Triangle Geometry. Often we can use one letter (capitalised) to name an angle.
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1 1) Naming angles Triangle Geometry Often we can use one letter (capitalised) to name an angle. A C B When more than two lines meet at a vertex, then we must use three letters to name an angle. Q X P T S W R 1
2 Complementary and Supplementary Angles Complementary Angles add up to 90. A D B C Supplementary Angles add up to 180. Q M P N 2
3 Angle Pairs C H E Vertically Opposite angles are congruent. F D 3
4 Parallel Lines and a Transversal Transversal When a transversal cuts across two parallel lines, several pairs of congruent angles are created 4
5 Corresponding Angles are congruent. Alternate Interior Angles are congruent. 5
6 Alternate Exterior Angles are congruent. 6
7 Example: Find the value of x. 7
8 Example: Find the value of x. F M P Q N R V T S Statement E G Justification 8
9 If two lines are parallel and they are intersected by a transversal, then the corresponding (or alt. interior or alt. exterior) angles are congruent... Then... We can also say that if the corresponding (or alt. interior or alt. exterior) angles created by a transversal intersecting two lines are congruent, then the lines must be parallel. A E 50 P B Since the two alternate exterior angles are congruent, the two lines C 50 F D AB and CD must be parallel. Q 9
10 Determine the measures of each angle. Justify your answers A B Measure Justification Measure Justification 10
11 Proofs Axiom: A statement that is not proven but is considered to be obvious, so it is accepted as true. Conjecture: A statement that has yet to be proven. Theorem: A statement that has been proven. A proof involves taking given information that is accepted to be true (called a hypothesis) and, using knowledge and previously proved theorems, working logically to a conclusion. This process is known as deductive reasoning. All it takes to disprove a conjecture is one counter-example. 11
12 Example: Given triangle ABC,where. Prove that. 4 Hypothesis 1 A Conclusion 3 C 2 B Statement Justification 12
13 Congruent Triangles Two triangles are congruent when all three corresponding sides and all three corresponding angles have the same measurements. A D E B C F To prove that two triangles are congruent, it is not necessary to show all six conditions. (Note: Isometric and congruent mean the same thing.) 13
14 There are minimum conditions for showing that triangles are congruent. These are known as Theorems of Congruence. Q R T V P U 1) If the three sides of one triangle are congruent to the three corresponding sides of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent. This is called the Side Side Side theorem (SSS). 14
15 = 1. Congruent and Similar Triangles, Proofs, Metric Relations and Minimising a April Distance 04, 2018 (MASMTS40 Prove that triangle MNP is congruent to triangle XYZ. P Y _ Z = _ X M N Statement Justification 15
16 = = 2) If two sides and the contained angle of one triangle are congruent to two corresponding sides and contained angle of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent. This is called the Side Angle Side theorem (SAS). 16
17 Example: Prove that triangle HBC is congruent to triangle TSN. H N T = = B C S Statement Justification 17
18 3) If two angles and the contained side of one triangle are congruent to two corresponding angles and contained side of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent. This is called the Angle Side Angle theorem (ASA). 18
19 Example: Prove that. A R S _ B _ C T Statement Justification 19
20 Property of Congruent Triangles (PCT) When 2 triangles are proven to be congruent, their corresponding elements(sides and angles) are congruent. 20
21 = _ 1. Congruent and Similar Triangles, Proofs, Metric Relations and Minimising a April Distance 04, 2018 (MASMTS40 Prove that. F S R G = _ H T Statement Justification 21
22 Similar Triangles Two figures are similar when... All corresponding angles are congruent. All corresponding sides are proportional. Therefore, similar figures have the same shape, but are not necessarily the same size. 22
23 There are also minimum conditions to prove that two triangles are similar. 1) Side Side Side (SSS) If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional in length, then the triangles are similar. 2) Angle Angle (AA) If two corresponding angles of two triangles are congruent, then the triangles are similar. 3) Side Angle Side (SAS) If two triangles have one congruent angle contained between corresponding sides of proportional length, then the triangles are similar. 23
24 Example: Prove that is similar to. Statement Justification 24
25 Similar Triangles Knowing that triangles are similar allows us to solve some geometric problems. Example: Given that the triangles below are similar, solve triangle DEF. (To solve a triangle is to find all its measures.) D A F E C B 25
26 Example:Determine the value of x. 26
27 Other Theorems 1) Parallel Line to a Triangleʹs Side Any line parallel to one of a triangleʹs sides creates similar triangles. A D E B C Work Book: Page 212, Questions 1 & 2 27
28 1 a) b) a) b) c) d) 28
29 2) Segment Joining the Mid Points of Two Sides of a Triangle Any line segment that joins the midpoints of two sides in a triangle is parallel to the third side and is half the length of this third side. = _ = _ Work Book: Page 212, Question 3 29
30 3) Thalesʹ Theorem When two transversal lines are intersected by parallel lines, they are separated into segments of proportional lengths. C E G A O B D F H... 30
31 Example: Determine the missing values. Work Book: Page 213, Question 4 31
32 Example: Prove that is similar to if AD is the altitude of the right triangle ABC. A C Statement D B Justification 32
33 Metric Relations in Right Triangles C A special right triangle where the altitude is included... A B creates three similar right triangles. 33
34 C b h a A n m c B n h b h m a 34
35 Proportions means extremes When we refer to a "proportional mean", the means in the proportion are equal. 35
36 Altitude to the Hypotenuse Theorem The altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the proportional mean between the segments into which it divides the hypotenuse. The altitude ( h )divides the hypotenuse into 2 parts: m and n. So... part 1 of hypotenuse altitude = altitude part 2 of hypotenuse or (part 1 of hypotenuse) (part 2 of hypotenuse) in symbols: or 36
37 Example: Determine the value of x. C A D B 37
38 Proportional Mean Theorem Each leg of a right triangle is the proportional mean between the hypotenuse and the projection of the leg on the hypotenuse. leg leg or projection of b projection of a or 38
39 Examples: Determine the value of x. C A D B 39
40 Determine the value of x. 40
41 Product of the Sides Theorem The product of the sides of the right angle is equal to the product of the hypotenuse and the altitude. 41
42 Example: Determine the value of x. C 12 x 17 A D B 42
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