Heat & Temperature. Grade 7 Science - Unit 2 Pgs

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1 Heat & Temperature Grade 7 Science - Unit 2 Pgs

2 Temperature P Temperature is the measure of how much heat is in a substance. P Temperature is measured in degrees Celcius ( C) P It is difficult to judge how hot or cold something is by touching or looking at it. A better way is to measure the temperature of the object.

3 Temperature P To measure temperature accurately we use a thermometer. P The Celcius scale is the most frequently used scale for measuring temperature.

4 Temperature Galileo PHundreds of years ago, there was no way to measure temperatures exactly... only estimates. P In 1596, Galileo, an Italian scientist invented the thermoscope. P A thermoscope is a device that detects changes in temperature but does not have a temperature scale.

5 Temperature Thermometer PThe word thermometer is made from two words: Thermo - meaning heat Meter - meaning measuring device

6 Temperature P Normal human body temperature is 37 C. When you get a fever, that is the body fighting infection. Raising the body s temperature kills bacteria, but if it goes too high, it can cause damage, especially to the brain. It is also dangerous when the body temperature goes too low. This is called HYPOTHERMIA. PAccurate temperature measurement is important: When measuring body temperature for fever. We use a special type of thermometer with a constriction above the bulb. At a weather station For baking cakes and cookies When measuring car engine temperature

7 Temperature The Celcius Scale P Invented by Anders Celcius, a Swedish scientist, in the 1700's P He made his scale by marking the freezing point of pure water as 0 and the boiling point of pure water as 100. P He divided the distance between these two points by 100 degrees and used the symbol ( C).

8 Temperature Thermometer PWhen a thermometer is built or made, it must be calibrated. P Most temperature scales are based on TWO fixed points Freezing point of fresh water (0 C) Boiling point of fresh water (100 C)

9 Temperature Types of Thermometers PClinical Thermometer Measures body temperature Has a constriction above the bulb. As liquid is warmed by patient s body heat, it expands past the constriction and rises up the bore so the temperature can be read. After the temperature has been taken, the liquid cools and contracts, but the liquid does not move past the constriction. You must shake the thermometer to get the liquid to move down.

10 Temperature Types of Thermometers PThermostat Measures temperature in an appliance or room It switches the appliance on or off at a pre-set temperature. Set the thermostat at 20 Celcius... if the temperature goes above 20 C, the thermostat causes the heater to shut off. When the temperature goes below 20 C, the thermostat causes the heater to turn on.

11 Thermostats

12 Temperature Types of Thermometers P Thermocouple A thermometer that uses electricity to measure temperature It contains two different metal wires that are joined at one end or COUPLED The other ends are joined to a meter that measures electricity The amount of electricity that passes through the wires varies depending on the temperature These types of thermometers are used for places where people cannot go (inside computers, smokestacks, volcanoes, etc.)

13 Thermocouple

14 Resistance Thermometer P Operates on electricity, just like a thermocouple, but it can be used in even higher temperatures than a thermocouple. In this kind of thermometer, a platinum wire is used.

15 Optical Thermometer P Heat is a form of light... infrared light.the amount of infrared light given off by an object can be detected using an optical thermometer. P Infrared Thermogram - special type of photograph that shows differences in temperature.

16 Expansion and Contraction States of Matter PThere are FOUR states of matter, however, we will only be discussing THREE. Solids Liquids Gases Plasma (will not be discussed) PVolume - the amount of space occupied by any state of matter.

17 Expansion and Contraction States of Matter PSolids Has a fixed volume and shape Molecules do not move about freely, they just vibrate in place Molecules are tightly packed P Liquids Has a fixed volume Shape takes the form of the container Molecules move about freely and are not as tightly packed as a solid, but more tightly packed than a gas

18 Expansion and Contraction States of Matter PGases Takes both the volume and shape of container Molecules are very loosely packed and move about freely

19 Expansion and Contraction Gases PGases - ex. Air Expansion - increases in volume When gas is heated, the heat energy increases the movement of the gas molecules. The molecules bump into each other more often, making them spread out more, thus increasing the amount of space it takes up (the volume increases)

20 Expansion and Contraction Gases PGases Contraction - decreases in volume When gas is cooled, heat energy is removed and the speed of the molecules is decreased. As a result the molecules do not bump into each other as often and therefore do not spread out as much. As a result, the gas does not occupy as much space (the volume decreases)

21 Expansion and Contraction Liquids PLiquids (ex water) Expansion Just like the molecules in gases, the molecules in liquids speed up when heat energy is increased. They bump into each other and push one another apart, but they do not expand (spread out) as much as gases. However, the volume DOES increase.

22 Expansion and Contraction Liquids PLiquids Contraction As heat energy is removed from liquids, the molecules slow down and do not bump into each other as much. As a result, the liquid takes up less space... it contracts. When the liquid contracts, it has less volume.

23 Expansion and Contraction Solids PSolids (ex metal, concrete) Expansion Just like gases and liquids, the molecules in a solid will speed up when heated. The molecules in solids don t move around like in gases and liquids, rather they just vibrate in place. Heating a solid will cause the molecules to vibrate faster and therefore cause the molecules to push each other further apart. This causes the solid to expand and increase its volume.

24 Expansion and Contraction Solids PSolids Contraction When the heat energy is removed from a solid, the speed or vibration of the molecules slows down. As a result, the molecules don t push on each other as much and don t take up as much space. The solid contracts (it takes up less volume).

25 Expansion and Contraction Examples P Railway tracks have gaps between the rail sections to allow for expansion. If there were no gaps, tracks would bend or be moved out of alignment when it gets hot. P Power lines are not strung tightly from pole to pole because if they were and the temperature got cold, the wires would contract and snap.

26 Particle Theory of Matter P All matter is made up of tiny particles (atoms and molecules) P These particles are always moving P There are spaces between the particles P There are attractive forces between the particles (strongest in solids, weaker in liquids and almost none at all in gases) P Particles of one substance are different from other substances

27 Kinetic Energy P Kinetic Energy is energy in motion. Anything that is moving has kinetic energy. P The more mass an object has, the more kinetic energy it has. P Average Kinetic Energy is the average energy of ALL the particles in a substance. P Average Kinetic Energy is measured in a unit called JOULES (J). P Temperature of a substance is the measure of the average kinetic energy of its particles.

28 Changes of State P Melting - the change from a solid to a liquid P Freezing - the change from a liquid to a solid P Evaporation - the change from a liquid to a gas P Condensation - the change from a gas to a liquid P Sublimation - the change from a solid to a gas P Deposition - the change from a gas to a solid

29 How Heat is Transferred Conduction PConduction is the transfer of energy through matter from particle to particle. It is the transfer and distribution of heat energy from atom to atom within a substance. For example, a spoon in a cup of hot soup becomes warmer because the heat from the soup is conducted along the spoon. Conduction is most effective in solids-but it can happen in fluids.

30 Conduction

31 How Heat is Transferred Convection PConvection is the transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter. Heat leaves the coffee cup as the currents of steam and air rise. Convection is the transfer of heat energy in a gas or liquid by movement of currents. (It can also happen in some solids, like sand.) P Convection Currents are created when heated gas (ex. air) or liquid (ex.water) rises and cooler gas or liquid drops back down.

32 Convection Hot water rises, cools, and falls. Heated air rises, cools, then falls. Air near heater is replaced by cooler air, and the cycle repeats. This creates a convection current. What if coils were at the bottom?

33 How Heat is Transferred Radiation PRadiation - Electromagnetic waves that directly transport ENERGY through space. Sunlight is a form of radiation that is radiated through space to our planet without the aid of gases,liquids or solids. The energy travels through nothingness! P Radiation is also transmitted through air. This is the reason you can feel the heat of a campfire from the side.

34

35 How Heat is Transferred Waves PYou cannot see electromagnetic waves because they are not made of matter like the waves in the ocean. P Electromagnetic waves can carry energy through empty space or air. P The heat you feel from the Sun, a fire or the hot burner on your stove are transmitted by electromagnetic waves.

36 How Heat is Transferred Types of Electromagnetic Waves P Radio waves - carry radio and television signals P Microwaves - carry information to and from satellites P Infrared waves - mostly responsible for transmitting heat P Visible light - electromagnetic waves that can be detected by our eyes P Ultraviolet waves - invisible to our eyes, these are the waves from the Sun that cause sunburn P X-rays - used to make images of bones P Gamma Rays - radioactive waves. Can do serious damage to living tissue.

37 How Heat is Transferred Absorbing Radiant Energy P Different substances react differently to radiant energy P If the substance absorbs radiant energy, it gets warmer P If the substance reflects radiant energy, it does not get as warm P The darker the color, the more radiant energy that is absorbed ex. A dark shirt will be warmer on a summer day than a light shirt. P If radiant energy passes through a substance, very little energy is absorbed. Ex. glass

38 How Heat is Transferred Absorbing Radiant Energy PAll forms of electromagnetic radiation works this way. P That is, when a surface absorbs any sort of electromagnetic radiation, it gets warmer

39 Conductors and Insulators P Conductor - materials which permit heat energy to flow freely from atom to atom and molecule to molecule. An object made of a conducting material will permit heat energy to be transferred across the entire surface of the object. P Thermal Conductivity - the rate at which a substance conducts heat. Examples of conductors - metals,graphite, water and the human body

40 Conductors and Insulators P Insulator - materials which do not allow the free flow of heat energy from atom to atom and molecule to molecule. The particles of the insulator do not permit the free flow of heat energy; subsequently heat is seldom distributed evenly across the surface of an insulator. Example of insulators - a vacuum,wood, plastic, styrofoam, air

41 Conductors and Insulators A Vacuum P A vacuum is a situation where there are no gas particles present. That is, all of the air is removed. P Since there are no particles present, neither conduction nor convection can occur since both these methods of heat transfer, require particles to take place. P A Thermos has a vacuum between the outside plastic and the inside glass section. The inside glass section is also silvered to act as a mirror to reflect back any heat radiation. Diagram of a thermos

42 Diagram of a Thermos

43 Conductors and Insulators R-Value PAll insulators are rated on their ability to resist heat transfer. This is called the R-value. P The higher the R-value, the better the insulating properties of the substance. P When determining the R-value of the walls in a house, you must add up all the R-values of each layer. P A single pane of glass does not have a very high R- value, but two panes with air or argon gas between them has a much higher R-value.

44

45 Temperature vs Heat P Average Kinetic energy is the average amount of heat energy of all particles in a substance. P Total Kinetic Energy is the sum of the heat energy of all the particles in a substance. P Specific Heat Capacity is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1.00g of a substance by 1.00 degrees C.

46 Temperature vs Heat Average Kinetic Energy PExample of Average Kinetic Energy Let s say you have 100 particles in a liquid. Each particle has 2 Joules of heat energy. To get the average you add up all the particles and divide by 100 (that is add up 2 one hundred times to get 200 Joules and divide by 100 to get an average kinetic energy of 2 Joules per particle for the liquid) Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy.

47 Temperature vs Heat Total Kinetic Energy PExample of Total Kinetic Energy To get the total kinetic energy of the same liquid, you just add up the amount of energy in each particle. So at 2 Joules each for 100 particles that would give you a total kinetic energy of 200 Joules. This is a measure of the amount of heat in a substance.

48 Temperature vs Heat P If this liquid had a temperature of 40 degrees Celcius and you were to pour half into another beaker, the temperature would stay the same, the average kinetic energy (100 Joules divided by 50 = 2 Joules) would stay the same, but the total kinetic energy would be half (50 particles at 2 Joules each equals 100 Joules total)

49 Temperature vs Heat Specific Heat Capacity P The Specific Heat Capacity of water is higher than most substances. P This is why the ground will heat up more than water when they are exposed to the same amount of sunlight. P Since heat can only be transferred through the ground by conduction (which is quite slow), the heat is distributed better through water because 1) sunlight penetrates deeper and 2) convection distributes the heat faster in water.

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