Electron scattering in Mainz
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1 Electron scattering in Mainz Plans for the next decade Niklaus Berger Institut für Kernphysik, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz EINN, Paphos, Cyprus November 2015
2 Overview The Idea: Searching for new physics with the weak mixing angle The Machine: Mainz Energy-Recovery Superconducting Accelerator Experiment I: Weak mixing angle with P2 Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 2
3 Overview Experiment II: Dark photons, proton radius etc. with MAGIX More experiments: Dark matter, electron electric dipole moment etc. Even more: Continuing program at MAMI Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 3
4 The weak mixing angle (also: Weinberg-angle) Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 4
5 The weak mixing angle One of the fundamental parameters of the standard model Electroweak symmetry breaking creates photon and Z 0 Angle shows up both in masses and couplings (charges) Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 5
6 Which weak mixing angle? The last slide is true at tree level But there are quantum corrections... Two options: Use the masses for the definition: (at all orders of perturbation theory) On-shell scheme Or use the couplings: (which change with energy, and so does the angle) MS-scheme Use second option from here on Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 6
7 Weak mixing angle and charges Proton electric charge +1 Proton weak charge 1-4 sin 2 θ W Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 7
8 Scale dependence (running) of sin 2 θ W Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 8
9 Scale dependence (running) of sin 2 θ W Q W ( p ) Q W ( e ) Nu T ev Q W ( APV ) edis T e v atron LEP1 SLD A TLAS sin 2 θ W ( Q ) CMS hs Q [ G e V ] Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 9
10 Scale dependence (running) of sin 2 θ W Q W ( p) Q W ( e) NuTeV 0.24 P2@MESA Q weak Moller SOLID 0.23 Q W ( APV ) edis Tevatron LEP1 SLD ATLAS sin 2 θ W ( Q ) CMS hs Q [GeV] Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 10
11 New Physics in the running Q W ( p) Q W ( e) NuTeV 0.24 P2@MESA Q weak Moller SOLID 0.23 Q W ( APV ) edis Tevatron LEP1 SLD ATLAS sin 2 θ W ( Q ) CMS hs Q [GeV] Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 11
12 Dark Z in mixing Marciano et al. E158 Qweak first DIS m dark Z m dark Z 100 MeV 200 MeV sin 2 ΘW Q APV Cs Moller MESAQweak LEP ''Anticipated sensitivities'' SLAC Log 10 Q GeV Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 12
13 Contact Interactions Contact interactions up to 49 TeV (comparable to LHC at 300 fb -1 ) Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 13
14 How to measure the weak charge? Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 14
15 Weak mixing angle and charges Proton electric charge +e Proton weak charge 1-4 sin 2 θ W Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 15
16 Weak mixing angle and charges Violates parity! Proton electric charge +e Proton weak charge 1-4 sin 2 θ W Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 16
17 Parity violating electron scattering Detector Electron beam Proton Target Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 17
18 Parity violating electron scattering Detector Electron beam Proton Target Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 18
19 Parity violating electron scattering Detector Electron beam Proton Target Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 19
20 Parity violating electron scattering Momentum transfer sets scale Proton structure - small nuisance if Q 2 small Weak charge - what we want Detector Electron beam Proton Target Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 20
21 Why is this difficult? sin 2 θ W 0.25: Weak charge is tiny At low Q 2 : Asymmetry is tiny (40 parts per billion): need very large statistics We are subtracting two huge numbers from each other (not really - switching helicity with a few KHz) Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 21
22 γ-z box graphs Large uncertainty due to hadronic uncertainty Re z - Avg. (Model I,II) Re z ± ( z) Uncertainty rises with beam energy Re z(e, t=0) P2 QWEAK (E = GeV) E (GeV) [Gorchstein, Horowitz, Ramsey-Musolf 2011] Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 22
23 PVeS Experiment Summary ) PV (A Pioneering Strange Form Factor ( ) S.M. Study ( ) JLab Future Mainz-Be SAMPLE H-I G0 A4 MIT-12C A4 H-III A4 H-He H-II PREX-I E158 PREX-II Qweak G0 100% E122 PVDIS-6 SOLID 10% 1% Moller MESA-P2 MESA-12C A PV Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 23
24 How much statistics do we need? Want to measure sin 2 θ W to 0.13% Need Q W at 1.5% Essentially means 1.5% on A PV A PV is 40 parts per billion δ(a PV ) is 0.6 parts per billion N a few Measure hours (absolute maximum anyone thinks shifts are organisable) Need close to electrons/s GHz Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 24
25 Can we get that rate? Yes! 150 μa of electron beam current 60 cm long liquid hydrogen target Detector Luminosity s -1 cm -2 Electron beam Integrate 8.6 ab -1 Proton Target Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 25
26 MAMI in Mainz Mainz Microtron Up to 100 μa Up to 1.5 GeV 80 % polarisation (80 μa) Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 26
27 MAMI in Mainz Mainz Microtron Up to 100 μa Up to 1.5 GeV 80 % polarisation (80 μa) A1: Real electron scattering Four high-precision spectrometers Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 27
28 MAMI in Mainz Mainz Microtron A2: Tagged photon beam Crystal ball plus TAPS Up to 100 μa Up to 1.5 GeV 80 % polarisation (80 μa) Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 28
29 MAMI in Mainz Mainz Microtron Up to 100 μa Up to 1.5 GeV 80 % polarisation (80 μa) A4: Parity violation Now decommissioned Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 29
30 MAMI in Mainz Mainz Microtron Up to 100 μa Up to 1.5 GeV 80 % polarisation (80 μa) A4: Parity violation Now decommissioned Space for something new Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 30
31 hours is 417 days 24/7 of measurements Hard to get that amount of time at a shared accelerator facility... Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 31
32 If you cannot rent it, build it: The MESA accelerator Mainz Energy-recovery Superconducting Accelerator Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 32
33 Requirements Beam current 150 μa Polarisation > 85% High precision polarimetry High runtime (more than 4000 h/year) Extremely stable Fit into existing halls at MAMI external Experiment P2 internal experiment cryomodules Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 33
34 More space: Centre of Fundamental Physics Research building recently funded: Lab and office building Experimental hall for MESA Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 34
35 MESA Mainz Energy Recoving Superconducting Accelerator MESA P2 extracted beam E xisting experimental halls MAGIX MESA ERL arc New experimental hall (Forschungsbau ) SRF Cryo Modules Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 35
36 Superconducting Cryomodules: Ordered STAINLESS STEEL VACUUM VESSEL SUPPORT SYSTEM TANK TANDEM LN 2 -PORT LN 2 -RESERVOIR He GAS COLLECTOR ALIGNMENT PARTS LN 2 LEVELMETER He GAS RETURN MAG SHIELDING TUNING SYSTEM LHe FEED PIPE COOL DOWN LOOP SUSPENSION CABLE (SUPPORT SYSTEM) ALIGNMENT PARTS TITANIUM TANK BATH CRYOSTAT 80K SHIELDING MAIN COUPLER COLD PART BEAM PIPE LHe LEVELMETER SUPPORT SYSTEM NIOBIUM CAVITY TUNING SYSTEM CENTER POINT FOLDER SHIELDINGS & TANDEM BEAM PIPE VALVE Teichert et al. NIM A 557 (2006) 239 Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 36
37 Stability Requirements The main worry are beam fluctuations correlated with the helicity: Achieved at MAMI sin 2 θ W uncertainty requirement Energy fluctuations: 0.04 ev < 0.1 ppb ok! Position fluctuations 3 nm 5 ppb 0.13 nm Angle fluctuations 0.5 nrad 3 ppb 0.06 nrad Intensity fluctuations 14 ppb 4 ppb 0.36 ppb Now testing upgraded stabilization at MAMI Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 37
38 MESA Mainz Energy Recoving Superconducting Accelerator MESA P2 extracted beam E xisting experimental halls MAGIX MESA ERL arc New experimental hall (Forschungsbau ) SRF Cryo Modules Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 38
39 Polarimetry: Double Mott Polarimeter Mott Polarimertry: Measure left/right asymmetry to obtain spin polarisation Analysing power of foils needs to be extrapolated Double Mott Polarimeter: Obtain analysing power from measurement Precise measurement of spin polarisation [Gellerich and Kessler, Phys.Rev.A. 43, 204 (1991)] Invasive measurement at source Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 39
40 Polarimetry: Hydro-Møller Polarimeter Møller scattering from polarized (7 T field) atomic hydrogen in a trap Online capability High accuracy (< 0.5%) About 2 h to reach 0.5% statistical accuracy Cryostat under construction in Mainz Atomic Hydrogen Target T Solenoid Mixing Chamber R183 Cryostat Z e - Beam Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 40
41 P2: How to detect 100 GHz of (the right) electrons... Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 41
42 Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 42
43 Solenoid Spectrometer Integrating Cherenkov Detectors Shielding H Target Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 43
44 Choice of scattering angle Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 44
45 Solenoid spectrometer Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 45
46 Solenoid spectrometer Detector Shield Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 46
47 Counting detectors Detector Electron beam Proton Target Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 47
48 Integrating detectors Detector Electron beam Proton Target Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 48
49 Quartz-Bars & Photomultipliers Detect Cherenkov-light created by electrons Integrate photomultiplier current Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 49
50 Quartz-Bars & Photomultipliers Detect Cherenkov-light created by electrons Integrate photomultiplier current Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 50
51 Measuring Q 2 : Tracking a lot of low momentum particles
52 Tracker requirement Low momentum electrons: Thin detectors Very high rates: Fast and granular detectors Solenoid Tracking detector Integrating Detectors Beam axis Target Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 52
53 Fast, thin, cheap pixel sensors High Voltage Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 53
54 Fast and thin sensors: HV-MAPS High voltage monolithic active pixel sensors - Ivan Perić Use a high voltage commercial process (automotive industry) Small active region, fast charge collection via drift Implement logic directly in N-well in the pixel - smart diode array N-well P-substrate E field Particle Can be thinned down to < 50 μm Logic on chip: Output are zero-suppressed hit addresses and timestamps (I.Perić, P. Fischer et al., NIM A 582 (2007) 876 ) Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 54
55 The MUPIX chip prototypes HV-MAPS chips: AMS 180 nm HV-CMOS Developed for Mu3e 5 generations of prototypes Current generation: MUPIX7 40 x 32 pixels 80 x 103 μm pixel size 9.4 mm 2 active area MUPIX7 has all features of final sensor Left to do: Scale to 2 x 2 cm 2 Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 55
56 Efficiency Hit efficiency above 99% without tuning Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 56
57 Time resolution Trigger TimeStamp Difference Distribution for Single Events trigger_ts_s_diff Entries Mean RMS χ 2 / ndf 8049 / 3 Constant 8.98e+05 ± 6.48e+02 Mean ± Sigma ± Timestamp resolution better than 15 ns Timestamp-Trigger time [10ns] Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 57
58 P2 Y X Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 58
59 Neutron Skins: Concettina Sfienti on Tuesday Where are the neutrons in the nucleus? Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 59
60 Neutron Skins Where are the neutrons in the nucleus? Gives access to the equation of state of neutron matter Tells us how big/small neutron stars are Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 60
61 How to see the neutrons? Not charged: Photons not a good probe Use parity violating electron scattering: Proton weak charge is almost zero - see mostly neutrons Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 61
62 MESA Mainz Energy Recoving Superconducting Accelerator MESA P2 extracted beam E xisting experimental halls MAGIX MESA ERL arc New experimental hall (Forschungsbau ) SRF Cryo Modules Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 62
63 Energy recovery Can we go to higher beam currents? In principle yes... But power is expensive Why dump electrons? Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 63
64 Energy recovery Put energy back into field! Can go up to 1 (10) ma beam current But not with a thick target Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 64
65 High current, high resolution: MAGIX Mesa Gas Internal Target Experiment Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 65
66 MAGIX Spectrometer Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 66
67 Requirements Energy recovery: We want the beam back Energy loss less than 10-3 As little scattering as possible No target window High resolution spectrometer No beam interactions in target window As little scattering as possible Thin walls, thin detectors Extremely intense beam: Do not need very high acceptance Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 67
68 Internal gas target Inject gas directly into the beam pipe Differential pumping to keep beam vacuum Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 68
69 TARDIS Twin-arm dipole spectrometer Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 69
70 TARDIS Image momentum to position 10-4 momentum resolution for 50 μm position resolution Image angle to position Detector Detector Target Target Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 70
71 Focal plane detectors Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 71
72 The proton, dark photons and more: Physics at MAGIX Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 72
73 Proton Radius Puzzle How big is a proton? (electromagnetic charge radius) Measure in scattering experiments (Mainz!) Measure in spectroscopy (Lamb-shift) Lamb shift is tiny - except in muonic hydrogen Big surprise! 4-7 σ discrepancy - why? MAMI (J. Bernauer et al.) JLab (X. Zhan et al.) CODATA µh (R. Pohl et al.) µh (A. Antognini et al.) Proton Charge Radius (fm) Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 73
74 Scattering, Q 2 and substructure 1.1 Scattering experiments happen at finite momentum transfer Q 2 1 They will see some of the proton substructure µpg p E /Gp M Bernauer (MAMI 2010) Zhan (JLab 2011) Crawford (Bates 2007) MacLachlan (JLab 2006) Jones (JLab 2006) Punjabi (JLab 2005) Pospischil (MAMI 2001) Dietrich (MAMI 2001) Gayou (JLab 2001) Jones (JLab 2000) MESA projected error Belushkin (Disp. Analysis 2007) Charge radius is defined at Q 2 = 0 Need to extrapolate: Potentially large error Q 2 / (GeV 2 /c 2 ) Want to measure at as small Q 2 as possible Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 76
75 Before MESA: A1 at MAMI - Miha Mihovilovic A1 measurements a pillar of scattering radius measurements Limited by extrapolation to Q 2 = 0 How to get lower Q 2? Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 77
76 Initial state radiation at A1 Strategy: Access very low Q 2 region via initial state radiation events Measure momentum spectrum of scattered electrons Needs very good understanding of radiative corrections and final state radiation Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 78
![Initial state radiation at A1 Strategy: Q 2 at Detector [GeV 2 /c 2 ] Access very low Q 2 region via initial state radiation events Q 2 at Vertex [GeV 2 /c 2 ] 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 9](/docs-images/82/86577833/images/77-0.jpg "E e = 330 MeV E e = 195 MeV 10 1 10 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Energy of scattered Electron E [MeV ] 10 8 E e = 495 MeV 10 7 10 6 10 5 10 4 10 3 10 2 Events Measure momentum spectrum of")
77 Initial state radiation at A1 Strategy: Q 2 at Detector [GeV 2 /c 2 ] Access very low Q 2 region via initial state radiation events Q 2 at Vertex [GeV 2 /c 2 ] E e = 330 MeV E e = 195 MeV Energy of scattered Electron E [MeV ] 10 8 E e = 495 MeV Events Measure momentum spectrum of scattered electrons Needs very good understanding of radiative corrections and final state radiation Plan: Gas jet target (less wall background) Go to lower energies Extract proton radius Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 79
78 Low Q 2 with MAGIX MeV beam Down to 14 scattering angle µpg p E /Gp M Bernauer (MAMI 2010) Zhan (JLab 2011) Crawford (Bates 2007) MacLachlan (JLab 2006) Jones (JLab 2006) Punjabi (JLab 2005) Pospischil (MAMI 2001) Dietrich (MAMI 2001) Gayou (JLab 2001) Jones (JLab 2000) MESA projected error Belushkin (Disp. Analysis 2007) Q 2 / (GeV 2 /c 2 ) Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 80
79 Dark photons Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 81
80 Dark photons There is dark matter out there... There could be additional U(1) gauge symmetries with an exchange particle (dark photon, mass m γ ) It could mix with the photon via heavy fermions (mixing parameter ε) It would then show up as a narrow bump in the e + e - spectrum It could explain the muon g-2 anomaly Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 82
81 Invisible dark photons Measurement via missing mass method Requires detection of low energy proton; challenging Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 83
82 Dark photons at A1 E beam MeV 100 μa beam current Stack of tantalum targets 22 kinematic settings Coincidence between spectrometers for e + e - Best limits in the g-2 region at the time of publication Merkel et al. [A1] Phys.Rev.Lett. 112 (2014) 22, Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 84
83 Dark photons at MESA/MAGIX ε (g-2) e WASA KLOE 2013 KLOE 2014 BABAR (g-2) ± 2σ µ favored NA48/2 HADES PHENIX A1 APEX BABAR 2014 E774 MESA BESIII E [GeV/c ] m γ' Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 85
84 Dark Matter with the Beam Dump BDX Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 86
85 Search for dark matter MESA: More than electrons hit beam dump per year Some of them could produce dark matter particles Mainz Energy Recoving Superconducting Accelerator Dark matter beam MESA Detect with DM detector (xenon?) behind beam dump E xisting experimental halls extracted beam P2 MAGIX MESA ERL arc New experimental hall (Forschungsbau ) SRF Cryo Modules Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 87
86 Beam dump dark matter Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 88
87 Beam dump dark matter FLUKA calculations of neutron flux behind dump look promising MESA operates below the pion threshold, no neutrinos produced Boost gives access to low mass dark matter Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 89
88 And one more: Electric dipole moment of electrons Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 90
89 Electric Dipole Moments - Yannis Semertzidis An EDM of a fundamental particle violates CP and T Essentially 0 in the SM (tiny contribution from CKM) Potentially large in BSM models Some more CP violation needed Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 91
90 Dipole moments and precession Spin precesses in magnetic field due to magnetic dipole moment μ Spin precesses in electric field due to electric dipole moment d μ is large, d is almost zero Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 92
91 Charged particle EDMs For neutral particles: Put in a box Apply large E-field Watch precession E.g.: Neutron EDM For charged particles: E field leads to acceleration Put electron into a neutral, polar molecule (ACME, Imperial/Sussex) Put electron/proton/deuteron etc. in a storage ring Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 93
92 Precession in a storage ring Electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to momentum Magnetic dipole Electric dipole How to get rid of magnetic part? Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 94
93 Precession in a storage ring No magnetic field! (about 10 MV/m electric field) Magnetic dipole Electric dipole Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 95
94 Precession in a storage ring No magnetic field! Magic momentum! Magnetic dipole Electric dipole 0.7 GeV/c for protons 14.5 MeV for electrons Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 96
95 Build an electric-only storage ring Magic momentum Spin rotates with momentum vector EDM leads to out of plane precession Counter-rotating bunches help to cancel systematics Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 97
96 Systematics Need very low magnetic field Good control of electric field ACME collaboration, Science 343, 269 (2104) Very hard to compete with molecules for limits but only option for a precise measurement and a pathfinder for the proton EDM ( Jülich, Korea...) Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 98
97 Summary Exciting physics program for electron scattering in Mainz in the next decade: New accelerator MESA, staring 2018/19 Weak mixing angle measurement with P2 Also gives access to neutron skins Proton radius, dark photon and much more with MAGIX Second generation of experiments: Beam dump dark matter and electron EDM ring (?) Niklaus Berger EINN November 2015 Slide 99
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