Thermal and mechanical modeling of thermal breaks in structural steel point transmittances
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1 Thermal and mechanical modeling of thermal breaks in structural steel point transmittances Presented to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Presented by: Scott Hamel P.E., Ph.D. Co-Author: Sava White, M.S. 11/08/2016
2 Presentation outline Introduction to Thermal bridges and breaks Industry Survey Calibrated hot box Thermal FEA Structural Testing Structural FEA Conclusions Project Goal: Experimentally and computationally evaluate the thermal and mechanical characteristics of a set of common structural steel thermal break details a2
3 Thermal bridging Excessive heat flow through the building envelope by a highly conductive element Linear Btu Units of: hr ft Point Units of: Btu hr Radiation Convection Conduction Convection Radiation a3
4 Linear thermal bridge a4
5 Point thermal bridge a5
6 Point thermal bridge a6
7 Thermal bridging in structural k steel = 347 k XPS insul. = 0.2 Btu in hr ft 2 F Btu in hr ft 2 F steel a7
8 Issues with thermal bridges Heat loss Cooling loss Condensation Corrosion Façade and interior coverings damage Mold growth Occupancy comfort Indoor humidity problems a8
9 Thermal breaks Bearing pads Neoprene Wood FRP a9
10 Thermal breaks Bearing pads Neoprene Wood FRP a10
11 Proprietary thermal breaks Manufactured thermal break assemblies (MSTBAs) a11
12 AISC/ RCSC Code provisions AISC / RCSC 2014 Section 3.1, p Compressible materials shall not be placed within the grip of the bolt. Commentary Compressible materials preclude the development and/or retention of the installed pretensions in the bolts, when required..greater slopes [than 1:20, of connected elements] are undesirable because the resultant localized bending decreases both the strength and the ductility of the bolt. a12
13 Kemper arena roof collapse June 4, 1979 a13
14 Kemper arena roof collapse June 4, 1979 a14
15 Industry survey & results
16 Local interviews Industry survey AISC members May responses Map of survey respondents a16
17 Survey results Which thermal bridging detailing situations do you find to be more common? Check all that apply. # Answer Response % 1 Cantilever levels/ beams % 2 Facade elements % 3 Roof protrusions 96 63% 4 Foundation penetrations 30 20% 5 External braces 22 14% 6 Other 10 7% a17
18 Survey results How does your company currently address thermal bridging of steel members that protrude through a building s thermal envelope? Check all that apply. # Answer Response % 1 Avoid entirely (e.g., double columns, etc.) 39 27% 2 Use gasket material (e.g., plywood, neoprene, fiberglass, etc.) 67 46% 3 Use a Manufactured Structural Thermal Break Assembly (MSTBA) 34 23% 4 Replace member with less conductive material (such as stainless steel, timber, etc.) 35 24% 5 Surround protruding steel member with insulating material % 6 Do nothing 63 43% 7 Other 17 12% a18
19 Survey results Which of the following materials does your company employ to mitigate thermal bridging effects? Check all that apply. # Answer Response % 1 Neoprene 43 56% 2 Nitrile 1 1% 3 High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 31 40% 4 Wood/ engineered wood 35 45% 5 Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) 26 34% 6 Fibre-reinforced polymer bolts 5 6% 7 Stainless steel 31 40% 8 Stainless steel bolts 29 38% 9 Other (list as many as apply) 9 12% a19
20 Calculating heat loss in a thermal bridge Calculating thermal bridge heat flow: Linear thermal bridge: Ψ = Q Q 0 L = U U 0 A total L Point thermal bridge: χ = Q Q 0 = U U 0 A total Total: Q = T U 0 A total + Ψ i L i + χ i n i a20
21 Condensation Calculating condensation potential: Dew point, indoor temp Temperature index: TI = T s T o T i T o = = 0.58 < 0.7, not good T s = 40.8ºF T o = 0ºF T i = 70ºF a21
22 Calibrated Hot-Box Testing Experimental Thermal Performance
23 Experimentally measuring heat flow Modified ASTM C : Standard Test Method for Thermal Performance of Building Materials and Envelope Assemblies by Means of a Hot Box Apparatus Calibrated hot box: a23
24 Calibrated hot box a24
25 Calibrated hot box 25
26 PID control 1.5in. FRP break, steel bolts a26
27 Temperature a27
28 Calibrated hot box specimens 2in. XPS insulation Thermal bridge Thermal break a28
29 Calibrated hot box specimens Thermal bridge W10x19 beam through 2-in. XPS Thermal break Beam to beam end-plate connection Neoprene pad (0.5, 1.0, & 1.5in. thick) Fabreeka pad (0.5, & 1.0in. thick) Steel & stainless-steel bolts a29
30 Heat flow rate (Btu/hr F) Experimental results Neoprene pad, steel bolts Neoprene, stainless bolts FRP pad, steel bolts FRP, stainless bolts in. thick 1 in. thick 1.6 Continuous beam No pad Neoprene steel Neoprene stainless FRP steel bolts FRP stainless Neoprene steel Neoprene stainless FRP steel FRP stainless
31 Thermal Finite-Element Modeling
32 FEA heat transfer model Idealized beam and break scenario Thermal bridge Parameters: Beam size Thermal break Parameters: Pad material Pad thickness Bolt material a32
33 FEA heat transfer model Idealized beam and break scenario Thermal bridge Parameters: Beam size Thermal break Parameters: Pad material Pad thickness Bolt material a33
34 Heat transfer FEA Abaqus 6.14/ Standard (& Solidworks) Steady-state ASHRAE values for: Material thermal conductivity Steel, k = 347 Btu in/ft 2 hr ºF Stainless steel, k = 118 FRP, k = 2.0 Neoprene, k = 1.32 XPS insulation, k = 0.2 Surface heat transfer coefficient 1.5 Btu/ (hr ft 2 ºF), both sides Sink temperature: Inside: 1ºF Outside: 0ºF No gap resistance a34
35 Continuous beam a35
36 Thermal break results a36
37 Temperature (ºF) Continuous beam thermal bridge acts as a cooling fin Q h k P A c T i T o 2 O Inside air temperature 0.5 T b Outside air temperature Parametric distance (in)
38 Heat flow rate (Btu/hr ºF) Continuous beam heat flow for all W-shapes (P A) Finite element analysis Eq. 3-8 Q h k P A c T i T o 2
39 Thermal break pad thickness (k in units of Btu in/ft 2 hr ºF) a39
40 Heat flow rate (Btu/hr F) Temperature index Bolt material Heat flow rate Steel bolts Better heat flow rate Better temperature index Stainless-steel bolts FRP bolts Temperature index Steel Bolts Stainless-steel bolts FRP bolts Neoprene pad thickness (in.) a40
41 Heat flow rate (Btu/hr F) Heat flow - pad vs. bolts Heat flow through neoprene pad Heat flow through steel bolts Neoprene pad thickness (in.) a41
42 Covering insulation a42
43 Covering insulation results TI = 0.57 Heat flow = 0.98 TI = 0.85 Heat flow = 0.71 a43
44 Structural Testing
45 End-plate thermal break End-plate moment connection W10x19 A992 steel beam A572 Gr. 50 end-plate A325 bolts Neoprene pad, 0.5, 1, 1.5 a45
46 Bending tests a46
47 Bending tests a47
48 Bending tests a48
49 Bending test results 0.5 in. neoprene pad test at failure a49
50 Bending test results 1.5 in. neoprene pad test at failure a50
51 Moment-rotation a51
52 Shear tests a52
53 Shear tests a53
54 Shear test results a54
55 Shear test results a55
56 Structural Finite-element Modeling
57 Finite element model Abaqus 6.14/ Standard 3D deformable elements Mesh C3D8RH elements (8-node, linear, hybrid formulation) Mesh density 5 elements across any thickness in bending Maintain ~ 1:1 aspect ratio a57
58 Steps Study properties Step 1: tighten bolts to 2000lb Step 2: apply deflection at 45.9in Automatic Incrementation Direct solution method Full-Newton solution technique a58
59 Stress (psi) Stress (psi) Steel material definition 160,000 Non-linear elastic Plate and beam 160,000 A325 bolts 120,000 Nominal stress True stress 120,000 80,000 80,000 40,000 40,000 Nominal stress True stress Strain (in/in) Strain (in/in)
60 Neoprene material Ogden 2 nd order model Function that fits complex incompressible material behaviors Expressed in terms of principal stretches W N p 1, 2, p 1 p p p p N=2 1 2 µ i α i D 0 0
61 Nominal stress (psi) Neoprene material Uniaxial stress-strain curve Nominal strain
62 Boundary conditions/ interactions Boundary conditions Rigid plate fixed for all DOF Constraints Nuts tied to bolts Bolt heads tied to -plate Interactions Bolts & neoprene (fric = 0.4) Neoprene and end-plate (fric = 0.4) Neoprene and rigid plate (fric = 0.4) Nuts to rigid plate (fric = 0.2) a62
63 Finite element modeling No neoprene 0.5 neoprene 1.0 neoprene 1.5 neoprene a63
64 Plate No neoprene 0.5 neoprene 1.0 neoprene 1.5 neoprene a64
65 FEA vs. experimental no neoprene
66 FEA vs. experimental FEA limit of convergence
67 FEA vs. experimental
68 Research Conclusions Thermal Thin thermal break pads (<0.5in for neoprene, <1.0in for FRP) increases heat flow greater than continuous beam case Thicker thermal break pads provide reduced heat flow Stainless-steel and FRP bolts reduce heat flow for a 0.5in neoprene pad by 19.4% and 66.3%, respectively, compared to steel bolts Structural Rotational stiffness is reduced approximately linearly for increasing neoprene pad thickness Bolt rupture occurred at a lower applied moment for neoprene pad connections Shear stiffness is reduced exponentially with increased pad stiffness Prying action occurs on bolts in connections with a neoprene pad a68
69 Practical Conclusions Thin neoprene pads Bad for heat flow Good for temperature index Good structural behavior Thick neoprene pads Good for heat flow Good for temperature index Bad for stiffness in bending Thick FRP pads (Northeastern University) Good for heat flow Good for temperature index Good for stiffness in bending? a69
70 Acknowledgements American Institute of Steel Construction Structural Engineers Association of Alaska University of Alaska Anchorage, CoEng Sava White Corbin Rowe Nathaniel Cox Matheus Bastos Silva a70
71 Questions? a71
72 Contact information Scott Hamel, P.E., Ph.D. p: (907) e: a72
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