Proposal to convert TLS Booster for hadron accelerator

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1 Proposal to convert TLS Booster for hadron accelerator S.Y. Lee -- Department of Physics IU, Bloomington, IN -- NSRRC Basic design TLS is made of a 50 MeV electron linac, a booster from 50 MeV to 1.5 GeV, and a storage ring. The TLS storage ring is currently operating at TBA mode. The TLS booster is made of 12 missing dipole FODO cells. The dipole length is 2.4 m with bending radius 4.58 m. The circumference is 72 m. The horizontal betatron tune for electron beam acceleration was 4.4 in order to minimize electron beam emittance. The betatron tunes of the modified lattice tunes are around 2.8. The magnetic field strength of the TLS B can provide proton beams from 7 to 850 MeV, and carbon ion beams from 6 MeV/u to 400 MeV/u. The energy is most suitable for ion beam cancer therapy. Proton C 6+ ion electron KE/u (MeV/u) Bρ (Tm) β γ B (T) T 0 (μs) f rev (MHz) h 120 Acceleration system: The low frequency broadband rf system can be designed using the MA or ferrite. These quarter wave structures are well understood, and can be design constructed easily. The power supply of main dipole is 10 Hz resonance circuit. With the resonance circuit, the rf voltage requirement is high to maintain 10 Hz ramp rate. Cavity design is challenging. Depending the capability of the cavity, the ramp rate may be limited. High gradient MA cavity has been shown to provide 15 kv per cavity, and the project needs two of such cavity. Other options are ferrite loaded cavities. Since the vacuum chamber of the TLS B is about 35 mm, we expect that the vertical admittance of the ion beam is about 34 π mm mrad or an rms vertical emittance of 5.8 π mm mrad. The horizontal admittance is larger than 50 π mm mrad, and thus the corresponding space charge limit should be more than 2e10 particles per bunch, well beyond the required dosage of 2 3 Gy/minute for radiation therapy applications.

2 Requirement of rf voltage in rapid accelerating accelerators Extraction and beam transport systems: Beam delivery and transport system: The logistic of the radiation physics room is important from the lab integration. The lab should allocate a most convenient location for the future expansion. Acceleration of proton and heavy ion at 10 Hz needs Vsinφ s 10 and 25 kv for proton and Carbon ion respectively. This means that one may need 2 3 rf cavities for the acceleration and bunching of the beam. TLS-Booster Proton C 6+ ion electron KE/u (MeV/u) T 0 (μs) f rev (MHz) h Beam Injection schemes and intensity limitation a) The ion beam injection requires a 7 MeV H source, i.e. an ion source with 3 MeV RFQ and 4 MeV DTL. The RFQ/DTL can be replaced by a commercially available 13 MeV cyclotron with negative charge extraction. Similarly, 6 7 MeV/u C4+ beam can be injected into the TLS B for Carbon ion accelerator. b) For the carbon ion source, one can use similar source that has been used in the Heidelberg Heavy Ion therapy center. The injection line can be achieved by the injection chicane and strip injection system. For proton and carbon ion injection, one needs two straight sections. c) Because the space charge limit for the vacuum chamber is about for rapid cycling, the injection can be accomplished by single turn kick injection. This is also a very clean injection scenario. The requirement is an ion linac with current of at least 1 ma.

3 Space charge limit: Reprogram the Available power supply of the TLS Booster p C 12 A 1 12 Z 1 6 Circum(m) E inj /u (MeV) 7 7 β inj γ inj Eext/u (MeV) p (MeV/c)/u Brho (T m) dnu_sc ε N (μm) 6 6 N_sc 1.2E E+10 To reach this number of particles in the accelerator, we need injector current less than 1 ma for 20 turn accumulation! The resulting beam intensity in the ring is far beyond requirements of dose intensity in cancer therapy. Maximum Current Beam Current Ramping 50MeV Injection Point 1.5GeV Extraction Point PS dc Output Current 0 Chen Yao Liu, et al. Dynamic aperture tracking with different proton energies, Eddy current included, without chromaticity correction and on moment (m) on moment A raster-scan treatment plan for a Rapid cycling medical synchrotron (RCMS) At 10 Hz of TLS booster, the accelerator can be considered to be a RCMS. It has the following main advantages: Faster energy change Less beam per cycle (no space charge problem), Efficient beam extraction, Better control of delivered dose. Pipe size (m) 7 MeV 20 MeV 90 MeV 140 MeV 200 MeV 260 MeV 300 MeV 11 Collaborators Honghuan Liu, Ph.D. 1,2 Chee Wai Cheng, Ph.D. 3 Shyh Yuan Lee, Ph.D. 1 1 Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN

4 Other materials are machined to provide Field Shaping In traditional cyclotrons, the Carbon Blocks are Moved In/Out to Create the layers of a SOBP Aperture and compensator mm Range Modulator 6.5cm Tungsten MLC LinaTech, Sunnyvale, CA For the RCMS, the energy flexibility can easily be achieved by control program at different time in a cycle. For example, we consider the case of Irradiation of a cylinder embedded in water Beam is injected on cycles 1 and 2 ( inject 1 and inject 2 ). 5 cm The relative timing of the extraction is changed from cycle to cycle, to adjust the extraction energy ( extract 1 and extract 2 ). 6 cm 4 cm water

5 First, we consider the spot distribution for a uniform dose to a circular geometry The uniform dose can be delivered by having spot scanning of center spot and 3 rings at different intensity weight shown below. Uniform dose distribution in a circular plane and the line profiles is shown as follows. The intensity at different lines cut through the circle is shown at right. Number of shots Circle Radius Intensity weight RMS beam size Phase shift Center Circle Circle Circle π/8 Lateral penumbra in Y and Z direction is 2.4 units. 1 unit = 2.5 mm, so the penumbra is 6 mm. 25 shots of beam can achieve circular uniform dose on a transverse plane. Intensity weight of Spot energy distribution (layer by layer) to irradiate a cylinder embedded in water Energy (MeV) Intensity Weight Energy (MeV) Intensity Weight cm SOBP using 24 shots of proton beam with 1% rms energy spread. For an RCS, both the energy and energy spread can be varied shot by shot. On longitudinal direction, we can use different energy of beam to get SOBP. The energy spread can be controlled by accelerator beam parameters. Typical value is 0.5% to 1%. Using ( 1%, one can get 10 cm SOBP with 24 shots in Geant4 simulation. genetic algorithm can be used to optimize the beam size and distribution to decrease the penumbra.

6 relative dose Longitudinal Dose Calculation and SOBP Indiana University Health Proton Therapy Center 10.0 cm SOBP, 16 cm Range,10 cm Snout TR2 TR depth (cm) Dose distributions in different axial and sagittal planes and the line profiles through center Here 30 layers of beam has been used to get 10 cm SOBP. For each layer, it needs at least 25 shots of beam. It needs minimum 750 shots to get uniform cylinder dose. For 10 Hz beam, the minimum therapy time is 75s. Now, we consider the example of Spot scan to irradiate a sphere embedded in water. We can choose two fields from opposite directions. To accomplish the irradiation of a sphere embedded in water, we consider circular distribution of 6 factors with different intensity weight shown as follows. The energy and weight of the different proton beam spots to produce a 5 cm SOBP at depth of 11cm depth in water. 3 cm 4 cm 3 cm Number of spots Radius (cm) Intensity weight RMS beam size (cm) Phase shift Center Circle Circle Circle π/8 Center Circle

7 The intensity weight and size factor of Spot energy distribution to irradiate a sphere embedded in water Dose distributions and profiles in the sphere Intensity weight Energy (MeV) Center Circle 1 Circle 2 Circle 3 Circle 4 Size Factor Conclusion We carry out Monti Carlo simulation to show that RCMS beams can be effectively employed to produce uniform dose distribution to a cylindrical volume and a spherical volume. The algorithms may be extended to any arbitrary shape and size targets. The merit of a RCMS is that it does not require range modifier. We have carried out detailed design of converting the TLS Booster to 300 MeV (up to 830 MeV) proton beam at 10 Hz, or 400 MeV/u carbon ion beam at about 10 Hz. The cost of such conversion is modest. It has been shown that 3 fixed beams can simulate ALL gentry beam delivery system. The TLS Booster will be valuable tool for future radiation therapy effort. I hope that some Hospitals in Taiwan will put effort to claim the right of the TLS Booster for their development of cancer therapy center. Tasks to carry out We consider the extension of the capability of TLS B to encompass the hadron beams is important to NSRRC. At 10 Hz ramp rate with intensity up to proton per pulse, the average current is up to μa. The advantages of RCS are (1) varying energy, (2) varying peak current (3) varying spot size in the raster scan. Furthermore, the TLS Booster has the capability of Carbon ion beams at 400 MeV/u. Carbon beam has further advantage of smaller penumbra in the multiple Coulomb scattering. The upgrade cost of the TLS Booster is the proton source and 7 MeV RFQ/DTL or a 13 MeV cyclotron is about $3 5M. The cost of beam delivery system depends on the length of the beam line and where the experimental stations. The project cost for proton will be about $10M + civil construction. The cost of light ion needs additional evaluation on cost of ion source, rf source requirements! Thank you for your attention

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