An Introduction to Forces Identifying Forces. An Introduction to Forces Forces-part 1. Forces are Interactions. What Is a Force? Identifying Forces
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1 An Introduction to s s-part 1 Identify s,, and FBDs-KJF An Introduction to s Identifying s s are Interactions A force is an interaction between 2 objects Touching: Some forces require contact At a distance: s where no contact is needed See the Fundamental Particle Chart ( Identifying Interactions Choose a system: circle the object Name the force and both interacting objects What Is a? A force is a vector. The general symbol for a force is the vector symbol F r. The size or strength of such a force is its magnitude F. Contact forces are forces that act on an object by touching it at a point of contact. Long-range forces (Non-Contact forces) are forces that act on an object without physical contact. Identifying s Focus on these force types weight: Symbol W Pulling Between 2 objects with mass Tension: Symbol T Pulling Must have a rope or string or spring attached Normal: Symbol N or sometimes n Pushing Due to contact with a surface Spring : Symbol F sp Pushing or Pulling Due to contact with a spring friction: Symbol f Opposite direction to motion or the direction of potential motion Rubbing (kinetic friction) or Stickiness associated with trying to move it (static friction) 1
2 Identify forces ON an object Identifying s Circle the object Mark what is touching it Remember that the earth pulls without touching: Weight force BY earth On object Make your list of forces: at each touch point. Conceptual Example 4.1: Identifying forces on a bungee jumper A bungee jumper has leapt off a bridge and is nearing the bottom of her fall. What forces are being exerted on the bungee jumper? Notation I am pushing down on a book that is lying on the table. Always identify the TWO OBJECTS involved in the interaction. By On Symbol Weight Earth Book WE on B Normal Me Book NM on B Normal Table Book NT on B Question 1: Select the statement that is NOT correct. A. has both magnitude and direction. B. is an interaction between two objects. C. The SI unit of a force is the kg. D. Pushes and pulls are examples of forces. An Introduction to s : 1 st and 2 nd Laws 2014 Pearson 2
3 Newton s 1 st Law If there is no net, there is a constant velocity. Newton s 1 st Law If there is no net, there is a constant velocity. Newton s 2 nd Law: ΣF = ma If there is a net force, the velocity changes Newton s 2 nd Law F = ma Newton s Second Law Units of The basic unit of force is called a newton. One newton is the force that causes a 1 kg mass to accelerate at 1 m/s 2. Use this form: It is easier to remember! 1 pound = 1 lb = 4.45 N 3
4 Question 2: Which type of motion is possible for the system object when the sum of forces is zero? (Select all that are possible.) Be prepared to give an example for your choice(s). A. Constant velocity motion B. Increasing velocity motion C. Decreasing velocity motion D. Zero velocity motion (not moving) 2014 Pearson X = 0 Constant Speed v=0 and a=0 1 st Law x vs. t v vs. t a vs. t Speeding up v not 0 and a not 0 2 nd Law x vs. t v vs. t a vs. t 4
5 Direction of Net? Slowing down v not 0 and a not 0 2 nd Law x vs. t v vs. t a vs. t Direction of Net? An Introduction to s Drawing Free-Body Diagrams (FBDs) Drawing force diagrams 1. Sketch the situation. 2. Circle the system. 3. Does the object have mass? Identify the weight (long range) force. 4. What is touching it? Turn these into a list of forces. 5. Place a dot at the side in the center of a coordinate system to represent the object. 6. Draw force arrows to represent the forces (interactions). 7. Label the forces with a subscript containing the two interacting objects Pearson Example 4.7 s on an elevator An elevator, suspended by a cable, speeds up as it moves upward from the ground floor. Draw a free-body diagram of the elevator. 5
6 Notation An elevator, suspended by a cable, speeds up as it moves upward from the ground floor. By On Symbol Weight Earth Elevator WE on El Tension Cable Elevator TC on El Example 4.7 s on an elevator An elevator, suspended by a cable, speeds up as it moves upward from the ground floor. Draw a free-body diagram of the elevator. Conceptual Ex. 4.2: Identifying forces on a skier A skier is being towed up a snow-covered hill by a tow rope. What forces are being exerted on the skier? n by surface On Skier Notation An elevator, suspended by a cable, speeds up as it moves upward from the ground floor. By On Symbol Weight Earth Skier WE on Skier Tension Rope Skier TR on Skier Normal Surface Skier ns on Skier Friction Surface Skier fs on Skier Example 4.9 s on a towed skier Label forces ON and BY Example 4.9 s on a towed skier Newton s 2 nd Law: Acceleration and Net force in same direction n by surface On Skier n by surface On Skier T by Rope On Skier f by surface On Skier T by Rope On Skier W by Earth On Skier f by surface On Skier W by Earth On Skier 6
7 Pushing a Block Consider pushing a block across the table at a steady speed. Since you re exerting a force on it, why isn t it accelerating? Identify all the forces and draw a free-body diagram. Compare the size of the pushing force and the size of the friction force. Notation Block on table pushed by person By On Symbol Weight Earth Block WE on block normal Person Block Nperson on block Normal Surface Block Friction Surface Block ns on block fs on block Pushing a Block Constant speed was the clue in the problem for sizes. f by surface On block n by surface On block N by person On block An Introduction to s : 3 rd Law Friction force and Normal force by person are equal so that the net force is zero W by earth On block Newton s 3 rd Law If Object 1 pushes on Object 2 then Object 2 pushes on Object 1 On 2 By 1 N 21 On 1 By 2 N 12 Name the 3 rd Law Pairs The book sitting on the table again All On the BOOK s FBD By On Weight Earth Book Normal Me Book By On Weight Book Earth Normal Book Me On the Earth s FBD On MY FBD This can help to identify forces Normal Table Book Normal Book Table On the Table s FBD 7
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