The combinatorics of some exclusion model in physics

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1 The combinatorics of some exclusion model in physics Orsay 5 April 2012 Xavier G. Viennot CNRS, Bordeaux, France

2 The PASEP Partialy asymmetric exclusion process

3

4

5

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7 The Matrix Ansatz Derrida, Evans, Hakim, Pasquier (1993)

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9 q=0 TASEP

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12 transitions de phase

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14 Combinatorics of the TASEP Shapiro, Zeilberger, 1982

15 Combinatorics of the TASEP Shapiro, Zeilberger, 1982

16 TASEP Shapiro, Zeilberger (1982) Brak, Essam (2003), Duchi, Schaeffer, (2004), Angel (2005), XGV (2007) (P) ASEP Brak, Corteel, Essam, Parviainen, Rechnitzer (2006) Corteel, Williams (2006,..., 2010) Corteel, Stanton, Stanley, Williams (2011) Josuat-Vergès (2008,..., 2010) Derrida,... Mallick,... Golinelli, Mallick (2006)...

17 The PASEP algebra DE = qed + E +D

18 D D E D E E D E D DE (D E) E D E DDE(E)EDE + DDE(ED)EDE + DDE(D)EDE

19 I D I I I E I I D E I I I

20 D E

21 D E

22 D E

23 D E

24 D E

25 D E

26 D E

27 D E

28 D E

29 D E

30 D E

31 D E

32 D E

33 D E

34 D E

35 D E

36 D E

37 D E

38 D E

39 D E

40 E D E E E D

41

42

43

44

45 alternative tableau Ferrers diagram (= Young diagram)

46 alternative tableau

47 alternative tableau n = 12

48 E D E E E D

49

50 rows columns blue red

51 "normal ordering" Heisenberg operators U, D UD = DU + I

52 Lemma Every word w with letters U and D can be written in a unique way

53 U D = D U U U D D U U D U U Towers placements on a Ferrers diagram

54

55 U D permutations n!

56 stationary probabilities for the PASEP

57

58 permutation tableau

59 M. Josuat-Vergès (2007)

60 permutation tableaux

61

62

63

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65 TASEP Totally asymmetric exclusion process

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67

68 Bijection alternative Catalan tableaux binary trees

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70

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84

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86 Derrida, Evans, Hakim, Pasquier (1993)

87 combinatorial physics or integrable combinatorics

88 number of alternative tableaux

89 alternative tableau n = 12

90

91 The exchange-fusion algorithm

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93

94

95

96 (43) 2 8

97 (43) 8 7

98 9 6 2 (43)

99 (43) 8 1 5

100 6 2 (43)

101 6 2 (43) (89) 7 1 5

102 6 (43) 2 (89) 7 1 5

103 6 7 (89) (432) 1 5

104 6 1 7 (432) (89) 5

105 6 7 (432) 1 (89) 5

106 6 7 (89) (4321) 5

107 6 7 (89) (4321) 5

108 6 (789) (4321) 5

109 exchangefusion algorithm (789) (4321) 5 6

110 The inverse exchangefusion algorithm

111

112

113 7,8,9 1,2,3,4 5 6

114 7 8,9 1,2,3,4 5 6

115 ,2,3,4 5 6

116 ,3,

117 ,

118

119

120 The "cellular Ansatz" representation of the operators E and D DE = ED + E + D

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122 S K S = +

123 S S S S S

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125

126

127 The "cellular Ansatz" "planar construction" of a bijection permutations alternative tableaux

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129

130 A 1 2 K 3 A 4 5 S S J A S

131

132

133 A 1 2 K 3 A 4 5 S S J A S

134 A K K A A S S J A S

135 A K K A A S A S S J A S

136 A K K A A I J S A S S J A S

137 A K K A A I J S A S K S I J A S

138 A K K A A I J S A S K K S J I J A S

139 A K K A A I J S A S K K S J I J A K S I

140 A K K A A I J S A S K K S J I J A K K S J I

141 A K K A A I J S A S K K S J I J A K K K S I J I

142 A K K A A I J S A S K K S J I J A K K K K S J I J I

143

144 Laguerre histories combinatorial theory of orthogonal polynomials The FV bijection Françon-XV 1978

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151 (formal) orthogonal polynomials

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154 combinatorial interpretation of the moments

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159 continued fractions 1980 orthogonal polynomials P. Flajolet Lecture Note X.V. 1983

160 Laguerre histories and Laguerre polynomials The FV bijection Françon-XV 1978

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166 3 parameters

167 permutation tableau

168 E D E E E D

169

170 xy(x+y)(x+1+y)...(x+n-2+y)

171 q-analogue of Laguerre histories choices function q-laguerre : q 4

172

173 quadratic algebra operators data structures and orthogonal polynomials

174 Primitive operations for dictionnaries data structure: add or delete any elements, asking questions (with positive or negative answer)

175 number of choices for each primitive operations

176 this corresponds to the n! restricted Laguerre histories this valuation corresponds to the (n+1)! enlarged Laguerre histories

177 priority queue Polya urn

178

179

180

181 A S - S A = I

182

183 The cellular Ansatz From quadratic algebra Q to combinatorial objects (Q-tableaux) and bijections

184 The Robinson-Schensted correspondence between permutations and pair of (standard) Young tableaux with the same shape

185 Operators U and D U D adding or deleting a cell in a Ferrers diagram Young lattice UD = DU + I

186 U D I I

187 "The cellular Ansatz" Physics "normal ordering" UD = DU + Id Weyl-Heisenberg DE = qed + E + D PASEP quadratic algebra Q commutations rewriting rules planarisation combinatorial objects on a 2d lattice towers placements permutations tableaux alternatifs Q-tableaux ex: ASM, (alternating sign matrices) FPL(fully packed loops) tilings, 8-vertex planar automata bijections RSK representation by operators data structures "histories" orthogonal polynomials pairs of Tableaux Young permutations Laguerre histories? Koszul algebras duality

188 ASM Alternating sign matrices

189

190 random FPL

191 Razumov - Stroganov (ex)- conjecture proof by : L. Cantini and A.Sportiello (March 2010) arxiv: [math.c0] completely combinatorial proof

192 Around the Razumov-Stroganov conjecture Philippe Di Francesco, Paul Zinn-Justin ( ) De Gier, Pyatov (2007) Knizhnik - Zamolodchikov equation qkz TSSCPP ASM

193 The 8-vertex algebra (or XYZ - algebra) (or Z - algebra)

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195

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199 2

200 2 n(n-1)/2 A (2) n Elkies, Kuperberg, Larsen, Propp (1992)

201 random Aztec tilings

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204 example: binomial determinant

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206 general PASEP

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208 Askey-Wilson integral

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213 Askey tableau

214 Askey-Wilson

215 Askey-Wilson

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217 staircase tableaux Corteel, Williams, 2009 Corteel, Stanley, Stanton, Williams, 2010

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224 relation with moments of Askey-Wilson polynomials Corteel, Williams, 2009 Corteel, Stanley, Stanton, Williams, 2010

225 Random Combinatorics matrix theory orthogonal polynomials tridiagonal matrices PASEP physics

226 "The cellular Ansatz" Physics "normal ordering" UD = DU + Id Weyl-Heisenberg DE = qed + E + D PASEP quadratic algebra Q commutations rewriting rules planarisation combinatorial objects on a 2d lattice towers placements permutations tableaux alternatifs Q-tableaux ex: ASM, (alternating sign matrices) FPL(fully packed loops) tilings, 8-vertex planar automata bijections RSK representation by operators data structures "histories" orthogonal polynomials pairs of Tableaux Young permutations Laguerre histories? Koszul algebras duality

227 Thank you!

228 pour plus de détails voir les diaporamas du cours donné à Talca: Cours XGV, Universidad de Talca (December January 2011) Combinatorics and interactions (with physics) (24h) «The Cellular Ansatz» accessible sur les sites: Recherche, cv, publications, exposés, diaporamas, livres, petite école, photos: voir ma page personnelle ici Vulgarisation scientifique voir la page de l'association Cont'Science

229 Ch 0 Introduction Ch 1 Ordinary generating function, the Catalan garden Ch1a (1/12/2010, 54 p.) Ch 1b (7/12/2010, 81 p.) Ch 1c (7/12/2010, 30 p.) algebraic complements in relation with physics Ch 2 Exponential generating functions, permutations Ch 2a (22/12/2010, 40 p.) Ch 2b (4/01/2010, 63 p.) Ch 2c (4/01/2010, 33 p.) Permutations: Laguerre histories Cours XGV Universidad de Talca (December January 2011) 24 h Combinatorics and interactions (with physics) «The Cellular Ansatz» Ch 3 Permutations and Young tableaux, the Robinson-Schensted correspondence (RSK) Ch 3a (6/01/2011, 117 p.) Ch 3b (6, 11/01/2011, 121 p.) RSK and operators Ch 4 Alternative tableaux and the PASEP (partially asymmetric exclusion process) Ch 4a (13/01/2011, 98p.) Ch 4b (13, 18/01/2011, 102 p.) alternative tableaux and the PASEP Ch 4c (18/01/2011, 81 p.) complements Ch 5 Combinatorial theory of orthogonal polynomials (20/01/2011, 110 p.) Ch 6 "jeu de taquin" for binary trees, Catalan tableaux and the TASEP Ch 6a (24/01/2011, 98 p.) Ch 6b (24/01/2011, 111 p.) alternative tableaux and increasing/alternative binary trees Ch 6c (24/01/2011, 21 p.) Catalan tableaux and the Loday-Ronco algebra Ch 7 The cellular Ansatz Ch 7a (25/01/2011, 117 p.) Ch 7b (25/01/2011, 49 p.) complements

230 PASEP Matrix Ansatz PASEP algebra AT "normal ordering" stationary probabilities permutation tableaux TASEP Bijection CAT - BT The exchange-fusion algorithm representation E, D The "cellular Ansatz" FV bijection formal OP Laguerre polynomials 3 parameters data structures cellular Ansatz Q ASM R-S 8-vertex algebra general PASEP A-W integral Askey tableau staircase tableaux

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