IB Physics SL Definitions

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1 IB Physics SL Definitions Study online at quizlet.com/_edmqk 1. 1MeV the KE an electron would gain if it was accelerated through a potential difference of V 2. The 3 types of Sensors 1) LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) Light increases, Current increases, Resistance decreases 2) Thermistors (NTC - Negative Temperature Coefficient) Temperature increases, Current increases, Resistance decreases 3) Strain Gauge (length increases when under strain) Length increases, crosssectional Area decreases, Resistance increases 3. Absolute Zero The lowest temperature possible C or 0K 4. Acceleration rate of change of velocity (with time), a vector unit: ms ² 5. Accuracy A measurement is said to be accurate if it has little systematic errors 6. Albedo (of a body) is the ratio between the power of radiation reflected (or scattered) from the body to the total power incident on it 7. Alpha Decay the process by which a daughter nucleus and an alpha particle are formed 8. Ammeter (3) the device that measures current 1) placed in series 2) very low resistance 3) in Amperes 9. Ampere (defined in terms of) the force between two long current carrying wires 10. Amplitude The maximum value for displacement from the mid point. unit: m 11. Angle of deviation the difference between the angle of refraction and angle of incidence 12. Antineutrino/Neutrino the energies given off in beta decay 13. Anti-nodes points at which crest meets crest (trough & trough) 14. Artificial (Induced) Transmutation 15. Attributes of a Sankey Diagram 16. Avogadro constant the result of bombarding a target material/particle with high-energy particles to form a new element -thickness of arrow is proportional to the amount of energy -degraded energy points away from the main flow of energy -total energy in = total energy out The number of particles in a mole. A=6.02x10^ Becquerel (Bq) a unit of activity, measured as counts per second 18. Beta (+) Decay the process by which a proton decays into a neutron, a beta particle (positron) and a neutrino 19. Beta (-) Decay the process by which a neutron decays into a proton, beta particle (electron) and an antineutrino 20. Binding (+ per Nucleon) 21. Black-body Radiation 22. Centripetal Acceleration 23. Centripetal Force 24. Centripetal motion (concepts) 25. Coefficient of friction 26. Coefficient of Volume Expansion (β) (+ equation) 27. Combined Gas Laws (not Molecular) the amount of energy required to split apart or assemble the parts of a nucleus (+ per nucleon) unit: MeV radiation emitted by a "perfect" emitter (emissivity = 1), which will absorb all incoming radiation The acceleration, directed toward the centre of a circle, which causes uniform circular motion The force, directed toward the centre of a circle, which causes uniform circular acceleration. direction is always changing therefore, so is acceleration and velocity the coefficient that determines the amount of friction. This varies tremendously based on the surfaces in contact. There are no units for the coefficient of either static or kinetic friction the fractional change in volume per degree change in temperature β= V/V₀ T P1V1T2 = P2V2T1 (# of molecules kept constant) or (P1V1)/T1 = (P2V2)/T2

2 28. Compression & Rarefaction 29. Concept of Efficiency 30. Condensation Gas-liquid Highest and lowest pressure points (points bunched up vs. spread apart) the ratio of the useful energy to the total energy transferred unit: none (%) 31. Conductor Material through which electric charge flows freely. 32. Constructive interference in phase 33. Control Rods the material, which absorbs excess neutrons in order to control the energy released in chain reactions. They are introduced into the moderator when needed. 34. Coulomb's Law 35. Crest & Trough The electric force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the two charges and inversely proportional to square of the distance between them, and directed along the line joining the two charges (F = kq₁q₂ / r²). Highest and lowest points of a transverse wave 36. Critical Mass the minimum mass (of Uranium-235) that must be present so that neutrons can cause a chain reaction 37. Damping (Light & Critical) 38. Daughter Product 39. Degraded 40. Destructive interference 41. Difference between boiling and evaporating Damping is a force that is always in the opposite direction to the direction of motion of the oscillating particle, the force is a dissipate force (it will eventually stop). Light: gradual loss of total energy (ex: air resistance, water) Critical: resistive forces so big that system returns to equilibrium without passing it (ex: in honey) the substance that is formed from the parent product in the nuclear reaction the output energy that is not useful towards the function of the machine (it has become more spread out/disordered) out of phase boiling takes place throughout the liquid and always at the same temperature, evaporation takes place only at the surface of the liquid and can happen at all temperatures 42. Difference between emf and (terminal) potential difference 43. Difference between Thermal and Specific Heat Capacity emf is the energy available per unit charge, p.d. is the difference in energy dissipate per unit of charge specific heat is per unit mass, so thermal is the same as specific heat, multiplied by mass 44. Diffraction takes place when a wave moves through a smaller opening (causes diffraction) 45. Direction of a Magnetic Field 46. Displacement (Topic 2) 47. Displacement (Topic 4) 48. Elastic Collision 49. Electrical Powers (3) 50. Electric Current 51. Electric Field Strength (E) 52. Electric 53. Electric Difference (+ formula) 54. Electric Difference (3 equations) Direction that the North pole of a small test compass would point if placed in the field (North to South). the change in position of an object, as a vector (magnitude and direction) unit: meters Distance from the equillibrium unit: m KE and momentum conserved - no mechanical energy lost ex: pool balls, ideal gas particles 1) total power supplied by the cell : EI 2) the power dissipated in the cell : EI - VI = I^2 r 3) the power dissipate in the external circuit: VI a flow of charge within a conductor unit: Amperes Electric force per unit charge experienced by a small positive test charge (E=F/q) Work done per unit charge moving a small positive test charge in from infinity to a point in an electric field (Note: The work done is path independent). The work done per unit charge moving a positive charge between two points in a circuit. formula e.p.d = Work Done / Electric Charge unit: Volts 1) V= E(p) / q 2) V = P / I 3) V = W / q

3 55. Electric 56. Electromotive Force (EMF) that a charge has due to its position in an electric field. the work available (from an electrical source) per unit of charge unit: Volts (V) 57. Electron-Volt The energy an electron gains by passing through a potential difference of 1 Volt, 1 ev = 1.6 x 10^-19 J 58. Emissivity the amount of energy a body radiates compared to a black body (between 0 and 1) 59. Density (of a fuel) is the amount of useful energy, which is obtained from 1 kg of a fuel unit: J kg ¹ 60. Enhanced Greenhouse Effect 61. Equation describing magnetic force due to a moving charge inside a magnetic field 62. Equation describing magnetic force upon a current-carrying wire inside a magnetic field the release of extra CO2 into the atmosphere caused by human activities F=qvBsin@ or F=qvBcos@ F=BILsin@ or F-BILcos@ 63. Field of force region/area/volume (of space); where a mass/charge experiences a force; 64. Forced Oscillation when an object is made to oscillate at another frequency than the natural frequency, by an external force 65. Frequency The number of oscillations per second unit: hertz (Hz) formula: 1 Hz = 1 oscillation per second. 66. Frictional force the force placed on a moving object opposite its direction of motion due to the inherent roughness of all surfaces units: newtons (N) 67. Fuel Enrichment the process by which the percentage of U-235 in nuclear fuel is increased (from 0.7% to 3%) 68. Fuel Rods tubes, which contain uranium Fusion Liquid-solid 70. Gamma Radiation 71. Gravitational Field Strength 72. Gravitational 73. Gravitational 74. Heat Exchanger 75. How are standing waves produced? 76. How to calculate the BE the release of pure energy from the nucleus of the decaying atom Gravitational force per unit mass on a point mass (g=f(g)/m) The work done in moving a mass from infinity to a point in space (Note: The work done is path independent). energy that is stored in an object by its height converts water into steam through the heat produced by the nuclear reactor core. (After the steam turns the turbine it is condensed by the coolant as it travels through a pipe) produced whenever two waves of identical frequency interfere with one another while traveling in opposite directions along the same medium. mass defect MeV 77. Ideal Gas a gas that obeys all gas laws at any pressure, volume or temperature formula: PV = nrt (n=number of moles) 78. Ideal Gas Law PV = nrt (n = number of moles, T in K) 79. Impulse (2) The change in momentum. A vector unit: kgms ² also product of Force and time unit: Ns 80. Inelastic Collision KE is not conserved, but momentum is. 81. Insulator Material through which electric charge does not flow freely. 82. Internal 83. Internal Resistance 84. Ioinizing The energy contained in an object due to the random KE and PE of the molecules The resistance of the battery the energy required to make a particle positively charged 85. Ionizing the ability to remove electrons from atoms to form ions 86. Isotope nuclei with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

4 87. Kinetic energy an object has as a result of its motion 88. Kinetic Molecular Theory (FPICS) 89. Law of Conservation of Change 90. Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum 91. Linear Momentum 92. Magnitude of a Magnetic Field (magnetic field strength, magnetic field intensity, magnetic flux density) F) no Forces act between the particles (stay in continous random motion) - Internal = KE (no PE) P) there is not loss in KE between particles and the container so all collisions are Perfectly elastic I) all particles are Identical C) all particles remain in Continuous random motion S) there are many particles and they are extremely Small compared to the distance between each other The total electric charge of an isolated system remains constant. The momentum of an isolated system remains constant. (i.e no external force acting) The product of mass and velocity. A vector units: kgms ¹ Ratio of magnetic force on a current carrying conductor to the product of the current and length of wire and sine of the angle between the current and the magnetic field (OR: Ratio of magnetic force on a charged particle to the product of the charge and its velocity and the sine of the angle between the velocity and the magnetic field). 93. Mass defect the difference between the mass of the nucleus and the mass of its constituents (parts) 94. Mechanical vs. Electromagnetic Waves (Medium required to travel?) 95. Melting Solid-liquid Mechanical waves need a medium to travel as they cannot travel through a vacuum and Electromagnetic waves can 96. Moderator a material that slows down fast neutrons to the KE of 1eV (or less) through the collisions between the atoms of the machine and the neutrons. Necessary for nuclear fission as neutrons won't be absorbed if they are too fast. This material surrounds the fuel rods. (Ex: graphite, water) 97. Molar Mass The mass of 1mole of a substance units: g/mol 98. Mole The amount of a substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12g of Carbon-12 units: mol 99. Molecular Gas Law 100. Natural Frequency of Vibration 101. Natural Radioactive Decay 102. Natural Radioactive Decay process 103. Neutron number (N) 104. Newton's First Law of Motion 105. Newton's Second Law of Motion 106. Newton's Third Law of Motion 107. Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation PV = knt (N = number of molecules, T temp in K) The frequency that an object will oscillate at if it is moved from its equilibrium point and released. the decay of an isotope as the Nuclear Weak Force overpowers the Nuclear Strong Force due to the isotope being unstable (it is not stable as the ratio between its neutrons and protons is not ideal) random/spontaneous the number of neutrons in a nucleus an object at rest or in motion will stay at rest or in motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced net force The net (or resultant) force acting on a body is equal to the product of its mass and its acceleration. F=ma For every action on one object there is an equal but opposite reaction The force of gravity between two objects is directly proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them and acts along a line joining their centers. (Note: The objects are point masses. If they are not point masses but are very far apart, that is, the distance between them is very much greater than their radii, they can be treated like point masses) (F=G m₁m₂/r²)

5 108. Nodes points at which there is no displacement (crest & trough) 109. Normal force 110. Nuclear Chain Reaction 111. Nuclear Fission 112. Nuclear Fusion 113. Nuclear Reactor 114. (Nuclear) Strong Force the force on an object perpendicular to the surface it rests on utilized in order to account for the body's lack of movement units: newtons (N) Nuclear fission produces neutrons. These neutrons can be used to collide with other nuclei of Uranium-235 in the reactor, producing more fission, energy and neutrons -when more neutrons are produces it is called a chain reaction. the process by which a larger nucleus decays (or emits radiation) to become a smaller nucleus the process by which two smaller nuclei undergo nuclear reaction to form something larger the machine in which nuclear reactions take place, producing energy the force that holds nucleon together 115. Nucleon the name given to the particles of the nucleus of an atom (the protons and neutrons) 116. Nucleon number (A) the number of protons plus neutrons in a nucleus (the atomic mass number) 117. Nuclide a combination of protons and neutrons that form a nucleous 118. Ohmic vs. non-ohmic behaviour Non-ohmic does not behave Ohm's law as temperature increases, thus there is a loss in heat and resistance is not constant (ex: filament lamp) 119. Ohm's Law The potential difference is directly proportional to the current (provided that resistance stays constant) 120. Period 121. Phase Difference 122. Divider - 3 part definition The time taken for one oscillation unit: seconds. equation: T=1/frequency A way of comparing two oscillations by finding the difference between their phases. 1) divides potential difference 2) acts like multiple resistors in series 3) to control voltages 123. Power The rate of doing work (rate at which work is being performed unit: Watt or Joule/second (W or Js ¹) 124. Precision A measurement is said to be precise if it has little random errors 125. Pressure The force exerted per unit area unit: Pascals (Pa) 126. Pressure and Temperature relationship 127. Pressure and Volume relationship 128. Principle of Conservation of 129. Proton number (Z) as Temperature increases, Pressure increases directly proportional so P/T = constant as Volume decreases, Pressure increase (as particles hit the container wall more frequently) inversely proportional so P x V = constant is never created nor destroyed. It changes from one form to another. the number of protons in the nucleus 130. Radical Field Field that extends radially (like the electric field around a point charge or the gravitational field around a planet) Radioactive Half-life 132. Random Errors 133. Reflection 134. Refraction 135. Resistance (+ relative to wire thickness & length) the amount of time taken for half of the nuclei of a sample of radioactive substance to decay A random error, is an error which affects a reading at random. when a wave hits a barrier and bounces off formula: angle of incidence = angle of reflection the bending of waves due to changing velocity, as a wave is travelling through different mediums formula: index of refraction = c/v (velocity of light in a vacuum / velocity of light in that medium) the the ratio between the p.d. across the material to the current that flows through it unit: Ohms decreases when wire thicker increases when wire longer 136. Resonance when an oscillating system vibrates at the natural frequency (resonant frequency) of another system, causing it to vibrate and be amplified 137. Sankey Diagram an energy flow diagram whose dimensions give a measure of the proportion of the different types of energies 138. Scalar A scalar quantity has only magnitude. Ex. Length, Area, Volume, Speed, Mass.

6 139. Sig Figs (+ or -) use least # of decimal places 140. Sig Figs (x or /) use least # of sig figs 141. Simple harmonic motion (SHM) factors and equation 142. Solar Constant (+ equation) 143. Specific Heat Capacity 144. Specific Latent Heat 1) force or acceleration is always directed towards the centre 2) the force or acceleration is proportional to the distance from the centre defining equation: a = -w²x the intensity (power per unit area) of the Sun (1380 Wm-2). equation: I=P/4πr² The amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1Kg or a substance by 1K equation: c = Q / m(tf-ti) unit: Jkg ¹K ¹ the amount of energy required to change the state of 1kg of a substance formula: Q = mlf Q = mlv unit: Jkg ¹ 145. Speed how far an object travels in a given time; rate of change of distance, a scalar unit: ms ¹ 146. Sublimation Solid-gas 147. Superposition When two waves pass the same point at the same time, their displacements are added together to calculate the resultant displacement Surface Heat Capacity (topic 8) (+ equation) 149. Systematic Errors the energy required to raise the temperature of unit area of a planet's surface by one degree. unit: Jm ²K ¹ equation: Cs = Q/A T A systematic error, is an error which occurs at each reading Temperature the average KE of the particle of a substance, which determines the direction of thermal energy transfer unit: Kelvin (K) 151. Thermal Capacity The amount of thermal energy (heat) required to raise the temperature of an object by 1K equation: C= Q / (Tf - Ti) unit: JK ¹ 152. Thermal (+equations) 153. Thermal Equilibrium 154. Transitional Equilibrium The non-mechanical transfer of energy between a system and its surroundings (naturally flows from hot to cold) equations: Q = ml Q = mc(tf-ti) the state in which all parts of a system have reached the same temperature When the net force on an object is zero in all directions (i.e no linear acceleration) 155. Transmutation when one element gets transformed into another through the process of natural radioactive decay 156. Transverse vs. Longitudinal Waves (Motion of Particles) 157. Traveling vs. Standing Waves 158. Unified atomic mass unit 159. Vaporization Liquid-gas Transverse - particles of wave travel perpendicular to the direction of energy, Longitudinal - travel in parallel direction Traveling waves carry energy as they move and have a constant amplitude, Standing waves neither move nor carry energy and have changing amplitudes 1u = the mass of 1/12 of the nucleus of a Carbon-12 isotope 160. Vector A vector quantity has both direction and magnitude. Ex. Displacement, Velocity, Force 161. Velocity speed in a particular direction, a vector unit: ms ¹ 162. Voltmeter the device that measures voltage 1) placed in parallel 2) very high resistance 3) in Volts 163. Volume and Temperature Relationship as Volume increases, Temperature increases directly proportional so V/T = constant 164. Wave Intensity the rate of energy transfer per unit area (for a wave, intensity is proportional to the square of the amplitude) unit: Wm ² 165. Wavelength the length of a full wave (the distance between two consecutive crests or any two consecutive points that are in phase); the distance traveled in one period unit: m

7 166. Wave speed the speed at which energy is transferred by the wave unit: meters / second 167. Weightlessness in free-fall A sensation of weightlessness because a person is falling freely toward the Earth, hence there is no normal force (reaction force) acting on the person due to gravity Weightlessness in orbital motion 169. Why does temp. not change during phase change? A sensation of weightlessness due to the spacecraft and all objects in it being in constant free-fall together as they circle Earth. Because the energy is being used to break or make bonds and so the energy is not turned into kinetic energy Work when a force moves an object in the direction of the force 171. Work (Topic 5) the amount of power supplied in a given time units: kwh ¹

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