States of matter. Book page , Syllabus /09/2016
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1 States of matter Book page , Syllabus /09/2016 cgrahamphysics.com 2015
2 What is my state of matter? sand Decaffeinated coffee Glass Supercritical fluids Supercritical fluids Coldest place in Universe Coldest Place in the Universe Helium at minus 271 Vacuum in space Superfluid helium cgrahamphysics.com 2015 Degenerate matter Degenerate Matter
3 1. Teacher announces the topic. 2.Teacher gives you think time. 3.In pairs, Partner A writes an answer to the topic then passes MWB and pen to Partner B. 4.Partner B writes and answer and passes it back to Partner A. 5.Steps 3 & 4 continue until the teacher calls time. 6. Pairs compare their list with other team pair.
4 What do you remember? Use Rally Table and work with shoulder partner A starts The (Seven) States of Matter Explained cgrahamphysics.com 2015
5 Aim Explain different properties of states of matter Know the absolute temperature scale Understand the particle theory and how it applies to explain pressure Key words Absolute zero Temperature Scale Kelvin Particle Theory cgrahamphysics.com 2015
6 Have you ever wondered The bigger picture Euclid telescope Hubble telescope James Webb Why do we explore space? cgrahamphysics.com 2015
7 How do particles move? 7 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2012
8 8 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2012 States of matter Solid Fixed shape and Volume Particles held together in bonds They can only vibrate Particles arranged in regular pattern Very dense, cannot be compressed Liquid Fixed volume, but can flow to take any shape Particles are close together, but have no regular pattern They can slide over each other Not as dense as solids Cannot be compressed easily
9 9 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Gas No fixed shape or volume Particles motion is rapid and random They are spread out They collide with each other and the sides of the container Not dense, can easily be compressed How do we know? Brownian Motion Brownian Motion - YouTube [360p].mp4 Big smoke particles are moved by much smaller air particles, which are too small to be observed Big massive smoke particles are moved by light, fast moving air particles
10 Changing State cgrahamphysics.com 2015
11 Energy of particles Internal energy Particles in solids, liquids and gases have KE because they are moving Internal energy is the sum of PE and KE of all molecules They also have PE because their motion keeps them separated and opposes the bonds trying to pull them together Heat The transfer of energy Energy transfer from hot to cold is heat Temperature The average KE of the particles for microscopic view Macroscopic it measures how hot or cold something is cgrahamphysics.com 2015
12 Temperature is the average KE Hot fast Cold slow Average KE = KE = 1 2 mv2 cgrahamphysics.com 2015
13 13 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Particles What happens to the kinetic of the particles when a gas is heated? The heat energy is transferred to the kinetic energy of the gas particles. The KE of the particles increases particles start moving faster Zero Kelvin temperature equals zero gas molecule KE ave kinetic energy. T k At what temperature is zero Kelvin? -273 C
14 Kelvin and Celcius scales 14 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2012 The Celsius scale is defined using the freezing and boiling points of water. This makes it less useful for calculations, because 0 C is not at the beginning of the scale Celcius ( C) Kelvin (K) Using the Celsius scale for temperature is like measuring mass on a scale that takes 273 kg as zero mass and measures anything less than that as negative mass! The Kelvin scale starts from absolute zero ( 273 C). A difference in temperature of 1 K is the same as a difference of 1 C, so it is easy to convert between the two scales.
15 C 15 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Kelvin temperature (K) 273K -273 C Celsius temperature ( C) T k = T c + 273K
16 16 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Partners take turns, one solving a problem while the other coaches: Partner A solves or answers 1 st problem. Partner B watches, listens, coaches, and praises. Partner B solves next problem. Partner A watches, listens, coaches, and praises. Repeat starting with Step 1.
17 Converting temperatures 17 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Celsius temperature ( C) 0 Kelvin temperature 273 (K)
18 Gas pressure 18 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2012
19 Pressure and particles 19 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2012 What causes pressure in gases? In a sealed container, the particles repeatedly strike the walls of the container. This causes pressure. What happens if you increase the temperature? more pressure gas gets hotter more kinetic energy more collisions at greater speed
20 Explanation of Pressure Particles are in constant rapid random motion They collide with the sides of the container This exerts a force on the walls of the container The sum of all collision forces causes Pressure cgrahamphysics.com 2015
21 Explain Why does a balloon expand in heat? cgrahamphysics.com 2015
22 Explain What happens in evaporation? High energy particles escape Average KE of particles left is now lower Energy = temperature Temperature is lower Cooling effect cgrahamphysics.com 2015
23 What is the difference between evaporation and boiling? Evaporation can happen well below the boiling point It only happens at the surface of the liquid Boiling happens throughout the liquid It only happens at the boiling point cgrahamphysics.com 2015
24 cgrahamphysics.com 2015
25 How can I raise the boiling point? Add salt and the water will boil at a higher temperature why? Part of the pressure the solution exerts on the atmosphere now comes from solute particles, not just water molecules. The water molecules need more energy to produce enough pressure to escape the boundary of the liquid. cgrahamphysics.com 2015
26 Temperature and absolute zero 26 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2012
27 Plenary 27 of 30 Boardworks Ltd Draw the 3 states of matter and name the state changes. 2. Describe the motion of the particles in each state. Atomscope.exe
28 States of matter 28 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2012
29 Converting between scales 29 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2012
30 Key words Absolute zero - the lowest temperature that is theoretically possible, at which the motion of particles that constitutes heat would be minimal. It is zero on the Kelvin scale, equivalent to C Temperature Scale the range in which a temperature can be measured Kelvin - unit of thermodynamic temperature, equal in magnitude to the degree Celsius. K = 0 C Particle Theory - all matter consists of many, very small particles which are constantly moving or in a continual state of motion. The degree to which the particles move is determined by the amount of energy they have cgrahamphysics.com 2015
Pg , Syllabus
Pg. 169 171, 173-175 Syllabus 5.7 5.14 www.cgrahamphysics.com What do you remember? End www.cgrahamphysics.com How do particles move? 3 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2012 4 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2012 States of matter
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