Fundamentals of Solar Thermochemical Processes
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1 Solar Fuels & Materials Page 2 Fundamentals of Solar Thermochemical Processes Prof. Aldo Steinfeld ETH Zurich Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering ETH-Zentrum ML-J Zurich Switzerland Tel: aldo.steinfeld@ethz.ch Solar Concentrating Technologies Trough systems Tower systems Dish systems
2 Solar Fuels & Materials Page 3 Solar Radiation Why Concentrated Solar Energy? q solar q reradiation T q useful
3 Solar Fuels & Materials Page 4 Why Concentrated Solar Energy? q solar q reradiation For: I = 1 kw/m 2 (1 sun) = W/m 2 K 4 C T stagnation K K T q useful K K K Thermal equilibrium: q q q For q 0 useful useful absorbed reradiation q solar T 1 q CI CI solar T stagnation 4 Stefan-Boltzmann constant x10 8 W /(m 2 K 4 ) 0.25 Why Concentrated Solar Energy? Temperature [K] C T stagnation K K K K K Concentration Ratio
4 Solar Fuels & Materials Page 5 Maximum Solar Concentration EARTH D R SUN qorbit q sun R = m = sin-1 R/D = 16' = 4.65 mrad D = m q 2 2 sun D 1 qsun 4 R = qorbit 4 D = 46,200 q 2 R sin orbit q 4 sun = Tsun D qorbit T sun = 5780 K q 2 orbit = 1353 W/m R Solar Radiation I ( ),solar I I ( )d 1353 W/m solar,solar 0 2
5 Solar Fuels & Materials Page 6 Parabolic Trough System Line focusing. C = Unit MW. Unidirectional trough curvature. 1-axis tracking N-S. Solar Tower System Receiver Tower Heliostat Field Point focusing. C = Unit MW. 2-axis tracking heliostats: elements of different parabolas with varying focal length.
6 Solar Fuels & Materials Page 7 Solar Dish System Point focusing. C = ,000. Unit kw. 2-axis tracking parabolic dish. Modularity. Remote applications. q solar q reradiation T q useful In thermal equilibrium: q useful =q absorbed -q reradiation q useful = q solar - T 4 Q useful = Q solar - AT 4
7 Solar Fuels & Materials Page 8 Concentrated Solar Energy Q solar I C Solar Receiver T absorption = Power absorbed Power re-radiated { { [ Q solar ] - [ A T 4 ] [ ] Q solar Q reradiation { Solar Power Input = = 1 C = Q solar A. I } T4 absorption 1 CI T4 TL exergy,ideal absorption Carnot 1 1 CI T 4 T TL 1 1 exergy,ideal absorption Carnot C I T CI 0T exergy stagnation TIC L 0 T 0.75T T 0 T 4 exergy optimal L optimal exergy,ideal 1 Fletcher and Moen, Science 197, 1050, Carnot For: I = 1 kw/m 2 (1 sun) = W/m 2 K 4 C T stagnation K K K T optimal 1106 K 1507 K 1724 K T optimal 40,000 20,000 10,000 5, Temperature [K]
8 Solar Fuels & Materials Page 9 solartoelectrcity optics receiver heattoelectricity absorption Carnot Direct Solar Radiation Concentration losses OPTICAL CONCENTRATOR Concentrated Solar Radiation Receiver losses SOLAR RECEIVER Heat Rejected heat HEAT ENGINE Electricity Solar Thermochemical Conversion Concentrated Solar Radiation Absorption Heat Q H,T H H = 285 kj/mol G = 237 kj/mol Chemical Reactants H 2 O Reactor Solar H 2 + Fuels ½ O 2 Fuel Cell W Q L,T L
9 Solar Fuels & Materials Page 10 Concentrated Solar Radiation Solar Thermochemical Conversion T 1 L maximum Carnot T H 4 TH 1 absorption CI Absorption Heat Q H,T H Reactants Chemical Reactor Heat Engine Solar Fuels Fuel Cell W Q L,T L = 16 = 4.65 mrad a = 2. f. (1+cos rim )cos rim rim b = 2. f. (1+cos rim ) f b f. a Flux f. a r C = sin 2 rim / 2 = 4.65 mrad rim = 45 } C 23,000
10 Solar Fuels & Materials Page 11 CPC Compound Parabolic Concentrator 2D - CPC 3D - CPC Ref.: Welford, W. T., and Winston, R. (1989). High Collection Nonimaging Optics Academic Press, San Diego, USA. r in Axis of Parabola L = (r in +r out ). cot r out For =1: C = r /r = 1/sin 2D-CPC in out C = r /r = 1/sin D-CPC in out
11 Solar Fuels & Materials Page 12 = 16 = 4.65 mrad rim r in 2f (1+cos ).cos rim rim f L = (r +r ) tan in out rim C = r /r = 1/sin 2D-CPC in out C = r /r = 1/sin 3D-CPC in out Equations of the CPC z r in r out L = (r in +r out ). cot r 2f sin( ) r r 1cos 2f cos( ) z 1cos where : r out r sin in f r (1sin ) out 2 2 out
12 Solar Fuels & Materials Page 13 Equations of the 2-D CPC + involute Tubular-Receiver y r a x x r[sin M() cos ] y r[ cos M()sin ] M( ) /2 a cos a 1 sin( a for 0 2 a for 2 a 3 2 a a r CPC s half acceptance angle and is taken equal to the rim angle of the primary parabolic concentrator. radius tubular receiver. Tower Reflector Tower CPC Compound Parabolic Concentrator Heliostat Field Receiver Heliostat field + Tower Reflector (Cassegrain). Beam-down on CPC. C = 5,000-10,000. Major hardware on ground level.
13 Solar Fuels & Materials Page 14 H 2 O/CO 2 -splitting Concentrated Solar Energy Decarbonization H 2 O CO 2 Fossil Fuels (NG, oil, coal) Solar Thermolysis Solar Thermochemical Cycle Solar Electricity + Electrolysis Solar Reforming Solar Cracking Solar Gasification Optional CO 2 /C Sequestration Solar Solar Fuels Fuels (H 2, syngas)
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