Mathematics and Science in Schools in Sub-Saharan Africa

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1 Mathematics and Science in Schools in Sub-Saharan Africa

2 MATERIAL SCIENCE Introduction to Material Properties

3 What Material Scientists Do

4 Physical Properties Melting & Boiling Points Magnetism Color

5 Physical Properties Density

6 Lab: Density Determination

7 Lab: Density Determination Data Chart Material Density Material Density Sample (g/ml) Sample (g/ml) A H B I C J D K E L F M G N

8 Lab: Density Determination Material Density Chart Material Sample Density (g/ml) Material Sample Density (g/ml) Walnut 0.64 Phenolic 1.32 Oak 0.75 PVC 1.37 Maple 0.77 Acetyl 1.42 Polypropylene 0.90 PTFE 2.20 Polyethylene 0.92 Aluminum 2.71 Nylon 1.15 Brass 8.56 Acrylic 1.17 Copper 8.91

9 Lab: Density Determination Analysis Chart Material Material Material Material Sample Identity Sample Identity A H B I C J D K E L F M G N

10 Density Density = Mass/Volume

11 Physical Properties Viscosity Viscosity is an internal property of a fluid that offers resistance to flow.

12 Thickness

13 Viscosity Determination Calculations Viscosity = п = 2(Δp)ga^2/9v Δp = difference in density between glass marble and test liquid g = rate of free fall = 9.81 m/s^2 a = radius of sphere v = velocity

14 Viscosity Testing

15 Viscosity Testing

16 Viscosity Units International Standards Organization Viscosity Grade Numbers ISO Society of Automotive Engineers Viscosity Grade Numbers SAE

18 Lab: Viscosity Determination

19 Viscosity Testing

20 Lab: Viscosity Determination Data Chart Tube Time (s) Red Blue Green Grey Black

21 Lab: Viscosity Determination Calculations Tube ISO Red 10 Blue 32 Green 46 Grey Black

22 Lab: Viscosity Explorer

23 Lab: Viscosity Explorer Data Chart Olive Oil Temperature 0 C 10 C 20 C 30 C 40 C 50 C 60 C 70 C 80 C 90 C Drop Time

25 10W-40 10W = Oil s Viscosity at 0 F 40 = Oil s Viscosity at 212 F

27 Lab: Dilatant Material

28 Dilatant Material

29 Dilatant Material

30 Silly Putty

31 Automotive

32 Thixotropic

33 Thixotropic

34 Construction

36 Advanced Thixotropic Metallurgy

37 Military

39 Medicine

42 Lab: Japan Sand

43 Chemical Properties Corrosion Burning Reaction to Acids & Water

44 Thermal Properties Conductivity

45 Lab: Macho Conduction

46 Lab: Macho Conduction

47 Lab: Macho Conduction Data Chart Metal Aluminum Brass Copper Steel X Time (s)

48 Thermal Properties Conductivity Thermal Expansion

49 Thermal Expansion

50 Lab: Linear Expansion of a Metal

51 Lab: Linear Expansion of a Metal Data Chart Metal Sample Expansion after 10 minutes Aluminum Brass Steel

52 Thermal Properties Conductivity Thermal Expansion Specific Heat

53 Specific Heat 4.187J/Kg C 3,470 J/Kg C J/Kg C

54 Lab: Heat Capacity of Metals

55 Lab: Heat Capacity of Metals Data Chart Metal Sample Mass (g) Δtemp ( C) Water Mass (g) Silver Gold Copper Iron X Y Δtemp ( C)

56 Lab: Heat Capacity of Metals Calculation Table Metal Sample Heat Gained (joules) Heat Lost (joules) Specific Heat (J/g x K) Silver Gold Copper Iron X Y

57 Lab: Heat Capacity of Metals Calculations Heat Gained by Water = Mass X Δtemp X 4.18 Heat Energy Gained by Water = Heat Energy Lost by Metal Specific Heat of Metal = Heat Energy Gained Mass X Δtemp

58 Mechanical Properties Hardness Workability

59 Mechanical Properties Strength Elasticity

60 Elasticity is not Flexibility

61 Elasticity is not Stretch-ability

62 Elasticity A material s ability to return to its original shape after being deformed.

63 Vocabulary

65 Deformation Change in shape of an object.

66 Strain

67 Stress Applied Force / Original Area

68 Tension & Compression

69 Shear When 2 forces, acting like a pair of shears, cut a body between them.

70 Shear Testing

71 Hydrostatic Stress unilaterally applied to an object.

72 Material Testing Device Extensometer

73 Extensometer An extensometer measures the elongation of a material while applying tension.

74 Instrom

75 Instrom

77 Stress Strain Curve

78 Elastic Limit

80 Young s Modulus

81 Composite Material Testing Fiberglass, Kevlar & Carbon Fiber

83 Kevlar

84 Fiberglass

85 Carbon Fiber

86 Lab: Youngs Modulus of a Spring

87 Lab: Youngs Modulus of a Spring Data Chart Stress Strain

88 Stress Strain Curve

89 Ultimate Stress

90 Lab: Ultimate Stress

91 Lab: Ultimate Stress Data Chart Stress Strain

92 Tensile Strength Tensile strength is defined as the highest stress a material can withstand before failure occurs.

94 Stress Strain Curve Interpretation Ceramics Metals Stress Polymers Strain Demo

95 Ductility Ductility is measured by the amount of elongation that can be applied to a material before failure occurs.

97 Toughness Toughness is defined as the total area under the stress strain curve. It indicates the amount of energy absorbed before failure.

99 Which Material Is Stronger? Which Material Is Tougher? Which Material Is More Ductile?

100 Stress Strain Curve Interpretation Construction Materials Stainless Steel

101 Stress Strain Curve Interpretation Anisotropic Behavior of Bone

102 Creep The deformation that occurs at elevated temperature under constant load. Demo

103 Testing Energy Absorption

104 Coefficient of Restitution

105 Coefficient of Restitution cm 20cm 30cm 40cm 50cm bounce

106 Lab: Core of Restitution

107 Lab: Core of Restitution Ball Drop Height Rebound Height COR Soccer Golf Tennis Basketball Racket Field Hockey Ping Pong Wiffle Softball Baseball Happy Ball Sad Ball Data Chart

108 Friction Force that opposes motion.

109 Resistance caused by 2 objects in contact with each other.

110 Static Friction Friction between 2 nonmoving objects.

111 Coefficient of Static Friction

112 Coefficient Determination µ static = tan (angle of tilt)

113 Lab: Static Friction

114 Lab: Static Friction Data Chart Type of Footwear Angle of Elevation Coefficient of Static Friction

115 Sliding Friction Kinetic Friction

116 Sliding Friction Friction between moving object(s).

117 Coefficient of Kinetic Friction

118

119 Lab: Sliding Friction

120 Lab: Sliding Friction Data Chart Surface F(gravity) F(friction) Coefficient of Table Top (N) (N) Sliding Friction Wood Sandpaper Cardboard Plastic

121 Friction Tester

122 Chemical Properties Physical Properties Burning Reaction to Acids/Water Corrosion/Oxidati onreduction Color, Density, Size, Magnetism, Melting and Boiling points, Crystal Structure, Luster, Viscosity Properties of Materials Conductivity, Specific Heat, Thermal Expansion Workability, Brittleness, Hardness, Elasticity, Plasticity, Toughness, Strength Thermal Properties Mechanical Properties

123 Material Science Bowling

124 Object of the Game In this activity, you will be bowling with words.

125 Each of the ten pins shown is a letter. I F I C A R T A L I

126 I F I C A R T A L I If You Make a 10 Letter Word A R T I F I C I A L

127 You have a STRIKE!

128 I F I C A R T A L I If You Make 2 Words Using All 10 Letters..

129 You may use SCIENCE & NONSCIENCE words!

130 Frame 1 S E I T R E P O R P

131 Frame 1 P R O P E R T I E S

132 Frame 2 N O I T N O C D U N

133 Frame 2 C O N D U C T I O N

134 Frame 3 C Y I T S A L T I E

135 Frame 3 E L A S T I C I T Y

136 Frame 4 B O I N U M C S O T

137 Frame 4 C O M B U S T I O N

138 Frame 5 S O I T R A N O B P

139 Frame 5 A B S O R P T I O N

140 Frame 6 M I E A T V U O T O

141 Frame 6 A U T O M O T I V E

142 Frame 7 S A K T B E A L L B

143 Frame 7 B A S K E T B A L L

144 Frame 8 C Y I T N L N D A A

145 Frame 8 D I L A N T A N C Y

146 Frame 9 R C I T L E E A L C

147 Frame 9 E L E C T R I C A L

148 Frame 10 H E C M I N A A C L

149 Frame 10 M E C H A N I C A L

150 Frame 10 O R I T S U L A N S

151 Frame 10 I N S U L A T O R S

152 Frame 10 M E A T R Y G L L U

153 Frame 10 M E T A L L U R G Y

Mechanical properties 1 Elastic behaviour of materials

MME131: Lecture 13 Mechanical properties 1 Elastic behaviour of materials A. K. M. B. Rashid Professor, Department of MME BUET, Dhaka Today s Topics Deformation of material under the action of a mechanical