n, am[y-aw, Zo]n- I, tic-f-iu-apzn Cßs\ Hmtcm ]{X-Øn-ep

47 (47) hm Ø hmbn p t\m p-i-bm-sw- n Htc hnj-bsø- p-dn p ]e- X-c-Øn-emWp dnt m p-iƒ hcp- -Xv F p ImWmw. Fß-s\-bmWv AXv? B ]{X- Øn\p kz -amb Nne \b-߃ D v. ]{X-Øns \b-sø PmXn, axw, ]m n Cßs\ k p-nn-xamb Nne (A-h-sb mw k p-nn-xamb {]am-w-߃ Xs bm-wv) {]am-w-߃ \bn- p- p- v. GXp ]{X- Øn {]h Øn- p- pthm AXns \b-a-\p-k-cn p {]h Øn- p-hm \mw _m[y-ÿ-cm-bn-øo-cp- p. ]t, \ΩpsS a\- ns Nmbvhv thsdmcp Xc-Ønem-sW p hcmw. Cßs\ hcp-tºmƒ Nne {]bm-kß-fp- m-ipw. B {]bm-k-ßsf adn-i-s- m-\p Ignhv \n߃ p mi-w-sa- Xv G hpw {][m-\- s Hcp A\p-{K-l-am-Wv. F p ]d-b-ww kxyw ]d-b-ww. AkXyw ]dbcp-xv A{]n-b-amb, {]nb-an- mø kxyw ]d-b-cp-xv. Hcp {]amw-ap v kwkvir-x-øn kxyw {_qbm-xv. {]nbw {_qbm-xv. \ {_q-bmxv kxya{]nbw (A{]n-b-amb kxyw ]d-bcp-xv). {]nbw N \ \\rxw {_qbmxv {]nb-am-sw p h n v AkXyw ]d-b-cp-xv. kxyw {_qbmxv {]nbw {_qbmxv \{_q-bmxv kxy-a-{]nbw {]nbw N \\rxw {_qbmxv Cujmlv [ Ω x- k-\m-x\ x ]gb {]am-w-am-wv. ]gb Bfp-Iƒ ]d- n- p- - Xm-sW- nepw ]c-a-k-xy-amb {]am-w-am-wv. {_n ojv P\- X- I- n- p D z-e-{]-`m-j-i-cn Hcm-fmb F a v _ Iv ]d- n- p- v Those who dont look backward to our ancestors, will not look forward to posterity. hcpwxe-ap-d-i-fn-te p t\m m-\p Ign-hp- m-i-w-sa- n, ]q n-i-cn-te p t\m m-\p Ign-hp- m-i-ww. {_n o-jp-im ]d p F p- -Xp-sIm v CXp kxyam-ip- n F n-. \ap v {_n o-jp-im-tcmsp ]gb i{xp- X-bp- v. F n-cn- nepw Ah ]c-a-k-xy-߃ ]expw ]d- n- p- v. A q- -Øn H m-wn-xv. ]q n-i-cnte p t\m m Ign- n F p-s - n hcpwxeap-d-bn-te p t\m m Ign-hn- m-ø-h-cmbn t]mipw F m-wv. hcpwxe-ap-d-i-fn-te p t\m m Ign-hp- h-cm-sw- n ]pd-tim p t\m m\pw Ign-hp- m-i-ww. AXp-sIm- mwv Rm Cu {]amww D -cn- -Xv. kxyw ]d-b-ww, {]nbw ]d-b-ww. A{]nbw ]d- m ]{X- Øn \n p ]pd-øm pw. {]nbw ]d-bww F ph v AkXyw ]d-b-cp-xv. ]{X-Øn\p {]nb-am-bxp ]d-bp-i. F m, AkXyw ]d-bm-xn-cn- p-i. {]nbw N \\rxw {_qbm-xv AXn-emWp {]am- W-Øns Fk kv Ccn- p- -Xv. {]nbamiww F p h n- v AkXyw ]d-b-cp-xv. ]{X-Øn\p {]nbam-bxp ]d-b-ww. F m, AkXyw ]d-bm Hcpßm-Xn-cn- p-i. a\x-km- n p hnjaw hcm-ø-hn-[- Øn \b-tøm-sp-iqsn t]mim CXmWp {]am-ww. A{]n-b-amb kxyw ]d-bm-xn-cn- p-i. kxyw ]d-bww icn Xs. ]t, \ap p tnmdp Xcp ÿm]-\- Øn-t\mSv Ah v A{]n-b-am-Ip kxyw ]d-tb-. Cßs\sbmcp \bw ssis m- msx apt m p t]mim-\m-in-.' \nß-fpss a\x-km- n p IpØv D m- mø hn[-øn, AXm-bXv a\x-km- n-tbmsp crvpn v D m-ipw-hn-[-ønep ]{X-Øn Øs tpmen In s F -XmWv Fs A\p-{K-lw. tzim-`n-am\n Iayq-WnÃv XØz-ß-tfmSp hniz-kvx-xbp Hcp ]{XamWv. B ]{X-Øns \bøn\\p-k-cn- p Hcp hnizm-k-{]-amww \ap- p- m-bm HØpt]mImw. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv aoun-b-bnepw CXp-t]mse ]e-x-c-ønep {]am-w-ß-fp- v. B {]am-w-ß-sfms \Ωƒ A\p-k-cn- p-ibpw AtX-k-a-bØv kaq-l- Ønt\mtSm \Ω-tfmSp Xs tbm AkXyw ]d-bp- Ahÿ D m-im-xn-cn- p-ibpw snøp-i. \bw F Xp \ΩpsS kz w Ign-hmWv. C\n as m- p- Xv kaq-l-tøm-sp I Ø-hyam-Wv. AXv Ft mgpw \nzm-\p-km-cn-bm-bn-cn- -Ww. BcmtWm IjvS-s -Sp- Xv, hnj-an- p- Xv, ]oun- n- s Sp Xv, ]e-xcw a ±-\-߃ p hnt[-b-cm-bncn- p- -Xv Ah-tcmSv B`n-apJyw F p- -Xn hn phogvn ]msn-. a ±-I-tcmSpw ]ou-i-tcmspw B`n-ap- Jy-an- msx a ±n-x-tcmspw ]oun-x-tcmspw B`n-ap-Jyap- m-ip-i bqtkm- m-hn-b-bnse GtXm Hcp {Kma- {]-tz-iøp P\n- n v C y-bn h v sim -Øbnse sxcp-hp-i-fn-ep At\-Im-bncw Ip p-ßsf FSpØp hf Øn Ah s ms B{i-b-am-bn-cp az sxtc-ksb ]pwy-h-xn-bmbn {]Jym-]n Zn\-ambn-cp p C se. az txtc-ksb Hm m-\p Zn\w IqSn-bmbn, C sø A[ym-]-I-Zn-\w. Cß-s\-bp hy n-i-sf- n dnt m v snøptºmƒ "Ip p-ß-sf-sbms FSpØp hf Øn; icn-x-s. ]t, AsX mw ax-øn tn m th n-bmwv' F v Hcp ]{Xw A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp-I-bmsW- n-cn- -s. \ -bpss IqsS Hcp Xn -bp-am-wv. ]t, Cu Xn kxy-amtwm A tbm F p \Ωƒ \njv]- -ambn Btem-Nn p t\m Ww. Ah snøp ]pwy-i ΩsØ CXv HcpXc-Ønepw _m[n- p- n-. Rm t\ctø ]d- -Xp-t]mse Xs Cu Ip p-߃ GXp ax-øn ]nd- p p F Xv Ah-cpsS CjvSa\p-k-cn- -. Ip p-߃ v

48 (48) Adn piqsm GXv ax-øn ]nd p F -Xv. A\y p th n IÆo-scm-gp- m-\p Ignhv a\p-jy\p am{xw. kl-x-]n- m-\p Ignhv a\pjy p am{x-ap kn n-bm-wv. Cu Ignhv Atßb- -tømfw hf Øn-sb-Sp-t - -Xm-Wv. Nncn- m- \p Ignhpw a\p-jy p am{x-am-wv. Np v, sim v XpS-ßnb Ah-b-h-߃ F mw a p ]e P p- ƒ p-ap- v. Fw.-]n. \mcm-bw]n -bpss ] n Nncn- p-am-bn-cn- pw. a\p-jys kn n-bmwv A\ysc t\m n H p Nncn- pi F Xv. H pw \jvs-s -Sm- \n-, Nn n- m-ins sne-hn-. A\y-cpsS a\- n-\n- Øncn BÀmZw simsp- pi F Ignhv. Nne Hcn- epw Nncn- n-. Ah temi-øn-t\msp t{zmlamwp snøp- -Xv. Nncn- m-\p Ignhv th -t]mse D]-tbm-Kn- -Ww. ]cn-lm-k-am-bn-cn- cpxv. a p- -h-tcmsp kulrzw ]pe Øp a p- h-cpss ZpxJ-Øn klx-]n- p coxn. CXp am\pjn-i-am-b [ Ω-am-Wv. `mj F am[y-a-øn\v HcpImeØpw Cu {]m[m\yw C m-xm-im t]mip- n-. b{ ßsfms F{X h mepw icn, b{ -߃ {]h Øn- p- Xpw {]txyiw `mjbp m- n-bmwv. `mj hfsc {][m-\-amwv. C `mj-tbm-ts aax D m- Im ]msp q F -Xn A -an. axøn ]nd- p-hogpw t]mse-bm-wp `mj-bnepw ]nd- p-ho-gp- - Xv. ae-bmfw kwkm-cn- p Hc-Ω-bpsS ait\m aitfm Bbn ]nd- m ae-bmfw amxr-`m-j-bm-ipw. Cw ojv kwkm-cn- p- -h-cpss a -fm-sw- n Cw ojv amxr-`m-j-bmipw. AXpw \ΩpsS Xnc-s - Sp v A\p-k-cn- -. temi-ønse F m `mj-ifpw Hcp-t]mse ]hn-{x-amwv. At mgpw `mj F am[yaøn GXmtWm ]ndhnbnte \mw ]cn-nbs -Sp- -Xv, B `mj-bn ]c-am-h[n sshzkv[yw D m- m {iaw \S-Ø-Ww. ]{X-{]-h Ø-I, A`n- `m-j-i, Fgp-Øp-Im, \oxn-]m-e-i am F nh v Hs Bh-iy-ap am[y-a-amwp `mj. AXn ]cam-h[n sshzkv[yw t\spi. F m-h pw Hcp t]mse sshzkv[yap mbn F p hcn-. ] p- -h ]dbpw \mgn -sim- p- -Xn \m\mgn sim n- m ] n-. DØ-c-cm-am-b-W-Øn ]d- n- p- v kqcys Inc-W-߃ F m-h pw Hcpt]mse hnx-cww snø-s -Sp- p. ]t, I ns D n qsn t]mip civanbpw kv^sn-i-øns D n qsn t]mip civanbpw Hcp t]mse-b {]h Øn- p- -Xv. kv^sn-i-øns D n AXp IS- p- p. I ns D n IS- p- n-. _u ni kn n- I-fn Aßs\ Nne hyxym-k-ßsfms -bp v. AXp \ap p \ntj-[n- m-\m-hn-. ]t, B hyxym-k-ßfpss ]cn-anxn AwKo-I-cn- p-sim- v, B ]cnan-xn-bn \n p-sim- v, BIm-hp- n-s-tømfw t\sp-i, AXmWp ]d-bm-\p- -Xv. `mj-bn sshzkv[yw t\sp- -Xv GXp cwkøpw hnp-bn- p -Xn\p klm-b-i-am-wv. `mj-bpss {]tbm-k-øn-ep {]Xyp-Xv]- -a-xnxzw Hcp {]txyi kn n-bm-wv. {]Xyp-Xv]- -a-xnxzw F p h m kµ `-Øn\v G hpw tbmpn- p hm v As - n hmiyw D -cn- m-\p kn n. AXp txm -Ww. AXmWp {]Xyp-Xv] axnxzw F p ]d-bp- -Xv. kµ `- Øn\v G hpw Bh-iy-am-bn- p hm p th -hn-[- Øn txm pi-sb- XmWp `mj-bnse {]tbmksshz- Kv[yw. AXp t\sm ChnsS [mcmfw kui-cy-ß-fp- v. kµ `-ß-fp- v. AXp th t]mse D]-tbm-Kn p sim p BZyw ]d- p-t]mse "txp-kzo-\u -A-[nXw AkvXp;- tx-p-kzo\u A[nXw AkvXp'- - \ΩpsS A[nXw txp-kzn-bm-bn-cn- -s, P\-߃ v D]-Im-c-{]- Z-am-bn-cn- s F p \n߃ v A\p-{Klw \ Ip p; Biw-k-Iƒ \ Ip- p. ssk kv ^nenw s^ãn-h tsm v tjm aounb A m-z-an-bn s^u-td-j Hm^v ^nenw skmssk- okv Hm^v C y tic-f-l-s-iøns bpw sim n _n\mse ^ut -js bpw kwbp- -m`n-ap-jy-øn-ep \S-Ønb Ne- n-{x-ta-f-tbm-s-\p-_- n p ticf aounb A m- Z-an-bn tsmiv tjm \S-Øn. kn n-ss^uv F t]cn-ep H -c- a-wn- q \o tjm ssk kv Ne- n- {X-ta-f-bpsS Ncn{Xhpw hf bpw ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-s\m w Ahm Up t\snb Nn{X-ß-sf- p-dn- p Ah-t_m[w krjvsn- p- -Xn\pw Ah-kcw \ In. ticf tã v Ne- n{x A m-zan P\-d Iu kn AwKw a[p P\m ±-\, sam mjv ^nenw skmssk n {]kn-u v aω-zv, sim n- ^nenw skmssk n sk{i- dn A\q]v h Ω, aounb A m-zan sk{i- dn si.-pn. kt mjv F n-h {]kw-kn- p.

49 Bookshelf New Academy Library The Principles of Multimedia Journalism: Packaging Digital News by Richard Koci Hernandez and Jeremy Rue- Routledge (2016) Rs In this much-needed examination of principles of multimedia journalism, experienced journalists Richard Koci Hernandez and Jeremy Rue systemize and categorize the characteristics of the new, often experimental story forms that appear on today s digital news platforms. By identifying a classification of digital news packages, and introducing a new vocabulary for how content is packaged and presented, the authors give students and professionals alike a way to talk about and understand the importance of story design in an era of convergence storytelling. Online, all forms of media are on the table: audio, video, images, graphics, and text are available to journalists at any type of media company as components with which to tell a story. This book provides insider instruction on how to package and interweave the different media forms together into an effective narrative structure. Featuring interviews with some of the most exceptional storytellers and innovators of our time, including web and interactive producers at the New York Times, NPR, The Marshall Project, The Guardian, National Film Board of Canada, and the Verge, this exciting and timely new book analyzes examples of innovative stories that leverage technology in unexpected ways to create entirely new experiences online that both engage and inform Cross-Cultural Journalism: Communicating Strategically About Diversity By Maria Len-Rios and Earnest Perry Routledge (2016) (49) Rs Built on the hands-on reporting style and curriculum pioneered by the University of Missouri, this introductory textbook teaches students how to write about and communicate with people of backgrounds that may be different from their own, offering real-world examples of how to practice excellent journalism and strategic communication that take culture into account. Specifically, the book addresses how to: engage with and talk across difference; identify the ways bias can creep into our communications, and how to mitigate our tendencies toward bias; use the concept of fault lines and approach sources and audiences with humility and respect; communicate with audience about the complexity inherent in issues of crime, immigration, sports, health inequalities, among other topics; interpret census data categories and work with census data to craft stories or create strategic campaign strategies; reconsider common cultural assumptions about race, class, gender, identity, sexual orientation, immigration status, religion, disability, and age, and recognize their evolving and constructed meaning and our role as professional communicators in shaping national discussions of these issues. In addition to its common sense, practical approach, the book s chapters are written by national experts and leading scholars on the subject. Interviews with award- winning journalists, discussion questions, suggested activities and additional readings round out this timely and important new textbook. Supplemented by a companion website featuring additional case studies and examples of best practice, Cross-Cultural Journalism offers journalists and other communication professionals the conceptual framework and practical know-how they need to report and communicate effectively about difference.

50 (50) temiw I hc A t±iob am[yacwksø {]ikvxamb Im qwpiƒ ]cnnbs SpØpIbmWv Cu ]w nbn. amxr`qan Im qwnãmb tkm]oirjvw\mwv Ch Xncs SpØv AhXcn n p Xv. DZm-c-kao-]-\-sØbpw ImgvN- m-sp-isfbpw {]Xn\n[o-I-cn- p Atacn- FUn-t m-dn-b Im q-wn-ãmb t s_\- ns cn-\. FUn-t m-dnb Im q-wnw-kn-\p se ]pen- vk ]pc-kvimc tpxm-hmb s_\ v Ct mƒ N -\qk ssswkv {^o {]kn tkh-\-a-\p-jvtn- p- p. t s_\ v tkm]oirjvws C sabn : cartoonistgopikrishnan@gmail.com Printed and Published by K. G. Santhosh, Secretary, Kerala Media Academy, Published from Kerala Media Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi ; Printed at Sterling Print House Pvt Ltd, Edappally; Editor: R. S. Babu

51 (51) se thƒuv {]kv t^mt m ]pc-kvimcw Ic-ÿ-am- nb Nn{Xw. Ombm-{Km-l-I - -Fan Hmkvsa (Xp n-bnse GP kv se tp Wens Ãm^v t^mt m-{k-m^ ). kndn-b-bnse Aet m \K-c-Øn Unkn- U v {^o B an ssib-s- nb hnzym-e-b-ß-fn-sem- n Kh sa v GP v F p kwi-bn- p- hy n-isf XS-hp-Im-c-m- n-h- n-cn- p- p. XpS -bmbn 48 awn- q-dp-iƒ tnmzyw snbvx-xn\p tij-am-wn-hsc hn -b-bv p- -Xv. Fan Hmkvsa

52 (52) Media Monthly September 2016 `20/- RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/01676