Analogne modulacije / Analog modulations

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1 Analogne modulacije / Analog modulations Zadatak: Na slici 1 je prikazana blok ²ema prijemnika AM-1B0 signala sa sinhronom demodulacijom. Moduli²u i signal m(t) ima spektar u opsegu ( f m f m ) i snagu P m. U estanost nosioca je f c, a amplituda k. Osim AM-1B0 modulisanog signala u(t) (sa donjim bo nim opsegom) na ulazu prijemnika postoji i aditivni beli Gausov ²um n(t) ija je spektralna gustina snage p n = N 0 /2. Odrediti odnos signal/²um na izlazu prijemnika. Figure 1: Sinhroni prijemnik / Synchronous receiver Problem: Figure 1 depicts the receiver of the SSB modulated signal with synchronous demodulation. The power of the modulating signal m(t) is P m and its spectrum is contained in the band ( f m f m ). The carrier has frequency f c, and amplitude k. Together with the SSB modulated signal u(t) (with lower sideband), at the input of the receiver there is also an additive white Gaussian noise n(t) with spectral power density p n = N 0 /2. Determine the signal to noise ratio at the output of the receiver.

2 Re²enje: Modulisani signal je: u(t) = k m(t) cos(2πf c t) + k ˆm(t) sin(2πf c t). Korisni signal na izlazu mnoºa a je: u 1 (t) = u(t) cos(2πf c t) = k m(t) cos(2πf c t) cos(2πf c t) + k ˆm(t) sin(2πf c t) cos(2πf c t) = 1 2 k m(t) k m(t) cos(2π2f ct) k ˆm(t) sin(2π2f ct) tako da je korisni signal na izlazu NF ltra: u d (t) = 1 2 k m(t) a njegova snaga: P d = u 2 d (t) = 1 4 k2 m 2 (t) = 1 4 k2 P m. Uskopojasni ²um na ulazu mnoºa a je: n 1 (t) = n c (t) cos(2πf 0 t) + n s (t) sin(2πf 0 t) a snaga: fc P n1 = 2 p N df = 2p N f m = N 0 f m f c f m i jednaka je snazi svake od niskofrekvencijskih komponenata ²uma n c (t) i n s (t). U estanost f 0 predstavlja centralnu u estanost propusnika opsega i u ovom zadatku iznosi f 0 = f c f m /2. um na izlazu mnoºa a je: n 2 (t) = n 1 (t) cos(2πf c t) = n c (t) cos(2πf 0 t) cos(2πf c t) + n s (t) sin(2πf 0 t) cos(2πf c t) = 1 2 n c(t) cos(2π(f 0 f c )t) n c(t) cos(2π(f 0 + f c )t) n s(t) sin(2π(f 0 f c )t) n s(t) sin(2π(f 0 + f c )t) = 1 2 n c(t) cos(πf m t) n c(t) cos(2π(2f c f m /2)t) n s(t) sin(πf m t) n s(t) sin(2π(2f c f m /2)t). um na izlazu NF ltra je takodje uskopojasni ²um sa centralnom u estano² u f m /2: tako da je njegova snaga: n 3 (t) = 1 2 n c(t) cos(πf m t) 1 2 n s(t) sin(πf m t) P n3 = 1 4 fm p N df = 1 f m 4 p N2f m = N 0f m 4. Traºeni odnos signal/²um je: SNR = P d P n3 = k2 P m N 0 f m.

3 Signali i sistemi / Signals and systems Zadatak: Signal s(t) ima spektar S(f) ograni en na interval u estanosti ( f m f m ). Odabiranjem signala s(t) dobijaju se dva signala odbiraka: s 1 (t) = s(t) s 2 (t) = s(t) n= n= δ(t kt s ) i δ(t kt s τ 0 ), pri emu je T s = 1 i f m 0 < τ 0 < T s /4. Smatrati da je signal s(t) realan. Da li je na osnovu spektara signala odbiraka s 1 (t) i s 2 (t) mogu e rekonstruisati spektar originalnog signala? Odgovor potkrepiti odgovaraju im dokazom. Problem: The signal s(t) is real, with a spectrum S(f) contained in the band ( f m f m ). By sampling s(t), two new signals are obtained as follows: s 1 (t) = s(t) s 2 (t) = s(t) n= n= δ(t kt s ) and δ(t kt s τ 0 ), where T s = 1 and f m 0 < τ 0 < T s /4. Is it possible to reconstruct perfectly the spectrum of the original signal S(f) from the spectrums of the signals s 1 (t) and s 2 (t)? Prove your answer.

4 Re²enje: Originalni signal je mogu e rekonstruisati. Spektar signala s 2 (t) je: S 2 (f) = = s(t) s(t) 1 T s n= 2π jk e Ts τ 0 = 1 T s = 1 T s Pri traºenju spektra S 2 (f) iskori² ena je jednakost: δ(t kt s τ 0 )e j2πft dt 2π jk e Ts (t τ0) e j2πft dt 2π jk e Ts τ 0 S(f k ). T s δ(t kt s τ 0 ) = 1 T s s(t)e j2π(f k Ts )t dt 2π jk e Ts (t τ 0) do koje se moºe do i razvojem povorke delta impulsa u Furijeov red. Spektar signala s 1 (t) se dobija na osnovu spektra signala s 2 (t) jednostavnom zamenom τ 0 = 0, odnosno S 1 (f) = 1 T s S(f k T s ). Zbog hermitske simetrije spektra signala s(t) i periodi nosti spektara signala odbiraka dovoljno je posmatrati opseg u estanosti (0 f m ). Na tom opsegu S 1 (f) = f m (S(f) + S(f f m )) ( ) S 2 (f) = f m S(f) + e j2π τ 0 Ts S(f f m ) odakle sledi: S(f) = 1 1 ( S2 (f) e j2πfmτ 0 S 1 (f) ). f m 1 exp( j2πf m τ 0 )

5 Digitalne telekomunikacije / Digital communications Zadatak: Na slici je prikazan sistem za prenos podataka u osnovnom opsegu u estanosti. Signal s(t) na ulazu u sistem ima oblik: s(t) = a k δ(t kt ) pri emu simboli a k uzimaju vrednosti iz skupa U, U} sa jednakim verovatno ama. Predajni i prijemni ltri su denisani funkcijama prenosa: H T (f) = T, f < 1 T 0, ina e, H R (f) = 1, f < 1 2T 0, ina e Odluka o n-tom simbolu na prijemu se vr²i na osnovu odbirka signala s R (t) u trenutku t = (n + ɛ)t, gde je ɛ gre²ka u sinhronizaciji, ɛ < 1/2. Odrediti maksimalnu dozvoljenu gre²ku u sinhronizaciji ɛ max tako da je pouzdan prenos i dalje mogu. Problem: The gure depicts a system for baseband transmission of information. the input is of the form: s(t) = a k δ(t kt ) The signal s(t) at where a k takes on the values U, U} with equal probabilities. Transfer functions of the transmitting and receiving lters are given by: T, f < 1 T H T (f) = 0, elsewhere, H R (f) = 1, f < 1 2T 0, elsewhere Decision about the n'th symbol at the receiver is made based on the sample of the signal s R (t) at t = (n + ɛ)t, where ɛ is the synchronization error, ɛ < 1/2. Determine the maximal synchronization error ɛ max so that reliable transmission is still possible.

6 Re²enje: Ekvivalentna funkcija prenosa sistema je: a odgovaraju i impulsni odziv: pa signal s R (t) ima oblik: H(f) = H T (f)h R (f) = s R (t) = h(t) = sin( π t) T π t, T U trenutku odlu ivanja o n-tom simbolu imamo: s R ((n + ɛ)t ) = = a n sin(πɛ) πɛ T, f < 1 2T 0, ina e a k h(t kt ). a k h((ɛ + n k)t ) = + m 0 sin(π(ɛ + m)) a n m. π(ɛ + m) a k sin(π(ɛ + n k)) π(ɛ + n k) Drugi sabirak u gornjem izrazu predstavlja intersimbolsku interferenciju i nepoºeljan je pri odlu ivanju o simbolu a n. Da bi prenos informacija bio pouzdan, treba da vaºi: m 0 a n m sin(π(ɛ + m)) π(ɛ + m) < U sin(πɛ) πɛ (prag odlu ivanja je na nuli jer su simboli jednako verovatni). U najgorem slu aju imamo: I max = U sin(π(ɛ + m)) π(ɛ + m) = U sin(πɛ) 1 π m + ɛ m 0 m 0 = U sin(πɛ) ( 1 π m + ɛ + 1 ) = U sin(πɛ) 2m m ɛ π m 2 ɛ = 2 m>0 1 ²to sledi iz injenice da m 0 =. Kako maksimalna ISI divergira za sve ɛ > 0 (uslov (1) m nije zadovoljen), ne sme se dozvoliti gre²ka u sinhronizaciji, tj. ɛ max = 0. m>0 (1)

7 Statisti ka teorija telekomunikacija / Statistical theory of communications Zadatak: Neka su h 0 (t), h 1 (t), h 2 (t),... vremenske funkcije denisane sa h n (t) = n h(t), pri emu je: 1, 0 t < T h(t) = 0, ina e Neka je..., a 1, a 0, a 1,...} niz nezavisnih slu ajnih promenljivih, raspodeljenih prema Poasonovoj raspodeli sa parametrom λ. Odrediti srednju vrednost i autokorelaciju slu ajnog procesa X(t), denisanog na slede i na in: X(t) = h ak (t kt ). Da li je ovaj proces stacionaran u ²irem smislu? Problem: Let h 0 (t), h 1 (t), h 2 (t),... be functions dened by h n (t) = n h(t), where: 1, 0 t < T h(t) = 0, elsewhere. Let..., a 1, a 0, a 1,...} be a sequence of independent random variables with Poisson distribution with parameter λ. Find the mean and the autocorrelation function of the random process X(t), dened by: X(t) = Is this process wide-sense stationary? h ak (t kt ).

8 Re²enje: Slu ajne promenljive a k imaju Poasonovu raspodelu: P[a k = n] = e λ λn, n 0, 1, 2,...}, n! ija srednja vrednost i varijansa se mogu lako izra unati: E[a k ] = np[a k = n] = e λ = e λ λ n=1 n λn λ n 1 (n 1)! = e λ λ = λ E[a 2 k] = n 2 P[a k = n] = e λ = e λ λ = λ 2 + λ n! = e λ m=0 (m + 1) λm (m)! = e λ λ m=0 D[a k ] = E[a 2 k] E[a k ] 2 = λ. n=1 n λn n! λ m m! = e λ λe λ n 2 λn n! = e λ λ m=0 n λn 1 (n 1)! n=1 m λm (m)! + e λ λ m=0 λ m (m)! Posmatrajmo sada slu ajni proces X(t). U svakom intervalu kt t < (k +1)T proces X(t) je jednak nekoj od funkcija h n (t), izabranoj prema Poasonovoj raspodeli, tj. sa verovatno om P[a k = n]. Rezonovanje je isto za svaki interval, pa nadalje moºemo posmatrati prvi: 0 t < T. Srednja vrednost procesa X(t) je: E[X(t)] = P[a 0 = n]h n (t) = P[a 0 = n]nh(t) = E[a 0 ] h(t) = E[a 0 ] = λ. Srednja vrednost je dakle konstantna (ne zavisi od t). Prilikom izra unavanja autokorelacije procesa X, posmatra emo dva slu aja. 1. Kada t i t + τ pripadaju istom "signalizacionom" intervalu, tj. 0 t, t + τ < T : R X (t, t + τ) = E[X(t)X(t + τ)] = = P[a 0 = n]h n (t)h n (t + τ) P[a 0 = n]n 2 h(t)h(t + τ) = E[a 2 0] = λ + λ Kada t i t + τ pripadaju razli itim intervalima, tj. 0 t < T, T t + τ < 2T (moºe se uzeti da t + τ pripada bilo kom drugom intervalu, zaklju ak e biti isti): R X (t, t + τ) = E[X(t)X(t + τ)] = = m=0 m=0 P[a 0 = n, a 1 = m]h n (t)h m (t + τ T ) P[a 0 = n]p[a 1 = m]nmh(t)h(t + τ T ) = E[a 0 ]E[a 1 ] = λ 2.

9 Dakle, R X (t, t + τ) = λ 2 + λ λ 2, kada t i t + τ pripadaju istom sign. intervalu, kada t i t + τ pripadaju razli itim sign. intervalima. Funkcija R X (t, t + τ) je za ksno τ periodi na po t sa periodom T, kao ²to se moglo i o ekivati. Za 0 τ < T jedna njena perioda je: R X (t, t + τ) = Za τ > T, R X (t, t + τ) = λ 2 i ne zavisi od t. λ 2 + λ, t [0, T τ) λ 2, t [T τ, T ). Kao ²to se vidi iz gornjeg, R X (t, t + τ) zavisi od t pa proces X nije stacionaran u ²irem smislu.

10 Teorija informacija / Information theory Zadatak: Kaskadno je povezano n istih nezavisnih binarnih kanala sa uslovnim verovatno ama P [0 0] = 1 u, P [1 0] = u, P [0 1] = v, P [1 1] = 1 v, gde je u < 1/2 i v < 1/2. Ako se u kaskadnu vezu kanala simboli 0 ili 1 ²alju sa verovatno ama 1/2, odrediti verovatno u gre²ke optimalnog odlu ivanja o pojedina nom simbolu poslatom kroz vezu. Problem: A channel is formed by concatenating n identical independent binary channels with transition probabilities P [0 0] = 1 u, P [1 0] = u, P [0 1] = v, P [1 1] = 1 v, where u < 1/2 and v < 1/2. If symbols 0 or 1 are fed to the input of this channel with probabilities 1/2, nd the probability of error achieved by the optimum receiver when a single symbol is transmitted.

11 Re²enje: Ako je X = Y 0 simbol na ulazu u vezu kanala, a Y k simbol na izlazu iz k-tog kanala u vezi, vaºi P [Y k = 0] = P [Y k 1 = 0]P [0 0] + P [Y k 1 = 1]P [0 1], P [Y k = 1] = P [Y k 1 = 0]P [1 0] + P [Y k 1 = 1]P [1 1], za k 1,..., n}. Odavde matrica uslovnih verovatno a pojedina nog kanala u vezi [ ] [ ] P [0 0] P [1 0] 1 u u Π = = P [0 1] P [1 1] v 1 v i vektor verovatno a simbola na izlazu iz k-tog kanala u vezi p k = [ P [Y k = 0] P [Y k = 1] ] zadovoljavaju jedna inu p k = p k 1 Π. Uzastopnom primenom prethodnog izraza, dobija se p k = p 0 Π k, odakle sledi da je Π n matrica uslovnih verovatno a cele veze. Neka su matrice [ ] Π k ak b = k. Kako je Π k = Π k 1 Π, elementi prethodnih matrica zadovoljavaju diferencne jedna ine c k d k a k = (1 u)a k 1 + vb k 1, b k = ua k 1 + (1 v)b k 1, c k = (1 u)c k 1 + vd k 1, d k = uc k 1 + (1 v)d k 1, a sabiranjem prve dve i druge dve od njih, dobija se a k + b k = a k 1 + b k 1 = 1, c k + d k = c k 1 + d k 1 = 1, gde poslednje jednakosti induktivno slede iz a 0 = 1, b 0 = 0, c 0 = 0 i d 0 = 1. Zamenom b k = 1 a k u prvu jedna inu, sledi da je a k = (1 u v)a k 1 + v = λa k 1 + v, gde je λ = 1 u v. Uzastopnom primenom prethodne jedna ine dobija se a 1 = λa 0 + v = λ + v, a 2 = λa 1 + v = λ(λ + v) + v = λ 2 + (λ + 1)v, a 3 = λa 2 + v = λ(λ 2 + (λ + 1)v) + v = λ 3 + (λ 2 + λ + 1)v,. a n = λ n + (λ n 1 + λ n )v = λ n + λn 1 λ 1 v,

12 ²to nakon sreživanja postaje a n = v u + v + u u + v (1 u v)n, odakle je i Na sli an na in se dobija i b n = c n = d n = u u + v u u + v (1 u v)n. v u + v v (1 u v)n u + v u u + v + v u + v (1 u v)n. Matrica uslovnih verovatno a cele veze, tj. od X do Y = Y n, jeste Π n = [ v + u u+v u+v v v u+v u+v (1 u v)n u (1 u v)n u u u+v + u+v v u+v u+v (1 u v)n (1 u v)n ]. Kako su verovatno e simbola na predaji jednake, optimalni prijemnik odlu uje po maksimalnoj verodostojnosti, ˆx(y) = arg max P [Y = y X = x], x pa, s obzirom da je u + v < 1, tj. a n > c n i d n > b n, vaºi ˆx(0) = 0, ˆx(1) = 1, odnosno ˆx(y) = y. Verovatno a gre²ke odlu ivanja jeste P E = P [ˆx(Y ) X] = = P [Y X] = = P [X = 0]P [Y = 1 X = 0] + P [X = 1]P [Y = 0 X = 1] = = 1 2 (1 (1 u v)n ) i ako je u + v > 0, P E 1/2 kada n, jer svaki novi kanal u vezi smanjuje pouzdanost prenosa.

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