Algebra II Polynomials: Operations and Functions

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1 Slide 1 / 276

2 Slide 2 / 276 Algebra II Polynomials: Operations and Functions

3 Slide 3 / 276 Table of Contents click on the topic to go to that section Properties of Exponents Review Operations with Polynomials Review Special Binomial Products Binomial Theorem Factoring Polynomials Review Dividing Polynomials Polynomial Functions Analyzing Graphs and Tables of Polynomial Functions Zeros and Roots of a Polynomial Function Writing Polynomials from its Given Zeros

4 Slide 3 (Answer) / 276 Table of Contents click on the topic to go to that section Properties of Exponents Review IMPORTANT TIP: Throughout this Operations with Polynomials unit, it is extremely Reviewimportant that you, as a teacher, emphasize correct Special Binomial vocabulary Products and make sure students truly know the difference between Binomial Theorem monomials and polynomials. Having Factoring Polynomials a solid understanding Review of rules that accompany each will give them a Dividing Polynomials strong foundation for future math Polynomial Functions classes. Teacher Notes [This object is a pull tab] Analyzing Graphs and Tables of Polynomial Functions Zeros and Roots of a Polynomial Function Writing Polynomials from its Given Zeros

5 Slide 4 / 276 Properties of Exponents Review Return to Table of Contents This section is intended to be a brief review of this topic. For more detailed lessons and practice see Algebra 1.

6 Slide 5 / 276 Goals and Objectives Students will be able to simplify complex expressions containing exponents.

7 Slide 6 / 276 Why do we need this? Exponents allow us to condense bigger expressions into smaller ones. Combining all properties of powers together, we can easily take a complicated expression and make it simpler.

8 Slide 7 / 276 Properties of Exponents Product of Powers Power of Powers Power of a product Negative exponent Power of 0 Quotient of Powers

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10 Slide 9 / Simplify:. 5m 2 q 3 10m 4 q 5 A 50m 6 q 8 B 15m 6 q 8 C 50m 8 q 15 D Solution not shown

11 Slide 9 (Answer) / Simplify:. 5m 2 q 3 10m 4 q 5 A 50m 6 q 8 B 15m 6 q 8 C 50m 8 q 15 D Solution not shown Answer A [This object is a pull tab]

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14 Slide 11 / Divide: A C B D Solution not shown

15 Slide 11 (Answer) / Divide: A C B Answer C D Solution not shown [This object is a pull tab]

16 Slide 12 / Simplify: A C B D Solution not shown

17 Slide 12 (Answer) / Simplify: A B Answer C D D Solution not shown [This object is a pull tab]

18 Slide 13 / 276 Sometimes it is more appropriate to leave answers with positive exponents, and other times, it is better to leave answers without fractions. You need to be able to translate expressions into either form. Write with positive exponents: Write without a fraction:

19 Slide 13 (Answer) / 276 Sometimes it is more appropriate to leave answers with positive exponents, and other times, it is better to leave answers without fractions. You need to be able to translate expressions into either form. Write with positive exponents: Write without a fraction: Answer [This object is a pull tab]

20 Slide 14 / Simplify. The answer may be in either form. A C B D Solution not shown

21 Slide 14 (Answer) / Simplify. The answer may be in either form. A Answer C C B D Solution not shown [This object is a pull tab]

22 Slide 15 / Simplify and write with positive exponents: A C B D Solution not shown

23 Slide 15 (Answer) / Simplify and write with positive exponents: A C D B Answer D Solution not shown [This object is a pull tab]

24 Slide 16 / 276 When fractions are to a negative power, a short-cut is to invert the fraction and make the exponent positive. Try...

25 Slide 16 (Answer) / 276 When fractions are to a negative power, a short-cut is to invert the fraction and make the exponent positive. Try... Answer [This object is a pull tab]

26 Slide 17 / 276 Two more examples. Leave your answers with positive exponents.

27 Slide 17 (Answer) / 276 Two more examples. Leave your answers with positive exponents. = Answer = [This object is a pull tab]

28 Slide 18 / Simplify and write with positive exponents: A C B D Solution not shown

29 Slide 18 (Answer) / Simplify and write with positive exponents: A B Answer C B D Solution not shown [This object is a pull tab]

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32 Slide 20 / 276 Operations with Polynomials Review Return to Table of Contents This section is intended to be a brief review of this topic. For more detailed lessons and practice see Algebra 1.

33 Slide 21 / 276 Goals and Objectives Students will be able to combine polynomial functions using operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

34 Slide 22 / 276 Vocabulary Review A monomial is an expression that is a number, a variable, or the product of a number and one or more variables with whole number exponents. A polynomial is the sum of one or more monomials, each of which is a term of the polynomial. Put a circle around each term:

35 Slide 23 / 276 Polynomials can be classified by the number of terms. The table below summarizes these classifications.

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37 Slide 25 / 276 Identify the degree of each polynomial:

38 Slide 25 (Answer) / 276 Identify the degree of each polynomial: 3+2=5th degree 5+1=6th degree Answer Not a polynomial 4th degree [This object is a pull tab]

39 Slide 26 / 276 Polynomials can also be classified by degree. The table below summarizes these classifications.

40 Slide 27 / 276 Polynomial Function A polynomial function is a function in the form where n is a nonnegative integer and the coefficients are real numbers. The coefficient of the first term, a n, is the leading coefficient. A polynomial function is in standard form when the terms are in order of degree from highest to lowest.

41 Drag each relation to the correct box: Polynomial Functions Slide 28 / 276 Not Polynomial Functions f(x) = For extra practice, make up a few of your own!

42 Slide 29 / 276 To add or subtract polynomials, simply distribute the + or - sign to each term in parentheses, and then combine the like terms from each polynomial. Examples: (2a 2 +3a - 9) + (a 2-6a +3) (2a 2 +3a - 9) - (a 2-6a +3) Watch your signs...forgetting to distribute the minus sign is one of the most common mistakes students make!!

43 Slide 30 / 276 Closure: A set is closed under an operation if when any two elements are combined with that operation, the result is also an element of the set. Is the set of all polynomials closed under - addition? - subtraction? Explain or justify your answer.

44 Slide 30 (Answer) / 276 Closure: A set is closed under an operation if when any two elements are combined with that operation, the result is also an element of the set. Yes to both. When you add or subtract polynomials, the answer will always be Is the set of all polynomials a closed polynomial. under Discuss with - addition? examples, and try to find a counterexample. - subtraction? Answer Explain or justify your answer. [This object is a pull tab]

45 Slide 31 / Simplify A B C D

46 Slide 31 (Answer) / Simplify A B C D Answer A [This object is a pull tab]

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51 Slide 34 / What is the perimeter of the following figure? (answers are in units, assume all angles are right) A 2x - 3 B C D x 2 +5x - 2 8x 2-3x x + 1

52 Slide 34 (Answer) / What is the perimeter of the following figure? (answers are in units, assume all angles are right) A B C D Answer x 2 +5x - 2 D 2x - 3 [This object is a pull tab] 8x 2-3x x + 1

53 Slide 35 / 276 Multiplying Polynomials To multiply a polynomial by a monomial, you use the distributive property of multiplication over addition together with the laws of exponents. Example: Simplify. -2x(5x 2-6x + 8) (-2x)(5x 2 ) + (-2x)(-6x) + (-2x)(8) -10x x x -10x x 2-16x

54 Slide 36 / What is the area of the rectangle shown? A B C D

55 Slide 36 (Answer) / What is the area of the rectangle shown? A B C D Answer A [This object is a pull tab]

56 Slide 37 / A B C D

57 Slide 37 (Answer) / A B C D Answer A [This object is a pull tab]

58 Slide 38 / Find the area of a triangle (A= 1 / 2 bh) with a base of 5y and a height of 2y + 2. All answers are in square units. A B C D

59 Slide 38 (Answer) / Find the area of a triangle (A= 1 / 2 bh) with a base of 5y and a height of 2y + 2. All answers are in square units. A B C D Answer D [This object is a pull tab]

60 Slide 39 / 276 Compare multiplication of polynomials with multiplication of integers. How are they alike and how are they different? Is the set of polynomials closed under multiplication?

61 Slide 39 (Answer) / 276 Compare multiplication of polynomials with multiplication of integers. How are they alike and how are they different? Notice how the distributive property is used in both examples. Each term in the factor (2x + 2) must be multiplied by each term in the factor (2x 2 + 4x + 3), just like the value of each digit of 22 must be multiplied by each digit of 243. Teacher Notes [This object is a teacher notes pull tab] Is the set of polynomials closed under multiplication?

62 Slide 40 / 276 Discuss how we could check this result. =

63 Slide 40 (Answer) / 276 Discuss how we could check this result. Teacher Notes = Encourage students to substitute a value for x in each expression, obtaining the same result. [This object is a pull tab]

64 Slide 41 / 276 To multiply a polynomial by a polynomial, distribute each term of the first polynomial to each term of the second. Then, add like terms. Before combining like terms, how many terms will there be in each product below? 3 terms x 5 terms 5 terms x 8 terms 100 terms x 99 terms

65 Slide 41 (Answer) / 276 To multiply a polynomial by a polynomial, distribute each term of the first polynomial to each term of the second. Then, add like terms. Before combining like terms, how many terms will there be in each product below? Answer 3 terms x 5 terms 5 terms x 8 terms 100 terms x 99 terms 15, 40, 9900 [This object is a pull tab]

66 Slide 42 / What is the total area of the rectangles shown? A B C D

67 Slide 42 (Answer) / What is the total area of the rectangles shown? A B C D Answer D [This object is a pull tab]

68 Slide 43 / A B C D

69 Slide 43 (Answer) / A B C D Answer B [This object is a pull tab]

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74 Slide 46 / 276 Example Part A: A town council plans to build a public parking lot. The outline below represents the proposed shape of the parking lot. Write an expression for the area, in square yards, of this proposed parking lot. Explain the reasoning you used to find the expression. From High School CCSS Flip Book

75 Slide 46 (Answer) / 276 Example Part A: *Let students work on Parts A,B and C in A town council their plans groups to and build share a public their work parking with the lot. The outline below represents class. This the proposed problem should shape take of more the time parking lot. Write an expression than typical for slides. the area, Give students in square the time yards, of this they need to complete the problems. proposed parking lot. Explain the reasoning you used to find the expression. Answer Sample Response: Part A Missing vertical dimension is 2x # 5 # (x # 5) = x. Area = x(x # 5) + x(2x + 15) = x 2 # 5x + 2x x = 3x x square yards [This object is a pull tab] From High School CCSS Flip Book

76 Slide 47 / 276 Example Part B: The town council has plans to double the area of the parking lot in a few years. They create two plans to do this. The first plan increases the length of the base of the parking lot by p yards, as shown in the diagram below. Write an expression in terms of x to represent the value of p, in feet. Explain the reasoning you used to find the value of p.

77 Slide 47 (Answer) / 276 Example Part B: The town council has plans to double the area of the parking lot in a few years. Part They B create two plans to do this. The first plan increases the length of the base of the parking lot by p yards, as shown in the Doubled area = 6x diagram below. Write an x square yards. expression in terms of x to represent the Area of top left corner = value of p, in feet. Explain the 2 x# 5x square yards. reasoning you used to find the value of p. Area of lower portion with doubled area = 26x + 20x # Answer (x 2 # 5x) = 5x x square yards Since the width remains x yards, the longest length must be (5x x) x = 5x + 25 yards long. So, y = 5x + 25 # (2x + 15) = 5x + 25 # 2x # 15 = 3x + 10 yards. [This object is a pull tab]

78 Slide 48 / 276 Example Part C: The town council s second plan to double the area changes the shape of the parking lot to a rectangle, as shown in the diagram below. Can the value of z be represented as a polynomial with integer coefficients? Justify your reasoning.

79 Slide 48 (Answer) / 276 Example Part C: The town council s second plan to double the area changes the shape of the parking Part C lot to a rectangle, as shown in the diagram below. Can the value of z be represented as a polynomial with integer be a factor of the doubled area. Likewise, x # 2 coefficients? Justify your reasoning. Answer If z is a polynomial with integer coefficients, the length of the rectangle, x z, would 5 would be a factor of the doubled area. But 2x # 5 is not a factor of x x. So 2x z is not a factor either. Therefore, z cannot be represented as a polynomial with integer coefficients. [This object is a pull tab]

80 Slide 49 / Find the value of the constant a such that A 2 B 4 C 6 D -6

81 Slide 49 (Answer) / Find the value of the constant a such that A 2 B 4 C 6 D -6 Answer A [This object is a pull tab]

82 Slide 50 / 276 Special Binomial Products Return to Table of Contents

83 Slide 51 / 276 Square of a Sum (a + b) 2 = (a + b)(a + b) = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 The square of a + b is the square of a plus twice the product of a and b plus the square of b. Example:

84 Slide 52 / 276 Square of a Difference (a - b) 2 = (a - b)(a - b) = a 2-2ab + b 2 The square of a - b is the square of a minus twice the product of a and b plus the square of b. Example:

85 Slide 53 / 276 Product of a Sum and a Difference (a + b)(a - b) = a 2 + -ab + ab + -b 2 = Notice the sum of -ab and ab a 2 - b 2 equals 0. The product of a + b and a - b is the square of a minus the square of b. Example:

86 Slide 54 / = Practice the square of a sum by putting any monomials in for and.

87 Slide 55 / = Practice the square of a difference by putting any monomials in for and. How does this problem differ from the last? Study and memorize the patterns!! You will see them over and over again in many different ways.

88 Slide 56 / = This very important product is called the difference of squares. Practice the product of a sum and a difference by putting any monomials in for and. How does this problem differ from the last two?

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90 Slide 57 (Answer) / A B C D Answer B [This object is a pull tab]

91 Slide 58 / Simplify: A B C D

92 Slide 58 (Answer) / Simplify: A B C Answer D D [This object is a pull tab]

93 Slide 59 / Simplify: A B C D

94 Slide 59 (Answer) / Simplify: A B C Answer C D [This object is a pull tab]

95 Slide 60 / Multiply: A B C D

96 Slide 60 (Answer) / Multiply: A B C Answer A D [This object is a pull tab]

97 Slide 61 / 276 Challenge: See if you can work backwards to simplify the given problem without a calculator.

98 Slide 61 (Answer) / 276 Challenge: See if you can work backwards to simplify the given problem without a calculator. Rewrite as Answer [This object is a pull tab]

99 A-APR Trina's Triangles Problem is from: Slide 62 / 276 Click for link for commentary and solution. Alice and her friend Trina were having a conversation. Trina said "Pick any 2 integers. Find the sum of their squares, the difference of their squares and twice the product of the integers. These 3 numbers are the sides of a right triangle." Trina had tried this with several examples and it worked every time, but she wasn't sure this "trick" would always work. a. Investigate Trina's conjecture for several pairs of integers. Does it work? b. If it works, then give a precise statement of the conjecture, using variables to represent the chosen integers, and prove it. If not true, modify it so that it is true, and prove the new statement. c. Use Trina's trick to find an example of a right triangle in which all of the sides have integer length. all 3 sides are longer than 100 units, and the 3 side lengths do not have any common factors.

100 Slide 63 / 276 Binomial Theorem Return to Table of Contents

101 Slide 64 / 276 The Binomial Theorem is a formula used to generate the expansion of a binomial raised to any power. Binomial Theorem Because the formula itself is very complex, we will see in the following slides some procedures we can use to simplify raising a binomial to any power.

102 Slide 65 / 276 What happens when you multiply a binomial by itself n times? Evaluate: n = 0 n = 1 n = 2 n = 3

103 Slide 65 (Answer) / 276 What happens when you multiply a binomial by itself n times? Evaluate: n = 0 n = 1 n = 2 Answer n = 3 [This object is a pull tab]

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105 Slide 67 / 276 Let's try another one: Expand (x + y) 4 What will be the exponents in each term of (x + y) 5?

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107 Slide 68 / The exponent of x is 5 on the third term of the expansion of. True False

108 Slide 68 (Answer) / The exponent of x is 5 on the third term of the expansion of. True False Answer True [This object is a pull tab]

109 Slide 69 / The exponents of y are decreasing in the expansion of True False

110 Slide 69 (Answer) / The exponents of y are decreasing in the expansion of True False Answer False [This object is a pull tab]

111 Slide 70 / What is the exponent of a in the fourth term of?

112 Slide 70 (Answer) / What is the exponent of a in the fourth term of? Answer 7 [This object is a pull tab]

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114 Slide 72 / 276 Pascal's Triangle Row 0 Row 4 To get the next row, we start and end with 1, then add the two numbers above the next terms. Fill in the next 2 rows... One way to find the coefficients when expanding a polynomial raised to the n th power is to use the n th row of Pascal's Triangle.

115 Slide 73 / All rows of Pascal's Triangle start and end with 1 True False

116 Slide 73 (Answer) / All rows of Pascal's Triangle start and end with 1 True False Answer True [This object is a pull tab]

117 Slide 74 / What number is in the 5th spot of the 6th row of Pascal's Triangle?

118 Slide 74 (Answer) / What number is in the 5th spot of the 6th row of Pascal's Triangle? Answer 15 [This object is a pull tab]

119 Slide 75 / What number is in the 2nd spot of the 4th row of Pascal's Triangle?

120 Slide 75 (Answer) / What number is in the 2nd spot of the 4th row of Pascal's Triangle? Answer 4 [This object is a pull tab]

121 Slide 76 / 276 Now that we know how to find the exponents and the coefficients when expanding binomials, lets put it together. Expand Teacher Notes

122 Slide 77 / 276 Another Example Expand: (In this example, 2a is in place of x, and 3b is in place of y.)

123 Slide 77 (Answer) / 276 Another Example Expand: (In this example, 2a is in place of x, and 3b is in place of y.) Since the exponent is 5, we are going to use the fifth row of Pascal's triangle as the coefficients. Combining this with the increasing and decreasing exponents, we get: [This object is a pull tab]

124 Slide 78 / 276 Now you try! Expand:

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126 Slide 79 / What is the coefficient on the third term of the expansion of

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130 Slide 81 / The binomial theorem can be used to expand True False

131 Slide 81 (Answer) / The binomial theorem can be used to expand True False Answer False [This object is a pull tab]

132 Slide 82 / 276 Factoring Polynomials Review Return to Table of Contents

133 Slide 83 / 276 Factoring Polynomials Review The process of factoring involves breaking a product down into its factors. Here is a summary of factoring strategies:

134 Slide 84 / 276 Berry Method to factor Step 1: Calculate ac. Step 2: Find a pair of numbers m and n, whose product is ac, and whose sum is b. Step 3: Create the product. Step 4: From each binomial in step 3, factor out and discard any common factor. The result is your factored form. Example:

135 Slide 85 / 276 Example: Step 1: ac = -15 and b = -2 Step 2: find m and n whose product is -15 and sum is -2; so m = -5 and n = 3 Step 3: (ax + m)(ax + n) = (3x - 5)(3x + 3) Step 4: (3x + 3) = 3(x + 1) so discard the 3 Therefore, 3x 2-2x - 5 = (3x - 5)(x + 1)

136 Slide 86 / 276 More factoring review... (In this unit, sum or difference of cubes is not emphasized.)

137 Slide 87 / Factor out the GCF: 15m 3 n - 25m 2-15mn 3 A 15m(mn - 10m - n 3 ) B 5m(3m 2 n - 5m - 3n 3 ) C 5mn(3m 2-5m - 3n 2 ) D 5mn(3m 2-5m - 3n) E 15mn(mn - 10m - n 3 )

138 Slide 87 (Answer) / Factor out the GCF: 15m 3 n - 25m 2-15mn 3 A 15m(mn - 10m - n 3 ) B 5m(3m 2 n - 5m - 3n 3 ) C 5mn(3m 2-5m - 3n 2 ) D 5mn(3m 2-5m - 3n) E 15mn(mn - 10m - n 3 ) Answer B [This object is a pull tab]

139 Slide 88 / Factor: x x + 25 A (x - 5)(x - 5) B (x - 5)(x + 5) C (x + 15)(x + 10) D (x - 15)(x - 10) E Solution not shown

140 Slide 88 (Answer) / Factor: x x + 25 A (x - 5)(x - 5) B (x - 5)(x + 5) C (x + 15)(x + 10) D (x - 15)(x - 10) E Solution not shown Answer E [This object is a pull tab]

141 Slide 89 / Factor: mn + 3m - 4n 2-12n A (n - 3)(m + 4n) B (n - 3)(m - 4n) C (n + 4)(m - n) D Not factorable E Solution not shown

142 Slide 89 (Answer) / Factor: mn + 3m - 4n 2-12n A (n - 3)(m + 4n) B (n - 3)(m - 4n) C (n + 4)(m - n) D Not factorable E Solution not shown Answer E mn + 3m - 4n 2-12n = m(n + 3) - 4n(n + 3) = (n + 3)(m - 4n) [This object is a pull tab]

143 Slide 90 / Factor: 121m n 2 A (11m - 10n)(11m + 10m) B (121m - n)(m + 100n) C (11m - n)(11m + 100n) D Not factorable E Solution not shown

144 Slide 90 (Answer) / Factor: A (11m - 10n)(11m + 10m) B (121m - n)(m + 100n) C (11m - n)(11m + 100n) D Not factorable E Solution not shown 121m n 2 Answer D Not factorable because it is a sum of squares with no GCF [This object is a pull tab]

145 Slide 91 / Factor: 121m 2-100n 2 A (11m - 10n)(11m + 10n) B (121m - n)(m + 100n) C (11m - n)(11m + 100n) D Not factorable E Solution not shown

146 Slide 91 (Answer) / Factor: 121m 2-100n 2 A (11m - 10n)(11m + 10n) B (121m - n)(m + 100n) C (11m - n)(11m + 100n) D Not factorable Answer E Solution not shown A [This object is a pull tab]

147 Slide 92 / Factor: 10x 2-11x + 3 A (2x - 1)(5x - 3) B (2x + 1)(5x + 3) C (10x - 1)(x + 3) D (10x - 1)(x - 3) E Solution not shown

148 Slide 92 (Answer) / Factor: 10x 2-11x + 3 A (2x - 1)(5x - 3) Answer B (2x + 1)(5x + 3) C (10x - 1)(x + 3) D (10x - 1)(x - 3) E Solution not shown A ac = 30, b = -11 so m = -5, n = -6 (10x - 5)(10x - 6) =(2x - 1)(5x - 3) [This object is a pull tab]

149 Slide 93 / Which expression is equivalent to 6x 3-5x 2 y - 24xy y 3? A x 2 (6x - 5y) + 4y 2 (6x + 5y) B x 2 (6x - 5y) + 4y 2 (6x - 5y) C x 2 (6x - 5y) - 4y 2 (6x + 5y) D x 2 (6x - 5y) - 4y 2 (6x - 5y) From PARCC sample test

150 Slide 93 (Answer) / Which expression is equivalent to 6x 3-5x 2 y - 24xy y 3? Answer D A x 2 (6x - 5y) + 4y 2 (6x + 5y) B x 2 (6x - 5y) + 4y 2 (6x - 5y) [This object is a pull tab] C x 2 (6x - 5y) - 4y 2 (6x + 5y) D x 2 (6x - 5y) - 4y 2 (6x - 5y) From PARCC sample test

151 Slide 94 / Which expressions are factors of 6x 3-5x 2 y - 24xy y 3? Select all that apply. A x 2 + y 2 B 6x - 5y C 6x + 5y D x - 2y E x + 2y From PARCC sample test

152 Slide 94 (Answer) / Which expressions are factors of 6x 3-5x 2 y - 24xy y 3? Select all that apply. Answer A x 2 + y 2 B, D, E B 6x - 5y [This object is a pull tab] C 6x + 5y D x - 2y E x + 2y From PARCC sample test

153 Slide 95 / The expression x 2 (x - y) 3 - y 2 (x - y) 3 can be written in the form (x - y) a (x +y), where a is a constant. What is the value of a? From PARCC sample test

154 Slide 95 (Answer) / The expression x 2 (x - y) 3 - y 2 (x - y) 3 can be written in the form (x - y) a (x +y), where a is a constant. What is the value of a? Answer 4 [This object is a pull tab] From PARCC sample test

155 Slide 96 / 276 Write the expression x - xy 2 as the product of the greatest common factor and a binomial: Determine the complete factorization of x - xy 2 : From PARCC sample test

156 Slide 96 (Answer) / 276 Write the expression x - xy 2 as the product of the greatest common factor and a binomial: x(1 - y 2 ) Answer x(1 - y)(1 + y) Determine the complete factorization of x - xy 2 : [This object is a pull tab] From PARCC sample test

157 Slide 97 / 276 Dividing Polynomials Return to Table of Contents

158 Slide 98 / 276 Division of Polynomials Here are 3 different ways to write the same quotient:

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160 Examples Slide 100 / 276 Click to Reveal Answer

161 Slide 101 / Simplify A B C D

162 Slide 101 (Answer) / Simplify A B Answer D C [This object is a pull tab] D

163 Slide 102 / Simplify A B C D

164 Slide 102 (Answer) / Simplify A B Answer A C [This object is a pull tab] D

165 Slide 103 / The set of polynomials is closed under division. True False

166 Slide 103 (Answer) / The set of polynomials is closed under division. True False Answer False [This object is a pull tab]

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184 Slide 116 / Simplify. A B C D

185 Slide 116 (Answer) / Simplify. A B C Answer B D [This object is a pull tab]

186 Slide 117 / Simplify. A B C D

187 Slide 117 (Answer) / Simplify. A B C D Answer B [This object is a pull tab]

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196 Slide 122 / If f (1) = 0 for the function,, what is the value of a?

197 Slide 122 (Answer) / If f (1) = 0 for the function,, what is the value of a? Answer substitute 1 for x and solve for a. a = 0. [This object is a pull tab]

198 Slide 123 / If f (3) = 27 for the function,, what is the value of a?

199 Slide 123 (Answer) / If f (3) = 27 for the function,, what is the value of a? Answer a = 1 [This object is a pull tab]

200 Slide 124 / 276 Polynomial Functions Return to Table of Contents

201 Slide 125 / 276 Goals and Objectives Students will be able to sketch the graphs of polynomial functions, find the zeros, and become familiar with the shapes and characteristics of their graphs.

202 Slide 126 / 276 Why We Need This Polynomial functions are used to model a wide variety of real world phenomena. Finding the roots or zeros of a polynomial is one of algebra's most important problems, setting the stage for future math and science study.

203 Slide 127 / 276 Graphs of Polynomial Functions Features: Continuous curve (or straight line) Turns are rounded, not sharp Which are polynomials?

204 Slide 128 / 276 The Shape of a Polynomial Function The degree of a polynomial function and the coefficient of the first term affect: the shape of the graph, the number of turning points (points where the graph changes direction), the end behavior, or direction of the graph as x approaches positive and negative infinity. If you have Geogebra on your computer, click below to go to an interactive webpage where you can explore graphs of polynomials.

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206 Slide 130 / 276 Optional Spreadsheet Activity See the spreadsheet activity on the unit page for this unit entitled "Exploration of the values of the terms of a polynomial". Explore the impact of each term by changing values of the coefficients in row 1.

207 Slide 131 / 276 Take a look at the graphs below. These are some of the simplest polynomial functions, y = x n. Notice that when n is even, the graphs are similar. What do you notice about these graphs? What would you predict the graph of y = x 10 to look like? For discussion: despite appearances, how many points sit on the x-axis?

208 Slide 131 (Answer) / 276 Take a look at the graphs below. These are some of the simplest polynomial functions, y = x n. Notice that when n is even, the graphs are similar. What do you notice about these graphs? What would you predict the graph of y = x 10 to look like? Answer [This object is a pull tab] For discussion: despite appearances, how many points sit on the x-axis?

209 Slide 132 / 276 Notice the shape of the graph y = x n when n is odd. What do you notice as n increases? What do you predict the graph of y = x 21 would look like?

210 Slide 132 (Answer) / 276 Notice the shape of the graph y = x n when n is odd. What do you notice as n increases? What do you predict the graph of y = x 21 would look like? Answer [This object is a pull tab]

211 Slide 133 / 276 End behavior means what happens to the graph as x and as x -. What do you observe about end behavior? Polynomials of Even Degree Polynomials of Odd Degree

212 Slide 133 (Answer) / 276 End behavior means what happens to the graph as x and as x -. What do you observe about end behavior? Polynomials of Even Degree Answer Polynomials of Odd Degree Even degree - both ends are going in the same direction (both up or both down). Odd degree - one end is up and the other down. [This object is a pull tab]

213 Slide 134 / 276 These are polynomials of even degree. Observations about end behavior? Positive Lead Coefficient Negative Lead Coefficient

214 Slide 135 / 276 These are polynomials of odd degree. Positive Lead Coefficient Negative Lead Coefficient Observations about end behavior?

215 Slide 136 / 276 End Behavior of a Polynomial Lead coefficient is positive Lead coefficient is negative Left End Right EndLeft End Right End Polynomial of even degree Polynomial of odd degree

216 Slide 137 / 276 End Behavior of a Polynomial Degree: even Degree: even Lead Coefficient: positive Lead Coefficient: negative As x, f(x) As x -, f(x) In other words, the function rises to the left and to the right. As x, f(x) - As x -, f(x) - In other words, the function falls to the left and to the right.

217 Slide 138 / 276 End Behavior of a Polynomial Degree: odd Degree: odd Lead Coefficient: positive Lead Coefficient: negative As As In other words, the function falls to the left and rises to the right. As As In other words, the function rises to the left and falls to the right.

218 Slide 139 / Determine if the graph represents a polynomial of odd or even degree, and if the lead coefficient is positive or negative. A B C D odd and positive odd and negative even and positive even and negative

219 Slide 139 (Answer) / Determine if the graph represents a polynomial of odd or even degree, and if the lead coefficient is positive or negative. A B C odd and positive odd and negative even and positive Answer D even and negative [This object is a pull tab] D even and negative

220 Slide 140 / Determine if the graph represents a polynomial of odd or even degree, and if the lead coefficient is positive or negative. A B C D odd and positive odd and negative even and positive even and negative

221 Slide 140 (Answer) / Determine if the graph represents a polynomial of odd or even degree, and if the lead coefficient is positive or negative. A B odd and positive odd and negative Answer A odd and positive C even and positive D even and negative [This object is a pull tab]

222 Slide 141 / Determine if the graph represents a polynomial of odd or even degree, and if the lead coefficient is positive or negative. A B C D odd and positive odd and negative even and positive even and negative

223 Slide 141 (Answer) / Determine if the graph represents a polynomial of odd or even degree, and if the lead coefficient is positive or negative. A B odd and positive Answer odd and negative C even and positive C D even and positive even and negative [This object is a pull tab]

224 Slide 142 / Determine if the graph represents a polynomial of odd or even degree, and if the lead coefficient is positive or negative. A B C D odd and positive odd and negative even and positive even and negative

225 Slide 142 (Answer) / Determine if the graph represents a polynomial of odd or even degree, and if the lead coefficient is positive or negative. A B odd and positive Answer odd and negative B odd and negative C even and positive D even and negative [This object is a pull tab]

226 Slide 143 / 276 Odd functions not only have the highest exponent that is odd, but all of the exponents are odd. An even function has only even exponents. Note: a constant has an even degree ( 7 = 7x 0 ) Examples: Odd and Even Functions Odd function Even function Neither f(x)=3x 5-4x 3 + 2x h(x)=6x 4-2x g(x)= 3x 2 + 4x - 4 y = 5x y = x 2 y = 6x - 2 g(x)=7x 7 + 2x 3 f(x)=3x 10-7x 2 r(x)= 3x 5 +4x 3-2

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232 Slide 147 / 276 An even function is symmetric about the y-axis. Definition of an Even Function

233 Slide 148 / Choose all that apply to describe the graph. A B C D E F Odd Degree Odd Function Even Degree Even Function Positive Lead Coefficient Negative Lead Coefficient

234 Slide 148 (Answer) / Choose all that apply to describe the graph. A B C D E F Odd Degree Odd Function Answer Even Degree Even Function Positive Lead Coefficient Negative Lead Coefficient A Odd- Degree B Odd- Function E Positive Lead Coefficient [This object is a pull tab]

235 Slide 149 / Choose all that apply to describe the graph. A B C D E F Odd Degree Odd Function Even Degree Even Function Positive Lead Coefficient Negative Lead Coefficient

236 Slide 149 (Answer) / Choose all that apply to describe the graph. A B C D E F Odd Degree C Even- Degree D Even- Function Odd Function E Positive Lead Coefficient Even Degree Even Function [This object is a pull tab] Positive Lead Coefficient Negative Lead Coefficient Answer

237 Slide 150 / Choose all that apply to describe the graph. A B C D E F Odd Degree Odd Function Even Degree Even Function Positive Lead Coefficient Negative Lead Coefficient

238 Slide 150 (Answer) / Choose all that apply to describe the graph. A B C D E F A Odd- Degree Odd Degree B Odd- Function Odd Function F Negative Lead Coefficient Answer Even Degree Even Function [This object is a pull tab] Positive Lead Coefficient Negative Lead Coefficient

239 Slide 151 / Choose all that apply to describe the graph. A B C D E F Odd Degree Odd Function Even Degree Even Function Positive Lead Coefficient Negative Lead Coefficient

240 Slide 151 (Answer) / Choose all that apply to describe the graph. A B C D E F Odd Degree A Odd- Degree Answer Odd Function E Positive Lead Coefficient Even Degree Even Function [This object is a pull tab] Positive Lead Coefficient Negative Lead Coefficient

241 Slide 152 / Choose all that apply to describe the graph. A B C D E F Odd Degree Odd Function Even Degree Even Function Positive Lead Coefficient Negative Lead Coefficient

242 Slide 152 (Answer) / Choose all that apply to describe the graph. A B C D E F C Even- Degree Odd Degree D Even - Function F Negative Lead Coefficient Odd Function Answer Even Degree Even Function [This object is a pull tab] Positive Lead Coefficient Negative Lead Coefficient

243 Slide 153 / 276 Zeros of a Polynomial "Zeros" are the points at which the polynomial intersects the x-axis. They are called "zeros" because at each point f (x) = 0. Another name for a zero is a root. A polynomial function of degreen has at MOST n real zeros. An odd degree polynomial must have at least one real zero. (WHY?) Zeros

244 Slide 154 / 276 Relative Maxima and Minima A polynomial function of degree n has at MOST n - 1 turning points, also called relative maxima and relative minima. These are points where the graph changes from increasing to decreasing, or from decreasing to increasing. Relative Maxima Relative Minima

245 Slide 155 / How many zeros does the polynomial appear to have?

246 Slide 155 (Answer) / How many zeros does the polynomial appear to have? Answer 5 zeros [This object is a pull tab]

247 Slide 156 / How many turning points does the polynomial appear to have?

248 Slide 156 (Answer) / How many turning points does the polynomial appear to have? Answer 4 turning points [This object is a pull tab]

249 Slide 157 / How many zeros does the polynomial appear to have?

250 Slide 157 (Answer) / How many zeros does the polynomial appear to have? Answer 4 zeros [This object is a pull tab]

251 Slide 158 / How many turning points does the graph appear to have? How many of those are relative minima?

252 Slide 158 (Answer) / How many turning points does the graph appear to have? How many of those are relative minima? 3 turning points Answer 2 relative min [This object is a pull tab]

253 Slide 159 / How many zeros does the polynomial appear to have?

254 Slide 159 (Answer) / How many zeros does the polynomial appear to have? Answer 3 zeros [This object is a pull tab]

255 Slide 160 / How many turning points does the polynomial appear to have? How many of those are relative maxima?

256 Slide 160 (Answer) / How many turning points does the polynomial appear to have? How many of those are relative maxima? Answer 2 turning points 1 relative max [This object is a pull tab]

257 Slide 161 / How many zeros does the polynomial appear to have?

258 Slide 161 (Answer) / How many zeros does the polynomial appear to have? Answer None [This object is a pull tab]

259 Slide 162 / How many relative maxima does the graph appear to have? How many relative minima?

260 Slide 162 (Answer) / How many relative maxima does the graph appear to have? How many relative minima? Answer 3 relative max 2 relative min [This object is a pull tab]

261 Slide 163 / 276 Analyzing Graphs and Tables of Polynomial Functions Return to Table of Contents

262 Slide 164 / 276 A polynomial function can be sketched by creating a table, plotting the points, and then connecting the points with a smooth curve. x y Look at the first term to determine the end behavior of the graph. In this case, the coefficient is negative and the degree is odd, so the function rises to the left and falls to the right.

263 Slide 165 / 276 How many zeros does this function appear to have? x y Answer

264 Slide 166 / 276 There is a zero at x = -1, a second between x = 1 and x = 2, and a third between x = 3 and x = 4. How can we recognize zeros given only a table? x y Answer

265 Slide 167 / 276 Intermediate Value Theorem Given a continuous function f(x), every value between f(a) and f(b) exists. Let a = 2 and b = 4, then f(a)= -2 and f(b)= 4. For every x-value between 2 and 4 there exists a y-value, so there must be an x-value for which y = 0.

266 Slide 168 / 276 The Intermediate Value Theorem justifies the statement that there is a zero between x = 1 and x = 2 and that there is another between x = 3 and x = 4. x y

267 Slide 169 / How many zeros of the continuous polynomial given can be found using the table? x y Answer

268 Slide 170 / If the table represents a continuous function, between which two values of x can you find the smallest x-value at which a zero occurs? x y A -3 B -2 C -1 D Answer E 1 F 2 G H 4

269 Slide 171 / How many zeros of the continuous polynomial given can be found using the table? x y Answer

270 Slide 172 / According to the table, what is the least value of x at which a zero occurs on this continuous function? A -3 B -2 C -1 D 0 E 1 F 2 G 3 H 4 x y Answer

271 Slide 173 / 276 Relative Maxima and Relative Minima There are 2 relative maximum points at x = -1 and at x = 1. The relative maximum value appears to be -1 (the y-coordinate). There is a relative minimum at (0, -2).

272 Slide 174 / 276 How do we recognize the relative maxima and minima from a table? In the table, as x goes from -3 to 1, f(x) is decreasing. As x goes from 1 to 3, f(x) is increasing. And as x goes from 3 to 4, f(x) is decreasing. The relative maxima and minima occur when the direction changes from decreasing to increasing, or from increasing to decreasing. The y-coordinate indicates this change in direction as its value rises or falls. x f(x)

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275 Slide 177 / At approximately what x-values does a relative minimum occur? A -3 B -2 C -1 D 0 E 1 F 2 G 3 H 4

276 Slide 177 (Answer) / At approximately what x-values does a relative minimum occur? A -3 B -2 C -1 D 0 E 1 F 2 G 3 H 4 Answer C -1 E 1 [This object is a pull tab]

277 Slide 178 / At about what x-values does a relative maximum occur? A -3 B -2 E 1 F 2 C -1 D 0 G 3 H 4

278 Slide 178 (Answer) / At about what x-values does a relative maximum occur? A -3 B -2 C -1 E 1 F 2 G 3 Answer B -2 F 2 D 0 H 4 [This object is a pull tab]

279 Slide 179 / At about what x-values does a relative minimum occur? x y A -3 E 1 B -2 C -1 F 2 G 3 D 0 H Answer

280 Slide 180 / At about what x-values does a relative maximum occur? x y A -3 E 1 B -2 C -1 F 2 G 3 D 0 H Answer

281 Slide 181 / At about what x-values does a relative minimum occur? x y A -3 E 1 B -2 F 2 C -1 G 3 D 0 H Answer

282 Slide 182 / At about what x-values does a relative maximum occur? x y A -3 E 1 B -2 C -1 F 2 G 3 D 0 H Answer

283 Slide 183 / 276 Zeros and Roots of a Polynomial Function Return to Table of Contents

284 Slide 184 / 276 Real Zeros of Polynomial Functions For a function f(x) and a real number a, if f (a) = 0, the following statements are equivalent: x = a is a zero of the function f(x). x = a is a solution of the equation f (x) = 0. (x - a) is a factor of the function f(x). (a, 0) is an x-intercept of the graph of f(x).

285 Slide 185 / 276 The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra If f (x) is a polynomial of degree n, where n > 0, then f (x) = 0 has n zeros including multiples and imaginary zeros. An imaginary zero occurs when the solution to f (x) = 0 contains complex numbers. Imaginary zeros are not seen on the graph.

286 Slide 186 / 276 Complex Numbers Complex numbers will be studied in detail in the Radicals Unit. But in order to fully understand polynomial functions, we need to know a little bit about complex numbers. Up until now, we have learned that there is no real number, x, such that x 2 = -1. However, there is such a number, known as the imaginary unit, i, which satisfies this equation and is defined as. The set of complex numbers is the set of numbers of the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers. When a = 0, bi is called a pure imaginary number.

287 Slide 187 / 276 The square root of any negative number is a complex number. For example, find a solution for x 2 = -9:

288 Slide 188 / 276 Drag each number to the correct place in the diagram. Complex Numbers Real Imaginary 9+6i 2/3 3i i

289 Slide 188 (Answer) / 276 Drag each number to the correct place in the diagram. Complex Numbers Real Teacher Notes Imaginary The intersection of real and imaginary should be the empty set. [This object is a teacher notes pull tab] 9+6i 2/3 3i i

290 Slide 189 / 276 The number of the zeros of a polynomial, both real and imaginary, is equal to the degree of the polynomial. This is the graph of a polynomial with degree 4. It has four unique zeros: -2.25, -.75,.75, 2.25 Since there are 4 real zeros, there are no imaginary zeros. (4 in total - 4 real = 0 imaginary)

291 Slide 190 / 276 This 5th degree polynomial has 5 zeros, but only 3 of them are real. Therefore, there must be two imaginary. (How do we know that this is a 5th degree polynomial?) Note: imaginary roots always come in pairs: if a + bi is a root, then a - bi is also a root. (These are called conjugates - more on that in later units.)

292 Slide 191 / 276 A vertex on the x-axis indicates a multiple zero, meaning the zeroccurs two or more times. 2 zeros each This is a 4th-degree polynomial. It has two unique real zeros: -2 and 2. These two zeros are said to have a multiplicity of two, which means they each occur twice. There are 4 real zeros and therefore no imaginary zeros for this function.

293 Slide 192 / 276 What do you think are the zeros and their multiplicity for this function?

294 Slide 192 (Answer) / 276 What do you think are the zeros and their multiplicity for this function? Answer Zeros are -2 with multiplicity of 2 and 2 with multiplicity of 4. [This object is a pull tab]

295 Slide 193 / 276 Notice the function for this graph. x - 1 is a factor two times, and x = 1 is a zero twice. x + 2 is a factor two times, and x = -2 is a zero twice. Therefore, 1 and -2 are zeros with multiplicity of 2. x + 3 is a factor once, and x = 3 is a zero with multiplicity of 1.

296 Slide 194 / How many real zeros does the 4th-degree polynomial graphed have? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 E 4 F 5

297 Slide 194 (Answer) / How many real zeros does the 4th-degree polynomial graphed have? A 0 B 1 C 2 Answer E 4 D 3 E 4 [This object is a pull tab] F 5

298 Slide 195 / Do any of the zeros have a multiplicity of 2? Yes No

299 Slide 195 (Answer) / Do any of the zeros have a multiplicity of 2? Yes No Answer No [This object is a pull tab]

300 Slide 196 / How many imaginary zeros does this 7th degree polynomial have? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 E 4 F 5

301 Slide 196 (Answer) / How many imaginary zeros does this 7th degree polynomial have? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 E 4 F 5 Answer C 2 [This object is a pull tab]

302 Slide 197 / How many real zeros does the 3rd degree polynomial have? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 E 4 F 5

303 Slide 197 (Answer) / How many real zeros does the 3rd degree polynomial have? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 Answer D 3 E 4 [This object is a pull tab] F 5

304 Slide 198 / Do any of the zeros have a multiplicity of 2? Yes No

305 Slide 198 (Answer) / Do any of the zeros have a multiplicity of 2? Yes No Answer Yes [This object is a pull tab]

306 Slide 199 / How many imaginary zeros does the 5th degree polynomial have? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 E 4 F 5

307 Slide 199 (Answer) / How many imaginary zeros does the 5th degree polynomial have? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 E 4 F 5 Answer C [This object is a pull tab]

308 Slide 200 / How many imaginary zeros does this 4 th -degree polynomial have? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 E 4 F 5

309 Slide 200 (Answer) / How many imaginary zeros does this 4 th -degree polynomial have? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 Answer C 2 E 4 [This object is a pull tab] F 5

310 Slide 201 / How many real zeros does the 6th degree polynomial have? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 E 4 F 6

311 Slide 201 (Answer) / How many real zeros does the 6th degree polynomial have? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 E 4 F 6 Answer F 6 [This object is a pull tab]

312 Slide 202 / Do any of the zeros have a multiplicity of 2? Yes No

313 Slide 202 (Answer) / Do any of the zeros have a multiplicity of 2? Yes No Answer Yes [This object is a pull tab]

314 Slide 203 / How many imaginary zeros does the 6th degree polynomial have? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 E 4 F 5

315 Slide 203 (Answer) / How many imaginary zeros does the 6th degree polynomial have? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 Answer C 2 E 4 [This object is a pull tab] F 5

316 Slide 204 / 276 Finding the Zeros from an Equation in Factored Form: Recall the Zero Product Property. If the product of two or more quantities or factors equals 0, then at least one of the quantities must equal 0.

317 Slide 205 / 276 So, if, then the zeros of are 0 and -1. So, if, then the zeros of are and.

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324 Slide 209 / 276 Find the zeros, including multiplicities, of the following polynomial. or or or or Don't forget the ±!!

325 Slide 209 (Answer) / 276 Find the zeros, including multiplicities, of the following polynomial. or or or or Don't forget the ±!! Answer This polynomial has five distinct real zeros: -6, -4, -2, 2, and and 3 each have a multiplicity of 2 (their factors are being squared) There are 2 imaginary zeros: -3i and 3i. Each with multiplicity of 1. There are 9 zeros (count -4 and 3 twice) so this is a 9 th degree polynomial. [This object is a pull tab]

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347 Slide 221 / 276 Find the zeros, showing the multiplicities, of the following polynomial. To find the zeros, you must first write the polynomial in factored form. or or or or This polynomial has two distinct real zeros: 0 and 1. This is a 3 rd degree polynomial, so there are 3 zeros (count 1 twice). 1 has a multiplicity of 2. 0 has a multiplicity of 1. There are no imaginary zeros.

348 Slide 222 / 276 Find the zeros, including multiplicities, of the following polynomial. or or or This polynomial has 4 zeros. There are two distinct real zeros:, both with a multiplicity of 1. There are two imaginary zeros:, both with a multiplicity of 1.

349 Slide 223 / How many zeros does the polynomial function have? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 E 4

350 Slide 223 (Answer) / How many zeros does the polynomial function have? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 Answer D E 4 [This object is a pull tab]