Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Boiling in Micro-Channels

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1 L.P. Yarin A. Mosyak G. Hetsroni Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Boiling in Micro-Channels 4Q Springer

2 1 Introduction General Overview Scope and Contents of Part Scope and Contents of Part II 2 Part I Flow and Heat Transfer 2 Cooling Systems of Electronic Devices High-Heat Flux Management Schemes Pressure and Temperature Measurements Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer in a Single-Phase Flow Steam-Fluid Flow Surfactant Solutions Design and Fabrication of Micro-Channel Heat Sinks 73 Summary 88 References 92 Nomenclature 98 3 Velocity Field and Pressure Drop in Single-Phase Flows Introduction Characteristics of Experiments Comparison Between Experimental!and Theoretical Results Flow of Incompressible Fluid Smooth Micro-Channels Micro-Channels with Rough Walls Surfactant Solutions Gas Hows., Transition from Laminar to Turbulent How Effect of Measurement Accuracy Specific Features of Flow in Micro-Channels General Remarks 127

3 3.8.2 Thermal Effects Oscillatory Regimes Laminar Drag Reduction in Micro-Channels Using Ultrahydrophobic Surfaces 135 Summary 138 References 139 Nomenclature 143 Heat Transfer in Single-Phase Flows Introduction Experimental Investigations Heat Transfer in Circular Tubes Heat Transfer in Rectangular, Trapezoidal and Triangular Ducts Heat Transfer in Surfactant Solutions Flowing in a Micro-Channel Effect of Viscous Energy Dissipation Axial Conduction Axial Conduction in the Fluid Axial Conduction in the Wall Combined Axial Conduction in the Huid and in the Wall Micro-Channel Heat Sinks Three-Dimensional Heat Transfer in Micro-Channel Heat Sinks Entrance Effects Characteristic Parameters Effect of Wall Roughness Interfacial Effects Effect of Measurement Accuracy Compressibility Effects Electro-Osmotic Heat Transfer in a Micro-Channel Closing Remarks 185 Summary 187 References 188 Nomenclature 192 I Gas-Liquid Flow Two-Phase How Characteristics / How Patterns in a Single Conventional Size Channel Circular Channels Triangular and Rectangular Channels How Patterns in a Single Micro-Channel Experimental Observations Effect of Surface Wettability and Dryout Probability of Appearance of Different How Patterns 209

4 5.4 Flow Patterns in Parallel Channels Flow Regime Maps Circular Channels Triangular and Rectangular Channels How Regime Maps in Micro-Channels Void Fraction Void Fraction Definition and Correlations Experiments in Conventional Size Channels Experiments in Micro-Channels Pressure Drop Frictional Pressure Drop Correlations Experiments in Conventional Size Channels Experiments in Micro-Channels Heat Transfer Effect of Superficial Liquid Velocity Effect of Superficial Gas Velocity Heat Transfer in Micro-Channels and Dryout Comparison of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Characteristics Between Conventional Size Channels and Micro-Channels 250 Summary 251 References 252 Nomenclature 255 Boiling in Micro-Channels Onset of Nucleate Boiling in Conventional Size Channels Models for Prediction of Incipient Boiling Heat Flux and Wall Superheat Comparison Between Models and Experiments Effect of Inlet Velocity on Wall Superheat Effect of Inlet Parameters on Incipient Boiling Heat Flux Incipience of Boiling in Surfactant Solutions Onset of Nucleate Boiling in Parallel Micro-Channels Physical Model of the Explosive Boiling Effect of Dissolved Gases on ONB During Flow Boiling of Water and Surfactant Solutions in Micro-Channels Effect of Roughness Dynamics of Vapor Bubble The State of the Art of the Problem Dimensional Analysis..* Experimental Data Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer Pressure Drop in Two-Phase How Boiling Heat Transfer in Two-Pnase Flow Boiling Critical Heat Hux of Flow Boiling 305

5 xii Contents 6.5 Explosive Boiling of Water in Parallel Micro-Channels Quasi-Periodic Boiling in a Certain Single Micro-Channel of a Heat Sink The Initial Thickness of the Liquid Film System that Contains a Number of Parallel Micro-Channels Average Heat Transfer Coefficient 315 Summary 317 References 319 Nomenclature Design Considerations Single-Phase How Gas-Liquid How Boiling in Micro-Channels Boiling Incipience Flow Boiling: Pressure Drop Characteristics x Flow Boiling: Heat Transfer Natural Convection Boiling Explosive Boiling Selected Properties of Liquids Used for Cooling Micro-Devices References 343 Nomenclature 344 Part II Special Topics 8 Capillary Flow with a Distinct Interface Preliminary Remarks The Physical Model Governing Equations Conditions at the Interface Surface Equation Transformation Equation for Pressure and Temperature at Interface Surface Transformation of the Mass, Momentum and Energy Equations Equations for the Average Parameters Quasi-One-Dimensional Approach Parameters Distribution in Characteristic Zones Parametrical Study ; Thermohydrodynamic Characteristics of Flow The Effect of Regulated Parameters 366 Summary : 374 References f-\ 376 Nomenclature! 377

6 xiii 9 Steady and Unsteady Flow in a Heated Capillary Introduction The Physical Model Parameters Distribution Along the Micro-Channel Stationary Flow Regimes Experimental Facility and Experimental Results 393 Summary 398 References 398 Nomenclature Laminar Flow in a Heated Capillary with a Distinct Interface Introduction Model of the Cooling System Formulation of the Problem Conditions on the Interfacial Surface The How Outside of the Interfacial Surface Non-Dimensional Variables Parametrical Equation Parametrical Analysis Results and Discussion Efficiency of the Cooling System Equation Transformation The Dependence of the Saturation Pressure and Temperature Integral Relations Analysis of the Equations Two-Dimensional Approach 428 Summary 430 References 433 Nomenclature Onset of Flow Instability in a Heated Capillary Introduction Capillary Flow Pattern Equation Transformation Perturbed Equations Perturbed Energy Equation'for Small Peclet Number Perturbed Energy Equation for Moderate Peclet Number How with Small Peclet Numbers The Velocity^Pressure and Temperature Oscillations Dispersion Equation Solution of the Dispersiofi Equation Analysis of the Solution^ Effect of Capillary Pressure and Heat Flux Oscillations Capillary Pressure Oscillations 454

7 xiv Contents Heat Hux Oscillations Moderate Peclet Number 459 Summary 462 References 462 Nomenclature 464 Author Index 467 Subject Index 477

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