Oscillations. Phys101 Lectures 28, 29. Key points: Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) SHM Related to Uniform Circular Motion The Simple Pendulum

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1 Phys101 Lectures 8, 9 Oscillations Key points: Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) SHM Related to Uniform Circular Motion The Simple Pendulum Ref: 11-1,,3,4. Page 1

2 Oscillations of a Spring If an object oscillates back and forth over the same path, each cycle taking the same amount of time, the motion is called periodic. The mass and spring system is a useful model for a periodic system.

3 Oscillations of a Spring If the spring is hung vertically, the only change is in the equilibrium position, which is at the point where the spring force equals the gravitational force. Demo

4 Oscillations of a Spring We assume that the system is frictionless. There is a point where the spring is neither stretched nor compressed; this is the equilibrium position. We measure displacement from that point ( = 0 on the previous figure). The force eerted by the spring depends on the displacement: The minus sign on the force indicates that it is a restoring force it is directed to restore the mass to its equilibrium position. k is the spring constant. Since the force is not constant, the acceleration is not constant either.

5 Oscillations of a Spring Displacement is measured from the equilibrium point. Amplitude is the maimum displacement. A cycle is a full to-and-fro motion. Period, T, is the time required to complete one cycle. Frequency, f, is the number of cycles completed per second. The unit of frequency is Hz (cycles per second). f 1 T

6 Simple Harmonic Motion Any vibrating system where the restoring force is proportional to the negative of the displacement is in simple harmonic motion (SHM), and is often called a simple harmonic oscillator (SHO). Substituting F = -k into Newton s second law gives the equation of motion: Or, k ma d m, dt The solution has the form: a i.e. where a k m k m How do you know? We can guess and then verify: d v dt dv a dt d dt Acos t Asin t Acos t Velocity Acceleration

7 Simple Harmonic Motion Related to Uniform Circular Motion If we look at the projection onto the ais of an object moving in a circle of radius A at a constant angular velocity, we find that the component of the circular motion is in fact a SHM. Demo /Oscillations/SHM/SHMApplet.html Acos q t - initial A - - Acos q angular t Amplitude - initial phase position Angular frequency q

8 These figures illustrate the meaning of : Acos t Acos 0 t Acos t 3 3 Acos t Since cos 0 1, ma occurs when t 0, i.e., t < 0 if the nearest ma is on the right.

9 Simple Harmonic Motion Because then

10 Simple Harmonic Motion The velocity and acceleration for simple harmonic motion can be found by differentiating the displacement:

11 Eample: A vibrating floor. Simple Harmonic Motion A large motor in a factory causes the floor to vibrate at a frequency of 10 Hz. The amplitude of the floor s motion near the motor is about 3.0 mm. Estimate the maimum acceleration of the floor near the motor. [Solution] f=10hz, =f=0; A=3.0 mm= m a Acos a ma A t (Here a means ) a a ma m/s

12 Eample 11-4: Spring calculations. A spring stretches m when a kg mass is gently attached to it. The spring is then set up horizontally with the kg mass resting on a frictionless table. The mass is pushed so that the spring is compressed m from the equilibrium point, and released from rest. Determine: (a) the spring stiffness constant k and angular frequency ω; (b) the amplitude of the horizontal oscillation A; (c) the magnitude of the maimum velocity v ma ; (d) the magnitude of the maimum acceleration a ma of the mass; (e) the period T and frequency f; (f) the displacement as a function of time; and (g) the velocity at t = s. F (a) F mg 0, mg F 0, mg k 0 (b) A=0.100m (c) k mg v Asin t N / m; k m rad k v ma A A m / m / s s mg

13 (d) a Acos t (Here a means ) a a ma A k m A m / s (e) k m rad / s f 1. 9 Hz (cycles/second) T s f (f) In general, Acos t From a specific given point, here for eample, when t=0, = ; We can determine : cos or Acos t 0.100cos8.08t 0.100cos8. 08t d dt (g) v ( ) sin8. 08t sin m / s

14 Eample: Spring is started with a push. Suppose the spring of Eample 11 4 (where ω = 8.08 s -1 ) is compressed m from equilibrium ( 0 = m) but is given a shove to create a velocity in the + direction of v 0 = m/s. Determine (a) the phase angle, (b) the amplitude A, and (c) the displacement as a function of time, (t). v 0 = m/s [Solution] Acos t, v Asin t Use the initial conditions to determine A and : when i.e., () (1) : tan t 0, m, Acos 0. 4 Asin 4 tan v m / s (1) () From (1), 6. 3, Since A or sin 0, and cos 0. 1 cos cos 8. 08t cos rad 0, 0. 11m

15 Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator The mechanical energy of an object in simple harmonic motion is: i-clicker question 30-1: Is the mechanical energy of a simple harmonic oscillator conserved? (A) Yes. (B) No. Why? By definition, simple harmonic motion means no friction, more generally no energy loss.

16 Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator If the mass is at the limits of its motion, the energy is all potential. If the mass is at the equilibrium point, the energy is all kinetic. We know what the potential energy is at the turning points: Which is equal to the total mechanical energy.

17 The total energy is, therefore, And we can write: This can be solved for the velocity as a function of position: where Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator A m k v v ma A t Asin 1 A m k m k A m k v

18 Eample: Energy calculations. For the simple harmonic oscillation of Eample 11 4 (where k = 19.6 N/m, A = m, = -(0.100 m) cos(8.08t), and v = (0.808 m/s) sin 8.08t), determine (a) the total energy, (b) the kinetic and potential energies as a function of time, (c) the velocity when the mass is m from equilibrium, (d) the kinetic and potential energies at half amplitude ( = ± A/). (a) (b) (c) (d) E 1 1 ka J K mv m 08 Asin t sin8. 08t sin 8. t U k k 08 Acos t cos8. 08t cos 8. t 1 v vma m / A U J; K E U s J.

19 Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator Conceptual Eample: Doubling the amplitude. Suppose this spring is stretched twice as far (to = A).What happens to (a) the energy of the system, (b) the maimum velocity of the oscillating mass, (c) the maimum acceleration of the mass? (a) The energy quadruples since E A (b) The maimum velocity doubles 1 since vma E E mv ma (c) The maimum acceleration doubles since a ma A v ma A

20 The Simple Pendulum A simple pendulum consists of a mass at the end of a lightweight cord. We assume that the cord does not stretch, and that its mass is negligible.

21 The Simple Pendulum In order to be in SHM, the restoring force must be proportional to the negative of the displacement. Here we have: which is proportional to sin θ and not to θ itself. However, if the angle is small, sin θ θ. Therefore, for small angles, we have mg F m l where lq Then, d dt d dt g l Therefore, it is g l a SHM with Another approach: from the angular point of view

22 The Simple Pendulum From the angular point of view I mgl sinq ml c For small q, sinq q ( rad ) q gq l g q l The angular acceleration is proportional to the negative angular displacement. Therefore, it s SHM. Compared to, a We - sign: when the angular displacement is positive, the torque is negative; when the angular displacement is negative, the torque is positive. have g l We can measure g!

23 The Simple Pendulum Eample: Measuring g. A geologist uses a simple pendulum that has a length of cm and a frequency of Hz at a particular location on the Earth. What is the acceleration of gravity at this location? g l g l f l m / s Tutorials