Takao Akahori. z i In this paper, if f is a homogeneous polynomial, the correspondence between the Kodaira-Spencer class and C[z 1,...
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1 J. Korean Math. Soc. 40 (2003), No. 4, pp HOMOGENEOUS POLYNOMIAL HYPERSURFACE ISOLATED SINGULARITIES Takao Akahori Abstract. The mirror conjecture means originally the deep relation between complex and symplectic geometry in Calabi-Yau manifolds. Recently, this conjecture is posed beyond Calabi-Yau, and even for open manifolds (e.g. A n singularities and its resolution) is discussed. While if we treat open manifolds, we can t avoid the boundary (in our case, CR manifolds). Therefore we pose the more precise conjecture (mirror symmetry with boundaries). Namely, in mirror symmetry, for boundaries, what kind of structure should correspond? For this problem, the A n case is studied. Let (V (n), o) be an isolated singularity with complex dimension n in a complex Euclidean space C N. Let M be the intersection of this V (n) and Sɛ 2N 1 (o). Then, over M a CR structure is induced. Kuranishi initiated the study of the deformation theory of CR structures, and since then, much progress has been made. Especially, related with the Calabi- Yau manifolds, Z 1 space, a subspace of the Kohn-Rossi cohomology, has been found and studied (see [5], [6]). In this paper, we study the hypersurface singularity. For a hypersurface singularity in C n+1, defined by a polynomial f, the parameter space of the versal family is C[z 1,..., z n+1 ]/(f, f ). In this paper, if f is a homogeneous polynomial, the correspondence between the Kodaira-Spencer class and C[z 1,..., z n+1 ]/(f, f ), is written down explicitly. Using this expression, the space Z 1 is determined. Recently, in mathematical physics, string theory is discussed not only on Calabi-Yau manifolds, but also on isolated singularities. I hope that our work in CR structures might be applicable in this direction. Received December 1, Mathematics Subject Classification: 32S, 32V. Key words and phrases: symplectic geometry, isolated singularities, CR structures.
2 668 Takao Akahori 1. The deformation theory of CR structures Let (V (n), o) be an isolated singularity in a complex Euclidean space C N with complex dimension n. Let Sɛ 2N 1 (o) be a hypersphere, centered at o with radius ɛ. Let M be the intersection of this V and Sɛ 2N 1 (o). Then our M is a non-singular real odd dimensional C manifold. Moreover, a CR structure, (M, 0 T ) is induced by; 0 T = C T M T (V o), and satisfies 0 T 0 T = 0, dim C 0 T = n 1, [X, Y ] Γ(M, 0 T ) for all X, Y Γ(M, 0 T ). For this CR structures, the deformation theory has been developed. We, briefly sketch the deformation theory of CR structures (for the notations, for example T,Γ(M, E i ), etc., see [3]). We take a supplemental vector field ξ and set T = 0 T + C ξ, where 0 T = 0 T. Then, like the case compact complex manifolds, there is a standard deformation complex, 0 Γ(M, T ) T Γ(M, T ( 0 T ) ) (1) T Γ(M, T 2 ( 0 T ) ) (1.1) Γ(M, T p ( 0 T ) ) (p) T Γ(M, T p+1 ( 0 T ) ). For the formal category, it is enough. But if we want to get a convergent solution, we have to introduce a new complex (see [1], [3]) (1.2) 0 H Γ(M, E 1 ) (1) Γ(M, E 2 ) Γ(M, E p ) (p) Γ(M, E p+1 ). With this complex, the versal family of CR structure (M, 0 T ) is given by solving the following pair of partial differential equations (the existence of the solution is proved in [1], [3]), { (1) φ + R 2 (φ) = 0, φ Γ(M, E 1 ) φ = 0. Here means the adjoint operator with respect to (1.2). While, our H is not a standard one. In fact, H is defined as follows: H = {u : u Γ(M, T ), u = 0}. And in u = 0, the first order derivative appears. So this space is just a prehilbert (not a space consisting of C sections of a certain vector
3 Homogeneous polynomial hypersurface isolated singularities 669 bundle). In the case strongly pseudo convex, our is a second order differential operator. And the following holds (see Lemma 5.3 in [3]). Proposition 1.1. is expressed a composition of two differential operators = π H0 T on Γ(M, E 1). Here T means the formal adjoint operator and π H0 includes the first order derivation. So our harmonic space is {u : u Γ(M, E 1 ), (1) u = 0, π H0 T u = 0} and the harmonic space includes as a subspace {u : u Γ(M, E 1 ), (1) u = 0, T u = 0} because of Proposition 1.2. Surprisingly, the latter space comes in a different subject (see [6]). In fact, we assume that our CR structure admits a non vanishing CR form of Γ(M, n (T ) ). This is an analogy of Calabi-Yau manifold. And we assume that our ξ satisfies [ξ, Γ(M, 0 T )] Γ(M, 0 T ). Then by wedging Γ(M, n (T ) ) from the left hand side, T -valued p form can be regarded as an element of n 1 (T ) p ( 0 T ) ). By this identification, infinitesimal deformation space = n 1 (T ) valued Kohn- Rossi cohomology (corresponds to the case p = 1). In this situation, a subspace Z 1 of infinitesimal deformation space is found. (see [6]). Here Z 1 = {u : u F n 1,1, d u = 0, d u = 0}. It is proved that this Z 1 = the image of wedge product of {u : u Γ(M, E 1 ), (1) u = 0, u = 0} (see Theorem 2.1 in [5]). So the difference of both spaces seems an interesting problem. If infinitesimal deformation space Z 1 holds, then such an isolated singularity has a similar property as a Calabi-Yau manifold. So, what kind of isolated singularity has this property? And in a general isolated singularity, how Z 1 space is like These are next problems. 2. Compact complex manifold case Let X be a compact complex manifold with complex dimension n. Let (X, π, S) be a family of deformations of complex structures of X. This means that; X is a complex manifold, S is also an analytic space
4 670 Takao Akahori with the origin o, and π is a smooth map (the rank of π = dim C S) from X to S. So we have the Kodaira Spencer map (2.1) ρ o : T o S H 1 (X, T X). Assume that there is a holomorphic (n, 0) form, ω, which is nonvanishing on X, and it can be extended to X holomorphically (we use the notation ω for this extension). In this situation, we write down the Kodaira-Spencer class. We take a C diffeomorphism map from X S to X, i X S s X the projection to the second factor Then, we have Theorem 2.1. S π identity map S. { s i s( ω Xs ) s=o } (n 1,1) = ω ρ o (( s ) o). Here, { s i s( ω Xs ) s=o } (n 1,1) means the (n 1, 1) part of s i s( ω Xs ) s=o and means the inner product, and the equality holds in H 1 (X, n 1 (T X) ). Obviously, this holds without the assumption of compactness, but in this case, we must slightly change the notion C diffeomorphism map. 3. Deformation theory on C[z 1,..., z n+1 ]/(f, f ) Now in this section, we treat a hypersurface isolated singularity and its boundary M V = {(z 1,..., z n+1 ) : f(z 1,..., z n+1 ) = 0} M = V {(z 1,..., z n+1 ) : z z n+1 2 = 1}. Here we assume that; if p o, then df(p) 0. As is well known, the versal family of this isolated singularity is (3.1) Ṽ = {(z 1,..., z n+1, t 1,..., t l ) : f(z 1,..., z n+1 ) = t 1 g t l g l } where g i is a representative of deformation algebra C[z 1,..., z n+1 ]/(f, f ), l means the dimension of this algebra. We would like to give the correspondence with this algebra and our deformation theory of CR structures.
5 Homogeneous polynomial hypersurface isolated singularities 671 Usually, in the algebraic geometry, people study the residue of n + 1 form, 1 f(z) t dz 1 dz n+1 but we adopt a different method. For the C n+1, we put a metric <, > (if f is a quasi homogeneous polynomial, instead of the usual metric, we must consider the weighted metric). With this metric, we introduce type (1,0) vector X f on C n+1 o by; (3.2) < Y, X f >= Y f on C n+1 o, Y T (C n+1 o). Lemma 3.1. X f does not vanish at every point of C n+1 o. Proof. If X f vanishes at a point p of C n+1 o, by the definition of X f, at p, (Y f)(p) = 0 for any Y T (C n+1 o). This is absurd because of df(p) 0 at every point p of C n+1 o. (3.3) Next we set X f = 1 X f f X f and consider a differential form on C n+1 o. ω = X f dz 1 dz n+1. By the definition, this is a form type (n, 0). Moreover, we have Lemma 3.2. on C n+1 o. Here dz 1 dz n+1 = df ω From this lemma, the following proposition follows. Proposition 3.3. d(ω Vt ) = 0. V t = {(z 1,..., z n+1 ) : f(z) = t}. This means that ω Vt is V t non-vanishing holomorphic (n, 0)-form (canonical form). Next we set C diffeomorphism map defined on a neighborhood of M i t : V o V t by; (z 1,..., z n+1 ) (z 1 + (X f z 1)t,..., z n+1 + (X f z n+1)t). This map satisfies Key relation 1 i t f f + t mod t 2. Therefore this map makes sense as mod t 2. By pulling back ω Vt by this map, we define a total degree n form ω 1 on V by; i t (ω Vt ) = ω V o +ω 1t mod (t, t 2 ). Then by d(ω Vt ) = 0 on V t, we have the following proposition.
6 672 Takao Akahori Proposition 3.4. dω 1 = 0 on V. We denote the (n 1, 1) (resp. (n, 0)) part of ω 1 by ω 1(n 1,1) (resp. ω 1(n,0) ). Then by ω 1 = ω 1(n,0) + ω 1(n 1,1), we have the following proposition. Proposition 3.5. ω 1(n 1,1) = 0 ω 1(n 1,1) + ω 1 (n,0) = 0. This ω 1(n 1,1) must be Kodaira- Spencer class of a family of deformations {V t }. More precisely, ω 1 (n 1,1) = {the Kodaira Spencer class, induced by the family {V t } on V o} { the canonical form ω }, by the argument in Theorem 2.1. Now we have determined the correspondence; 1 C[z 1,..., z n+1 ]/(f, f ) ω (n 1,1) 1 H 1 (V o, n 1 (T (V o)) ). Then for g(z) C[z 1,..., z n+1 ]/(f, f ), we set V g(z)t = {(z 1,..., z n+1 ) : f(z) = g(z)t} and set C diffeomorphism map i t (g) : V o V g(z)t by (z 1,..., z n+1 ) (z 1 + (X f z 1)g(z)t,..., z n+1 + (X f z n+1)g(z)t). So, i t (g) f(z i ) = f(z i + (X f z i)g(z)t). By the Taylor expansion theorem, n+1 i t (g) f(z i ) = f(z i ) + (X f z i)g(z)t f + O(t 2 ). i=1 While, because of n+1 i=1 X f z i f = 1, f(i t (g)(z)) f(z) + g(z)t mod t 2. Therefore on V o, this map also makes sense as mod t 2, and by the same procedure, we take the (n 1, 1) part of the first order term of i t (g) (ω Vt ) with respect to t.
7 Homogeneous polynomial hypersurface isolated singularities 673 Proposition 3.6. The (n 1, 1) part of the linear term of i t (g 1 + g 2 ) (ω Vt ) = i t (g 1 ) (ω Vt ) + i t (g 2 ) (ω Vt ), and the (n 1, 1) part of the linear term of i t (h g) (ω Vt ) = the (n 1, 1) part of the linear term of h i t (g) (ω Vt ). By our definitions, this proposition is obvious. So, we omit this. Now, we must show that this correspondence makes sense mod (f, ). Theorem 3.7. The above correspondence makes sense as a linear map from C[z 1,..., z n+1 ]/(f, f ) to H 1 (V o, n 1 (T (v o)) ). Proof. For the proof of this theorem, it suffices to see that: f and correspond to 0 in H 1 (V o, n 1 (T (V o)) ). For the case f, we compute i t (f) ω. For this purpose, by Proposition 3.6, it is enough to check two cases, f, f. (1) The case f. By the definition of i t (f), (z 1,..., z n+1 ) (z 1 + f(x f z 1)t,..., z n+1 + f(x f z n+1)t). So, on V o, this map is nothing but the identity map. Hence, i t (f)(ω Vt ) = ω, and so the (n 1, 1) part vanishes. (2) The case f. For simplicity, we assume f without loss of generality. By Lemma 3.2, Hence i t ( f ) (dz 1 dz n+1 ) = i t ( f ) df i t ( f ) ω. X f i t( f ) (dz 1 dz n+1 ) = X f i t( f ) df X f i t( f ) ω. We are focussing on the (n 1, 1) part. We have equalities i t ( f ) df = d{f(z i + ( f )(X f z i)t)} = df + (( f )X f df)t mod t2. Hence the corresponding (n 1, 1) term becomes X f i t( ) ω = the (n 1, 1) part of the linear term of X f {i t( f ) (dz 1 dz n+1 )}.
8 674 Takao Akahori And by the direct substitution, this becomes X f {d(z 1 + f (X f z 1)t) dz 2 dz n+1 + dz 1 d(z 2 + f (X f z z 2)t) dz n+1 1 f + + dz 1 dz n d(z n+1 + ( )(X f z z n+1))}. n+1 So the (n 1, 1) part of the linear term becomes the (n 1, 1) part of X f f {d(( )(X f z z 1)) dz 2 dz n dz 1 d(( f )(X f z 2)) dz 2 dz n+1 + }. Namely, the (n 1, 1) part of While, ( f )d((x f z 1)) dz 2 dz n+1 + ( f )dz 1 d((x f z 2)) dz n+1 + ( f )dz 1 dz 2 d((x f z 3)) dz n+1 +. df = f dz 1 + f z 2 dz 2 +. We use this equality (we substitute f dz 1 by df { f z 2 dz 2 + }. And if a term includes df, then on V o, it must vanish. By using these facts, we can rewrite the corresponding term as follows. Namely, the (n 1, 1) part of X f f {{( )d(x f z z 1) + ( f )d(x f 1 z z 2) + )}dz 2 dz 3 dz n+1 } 2 is the one. While, by the definition of X f, Therefore i=1 ( f )X f z 1 + ( f z 2 )X f z 2 + = 1. n+1 {d( f )(X f z z i) + ( f )d(x f i z z i)} = 0. i
9 Homogeneous polynomial hypersurface isolated singularities 675 Of course d( f ) is of type (1, 0). Therefore the (n 1, 1) part never appear. This completes our proof. Injectivity is proved by the fact; (3.1) is an effective family. And the Kohn-Rossi cohomology group H 1 (M, n 1 (T ) ) is isomorphic to H 1 (V o, n 1 (T ) ), via the restriction map to the boundary M. Hence, we have the explicit representation of the Kohn-Rossi cohomology (only type (n 1, 1)). 4. Main result In Section 3, we have the Kodaira-Spencer class of a family of deformations {V g(z)t }. For a given polynomial f, this procedure is computable. With these, we can write down our Z 1 space in some cases. We assume that f is a special kind of homogeneous polynomial, namely, f = z1 m + + zm n+1. Then, our main theorem is that; Theorem 4.1. If f is the above, Z 1 space is nothing but the harmonic space of the Kohn Rossi cohomology. And so, In this case, infinitesimal deformation space = Z 1. This means that; in a general theory of CR structures, in the middle dimension case, we have to treat the special harmonic space (see [3], [4]). But for the above two cases, we see that; the ordinary harmonic space is enough. By using the expression in Section 3, we might treat the cases general homogeneous and also general quasi homogeneous, and determinez 1 space. In these proofs, the following key relation might be essential. n+1 n+1 i t ( 1zi dz i ) 1zi dz i mod (t, t 2 ) on V o. i=1 i=1 However in order to give a complete proof, we need more pages. In the next section, we only give the proof of our main theorem for the case f = z1 3 + z3 2 + z3 3 just by the direct computation, and leave another paper for cases general homogeneous and quasi homogeneous. 5. f = z z3 2 + z3 3 Consider the hypersurface isolated singularity z z z 3 3 = 0,
10 676 Takao Akahori and a CR manifold {(z 1, z 2, z 3 ) : z z z 3 3 = 0, z z z 3 2 = 1}. For this example, we compute Z 1 in the way in Section 3. First, we see the deformation algebra C[z 1, z 2, z 3 ] (f, f, f z 2, f z 3 ), where f = z1 3 + z3 2 + z3 3. The representatives are (5.1) 1, z 1, z 2, z 3, z 1 z 2, z 1 z 3, z 2 z 3, z 1 z 2 z 3. In this case, as CR manifold M is of real dimension 3, the Kohn-Rossi cohomology is infinite dimensional. But as a cohomology group, it makes sense. Anyway, for an element in (5.1), we write down the corresponding (1, 1) form (Kodaira-Spencer class). By using the usual Euclidean metric, ds 2 = dz 1 dz 1 + dz 2 dz 2 + dz 3 dz 3, by the definition of X f, Therefore X f = 3z z z 2 3. z 2 z 3 X f f = 9( z z z 3 4 ) and so, by the definition of ω (ω := X f dz 1 dz 2 dz 3 ), ω = 1 9( z z z 3 4 ) (3z2 1dz 2 dz 3 3z 2 2dz 1 dz 3 +3z 2 3dz 1 dz 2 ). For brevity, we use abbreviation ψ = 9( z z z 3 4 ). And so, the corresponding C diffeomorphism map is ( i t : (z 1, z 2, z 3 ) z 1 + 3z2 1 ψ t, z 2 + 3z2 2 ψ t, z 3 + 3z2 ) 3 ψ t. This map induces i t : M M t in the sense of mod (t, t 2 ), where M t = {(z 1, z 2, z 3 ) : z z z 3 3 = t, z z z 3 2 = 1}. In this case as a supplement vector field ζ by adopting ζ := ( 3 3 ) 1 z i z i. i=1 i=1
11 Homogeneous polynomial hypersurface isolated singularities 677 Now the corresponding form associated with the Kodaira-Spencer class is ω 1 1 = 9( z z z 3 4 ) 2 {18z2 1z 2 dz 2 dz z 2 1z 3 dz 2 dz 3 18z 2 2z 1 dz 1 dz 3 18z 2 2z 3 dz 1 dz z 2 3z 1 dz 1 dz z 2 3z 2 dz 1 dz 2 }. In fact, this is shown as follows. (5.2) Therefore dz 1 dz 2 dz 3 = df ω. (5.3) i t (dz 1 dz 2 dz 3 ) = i t (df ω ) (5.4) i t (dz 1 dz 2 dz 3 ) = i t (df) i t (ω ) (5.5) (because of Key relation 1). Therefore (5.6) i t (dz 1 dz 2 dz 3 ) df i t (ω ) mod t 2 at every point of V o. i t ω X f i t (dz 1 dz 2 dz 3 ) mod t 2 X f (i t dz 1 i t dz 2 i t dz 3 ) mod t 2. We compute the linear term of the right hand side of this equation with respect to t. By a direct computation, the linear term is { X f d( 3z2 1 ψ ) dz 2 dz 3 + dz 1 d( 3z2 2 ψ ) dz 3 + dz 1 dz 2 d( 3z2 } 3 ψ ), so (5.7) { X f ( dψ ψ 2 )3z2 1 dz 2 dz ψ d(3z2 1) dz 2 dz 3 + dz 1 ( dψ ψ 2 )3z2 2 dz ψ dz 1 d(3z 2 1) dz 3 + dz 1 dz 2 ( dψ ψ 2 )3z } ψ dz 1 dz 2 d(3z 2 1). Proposition 5.1. (5.7) is purely of type (1, 1) at every point of p of M. That is to say, (2, 0) term of (5.7) vanishes at every point of p of M.
12 678 Takao Akahori Proof. The problem term is (5.8) X f dψ ψ 2 3z2 1dz 2 dz 3 +X f dψ ψ 2 3z2 2dz 1 dz 3 X f dψ ψ 2 3z2 3dz 1 dz 2. While the first term of this becomes X f dψ ψ 2 3z2 1dz 2 dz 3 = 1 ψ 2 (X f ψ)3z2 1dz 2 dz 3 3z2 1 ψ 2 dψ (X f z 2) dz 3 + 3z2 1 ψ 2 dψ (X f z 3)dz 2 = 1 ψ 2 X f ψ X f f 3z2 1dz 2 dz 3 3z2 1 ψ 2 3z 2 2 ψ dψ dz 3 + 3z2 1 ψ 2 3z 2 3 ψ dψ dz 2. By the same way, and X f dψ ψ 2 3z2 2dz 1 dz 3 = 1 ψ 2 X f ψ X f f 3z2 2dz 1 dz 3 3z2 2 ψ 2 3z 2 2 ψ dψ dz 3 + 3z2 2 ψ 2 3z 2 3 ψ dψ dz 1, (5.9) X f dψ ψ 2 3z2 2dz 1 dz 2 = 1 ψ 2 X f ψ X f f 3z2 3dz 1 dz 2 3z2 1 ψ 2 3z 2 3 ψ dψ dz 2 + 3z2 2 ψ 2 3z 2 3 ψ dψ dz 1. By summing up these, we have that: (5.8) becomes 1 ψ 2 X f ψ X f f 3z2 1dz 2 dz ψ 2 X f ψ X f f 3z2 2dz 1 dz 3 1 ψ 2 X f ψ X f f 3z2 3dz 1 dz 2. While, we have the following lemma. Lemma 5.2. X f ( z z z 3 2 1) = 0 on V o.
13 Homogeneous polynomial hypersurface isolated singularities 679 By this lemma, X f ψ = X f {9( z z z 3 4 )} = X f {9((1 z 2 2 z 3 2 ) 2 + z z 3 4 ) + 9( z 1 4 (1 z 2 2 z 3 2 ) 2 )} = X f {9((1 z 2 2 z 3 2 ) 2 + z z 3 4 ) We set ψ 1 by; Hence so +9( z z z 3 3 1)( z 1 2 z 2 2 z )}. ψ 1 = 9( (1 z 2 2 z 3 2 ) 2 + z z 3 4 ). ψ = ψ 1 + ψ ψ 1, X f ψ = X f ψ 1 + X f (ψ ψ 1). The latter term vanishes on M, because And so (5.10) While, on C 3 o, X f ( z z z 3 2 1) = 0, on V o z z z = 0, on S 5 1(o). X f ψ = X f ψ 1 + X f (ψ ψ 1) = X f ψ 1 at every point of M. (5.11) So X f ψ 1 = 3z2 2 ψ 1 ψ 1 z 2 + 3z2 3 ψ 1 ψ 1 z 3. 1 X f f (X f ψ)3z 2 1dz 2 dz 3 (5.12) = 3z2 2 ψ ψ 1 3z 2 z 1dz 2 dz 3 + 3z2 3 ψ 1 3z 2 2 ψ z 1dz 2 dz 3 3 = 3z2 2 3z2 1 ψ dψ 1 dz 3 + 3z2 3 3z2 1 ψ dz 2 dψ 1 = 3z2 2 3z2 1 ψ dψ 1 dz 3 3z2 2 3z2 1 ψ dψ 1 dz 2. On M = V S 5 1 (o), obviously, ψ 1 = ψ. By the same line, we calculate (X f ψ)3z 2 2 dz 1 dz 3, (X f ψ)3z 2 3 dz 1 dz 2, and summing up these, we see that these cancel. So ω 1 is purely type (1, 1) on M = V S5 1 (o).
14 680 Takao Akahori Now we see that ω 1 M satisfies ω 1 M Γ(M, θ ( 0 T ) ) and d ω 1 M = 0. In the sense of mod(t, t 2 ), our map is the contact transform from M to M t. So i t (ω Mt ) M Γ(M, θ ( 0 T ) + θ ( 0 T ) ). For our purpose, we must see ζ ω 1 Γ(M, (0 T ) ). However, by the definition of ω 1, it is easily seen. So, ω 1 Γ(M, θ (0 T ) ). Because of d(i t ω Mt ) M = 0, we have d ω 1 = 0. References [1] T. Akahori, The new estimate for the subbundles E j and its application to the deformation of the boundaries of strongly pseudoconvex domains, Invent. Math. 63 (1981), no. 2, [2], A mixed Hodge structure on a CR manifold, MSRI preprint [3] T. Akahori, P. M. Garfield, and J. M. Lee, Deformation theory of five-dimensional CR structures and the Rumin complex, Michigan Math. J. 50 (2002), [4], The bigraded Rumin complex on CR manifolds, preprint. [5] T. Akahori and P. M. Garfield, On the ordinary double point from the point of view of CR structures, preprint. [6] T. Akahori and K. Miyajima, An analogy of Tian-Todorov theorem on deformations of CR-structures, Compositio Math. 85 (1993), no. 1, [7] M. Kuranishi, Application of b to deformation of isolated singularities, Several complex variables (Williams Coll., Williamstown, Mass., 1975), Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics, vol. XXX, Part 1, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, R.I., 1977, pp Department of Mathematics Himeji Institute of Technology Shosha 2167, Himeji, Japan akahorit@sci.himeji-tech.ac.jp
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