1 of 23. Boardworks Ltd Electrical Power
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1 1 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Electrical Power
2 Electrical Power 2 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
3 What is electrical power? 3 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Electrical power is the rate at which energy is transferred in a circuit. All electrical appliances have a power rating. This tells you the rate at which the appliance uses energy. Power is measured in watts (W): 1 watt means 1 joule of energy is used every second watts = 1 kilowatt (kw). Appliances that need to create heat, such as washing machines, cookers, hairdryers and kettles, usually use the most power. TVs, radios and computers usually use the least amount of power.
4 Electrical power and work 4 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Work is done whenever a force acts to move an object. When work is done, energy is transferred from one form to another. Work is done when charge flows around a circuit. The battery does work in order to push the charge through the wires. Energy is being transferred from chemical energy to electrical energy.
5 Calculating power 5 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Power is a measure of the rate of energy transfer. It is calculated using the formula: power = energy or P = E time t Power, P, is measured in watts (W). Energy, E, is measured in joules (J). Time, t, is measured in seconds (s). The higher the power rating of a device, the more energy transferred every second by the device.
6 Energy transferred and charge 6 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 The amount of energy transferred can also be related to the potential difference and charge: energy transferred = potential difference charge flow E = VQ Energy, E, is measured in joules (J). Potential difference, V, is measured in volts (V). Charge flow, Q, is measured in coulombs (C). A cell with a potential difference of 1 volt transfers 1 joule of energy to each coulomb of charge.
7 Electrical Power 7 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
8 What is the formula for electrical power? 8 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 The power of an electrical device is related to the current and the potential difference by the formula: power = potential difference current P = VI What are the units of power, current and potential difference? Power, P, is measured in watts (W). Current, I, is measured in amps (A). Potential difference, V, is measured in volts (V). or
9 Using a formula triangle 9 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 A formula triangle helps you to rearrange a formula. The formula triangle for P = VI is shown below. Cover up whatever quantity you are trying to find to leave the calculation required. So, to find current (I), cover up I which gives the formula I = P V
10 Electrical power calculations 10 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
11 Power, current and voltage 11 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
12 An alternative formula for electrical power 12 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Remember that: potential difference = current resistance V = IR Substituting this equation into the equation for power, we find: P = VI P = (IR)I = I 2 R Power, P, is measured in watts (W). Current, I, is measured in amperes (A). Resistance, R, is measured in ohms ( ).
13 Electrical power: example calculation 13 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 A filament bulb has a resistance of 150Ω and a current of 0.6A running through it. At what power is the filament bulb operating? P = I 2 R = = 54W If a different bulb with a resistance of 300Ω was used instead, what would happen to the power consumption?
14 Electrical Power 14 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
15 Energy transfer in the home 15 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Electricity is an essential source of energy for many household appliances. Electrical appliances are designed to convert electrical energy into other forms of energy. For example: A fan converts electrical energy from the mains into kinetic energy using an electric motor. A laptop converts electrical energy from its rechargeable battery into light energy. A speaker converts electrical energy from the mains into sound energy.
16 Resistance in electrical appliances 16 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 A resistor is a circuit component designed to reduce the current and make it more difficult for charge to move around a circuit. For a higher resistance, the power source has to do more work to overcome it. When an electric current flows through a resistor, it produces heat. Many domestic appliances use resistance to transfer electrical energy to heat energy. As current is passed through the metal element in a kettle, resistance causes the metal to get hot and so boils the water. If a metal becomes very hot, it may glow. A filament bulb transfers electrical energy into light energy in this way.
17 Amount of energy transferred 17 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 The amount of energy transferred depends on how long the appliance is turned on for and the power of the appliance. For example, a toaster has a lot of power, but is only switched on for a short amount of time. A light bulb has less power, but is often left on for a long time. A toaster with a power rating of 2000W that is turned on for 3 minutes uses 360kJ of energy. A 60W light bulb that is left on for 3 hours will use 648kJ of energy.
18 Amount of energy transferred 18 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 An appliance with a high power rating will transfer more energy than one with a low power rating in the same time period. This is why a 100 W light bulb is brighter than a 40W light bulb: more electrical energy is transferred into light energy every second. Think about the appliances you use. What has the highest power rating? What does it convert electrical energy into?
19 Joules: a useful unit of energy? 19 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Joules are the standard unit for energy in science. However, in terms of energy used by electrical appliances, a joule is a very small unit. Consider an LCD TV that is left on continuously for a week. It uses 230V and 4A. Calculate how much energy is used. time = = 604,800s energy = power time = current voltage time = ,800 = 556,416,000J = 556MJ
20 Kilowatt-hours 20 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Because joules are relatively small, a different unit called a kilowatt-hour (kwh) is often used instead. energy = power time Energy is measured in kilowatt-hours (kwh), not joules. Power is measured in kilowatts (kw), not watts. Time is measured in hours (h), not seconds. So, for the TV on the previous slide: power = 4A 230V = 920W = 0.92kW time = 604,800 s = 168 hours energy = = 155kWh
21 Electrical Power 21 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
22 Glossary 22 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
23 Multiple-choice quiz 23 of 23 Boardworks Ltd 2016
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4.2 Graphs of Rational Functions
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