Conceptual Physics Fundamentals. Chapter 4: NEWTON S LAWS OF MOTION

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1 Conceptual Physics Fundamentals Chapter 4: NEWTON S LAWS OF MOTION

2 This lecture will help you understand: Newton s First Law of Motion Newton s Second Law of Motion Forces and Interactions Newton s Third Law of Motion Vectors Summary of Newton s Laws of Motion

3 Newton s Laws of Motion I was only a scalar until you came along and gave me direction. Barbara Wolfe

4 Newton s First Law of Motion Newton s First Law (the law of inertia) a restatement of Galileo s concept of inertia states that every object continues in a state of rest or of uniform speed in a straight line unless acted on by a nonzero force

5 Newton s First Law of Motion example: dishes remain in their initial state of rest when a tablecloth is whipped from beneath them Inertia is the property of objects to resist changes in motion.

6 Newton s First Law (Law of Inertia) F 0 An object will remain at rest or in a constant state of motion unless acted upon by net external forces.

7 Newton s First Law If F 0 => No Change in Motion Dynamic Equilibrium Static Equilibrium

8 Newton s First Law of Motion CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR A sheet of paper can be quickly withdrawn from under a soft-drink can without the can toppling, because A. gravity pulls harder on the can than on the paper. B. the can has weight. C. the can has inertia. D. none of the above Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

9 Newton s First Law of Motion CHECK YOUR ANSWER A sheet of paper can be quickly withdrawn from under a soft-drink can without the can toppling, because A. gravity pulls harder on the can than on the paper. B. the can has weight. C. the can has inertia. D. none of the above Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

10 Newton s First Law of Motion CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR If you swing a stone overhead in a horizontal circle and the string breaks, the tendency of the stone is to follow a A. curved path. B. straight-line path. C. spiral path. D. vertical path. Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

11 Newton s First Law of Motion CHECK YOUR ANSWER If you swing a stone overhead in a horizontal circle and the string breaks, the tendency of the stone is to follow a A. curved path. B. straight-line path. C. spiral path. D. vertical path. Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

12 Net Forces cause Acceleration

13 Newton s 2nd Law Fnet ma a F net m The acceleration of object is directly related to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

14 Newton s 2nd Law Fnet ma m kg 2 s N

15 Conceptual Physics Fundamentals Chapter 4 When a 10-kg block is simultaneously pushed eastward with 20 N and westward with 15 N, the net force on the block is A. 35 N west. Fnet ma B. 35 N east. C. 5 N west. D. 5 N east. Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

16 Conceptual Physics Fundamentals Chapter 4 When a 10-kg block is simultaneously pushed eastward with 20 N and westward with 15 N, the acceleration of the block is A. 0.5 m/s 2 east. Fnet ma B. 0.5 m/s 2 west. C. 0.5 m/s 2 east west. D. none of the above. Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

17 Acceleration ~ Net Force a F net m

18 Acceleration ~ 1/Mass a F net m

19 Newton s Second Law of Motion CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Consider a cart pushed along a track with a certain force. If the force remains the same while the mass of the cart decreases to half, the acceleration of the cart A. remains the same. a F net B. halves. C. doubles. m D. changes unpredictably.

20 Newton s Second Law of Motion CHECK YOUR ANSWER Consider a cart pushed along a track with a certain force. If the force remains the same while the mass of the cart decreases to half, the acceleration of the cart A. remains the same. a F net B. halves. C. doubles. m D. changes unpredictably.

21 Newton s Second Law of Motion CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Push a cart along a track so twice as much net force acts on it. If the acceleration remains the same, what is a reasonable explanation? A. The mass of the cart doubled when the force doubled. B. The cart experiences a force that it didn t before. C. The track is not level. D. Friction reversed direction.

22 Newton s Second Law of Motion CHECK YOUR ANSWER Push a cart along a track so twice as much net force acts on it. If the acceleration remains the same, what is a reasonable explanation? A. The mass of the cart doubled when the force doubled. B. The cart experiences a force that it didn t before. C. The track is not level. D. Friction reversed direction. (Work Book 16)

23 Static Friction Frictional Forces Sliding Friction

24 Static Friction Frictional Forces a F net m Sliding Friction a F m f

25 Question: Frictional Forces Static Friction F f a Sliding Friction m What net force does a sliding crate experience when you exert a force of 110 N and the sliding friction between the crate and the floor is 110 N? What can you say about the motion of the crate? Is it moving? Is it accelerating? (Workbook pg 21)

26 Force of Gravity: Weight F W ma mg g 9.8 m/ s 2

27 Rock & Feather A rock and feather fall with the same acceleration due to gravity. Is the force of gravity acting on them the same?

28 Rock & Feather NO! The force of gravity acting on them is their weight!

29 Rock & Feather Why does the rock and feather fall with the same acceleration due to gravity?

30 Rock & Feather The acceleration due to gravity is the same for all object regardless of weight. More massive objects resist their change in motion more than less massive objects. The ratio F/m always turns out to be g.

31 Free Fall Acceleration

32 Air Resistance Air resistance is proportional to the size and speed of an object. WHY?

33 Air Resistance Air resistance is proportional to the size and speed of an object. The bigger the object, the more air it has to push aside. The faster the object, the faster it has to push air aside.

34 Terminal Velocity When the air resistance balances the weight (R = W), the object stops accelerating and it falls with constant velocity called the Terminal Velocity. W R a F net m W m W a m 0

35 Terminal Velocity Which person will have the greatest terminal velocity. Why?

36 Terminal Velocity The heavier an object, the greater the terminal velocity. WHY?

37 Terminal Velocity The heavier object requires greater air resistance to balance its weight and therefore more speed so the heavier object accelerates longer and has a greater speed and greater terminal velocity. (Work Book page 22!)

38 Newton s Second Law of Motion CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR As the skydiver falls faster and faster through the air, air resistance A. increases. B. decreases. C. remains the same. D. not enough information Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

39 Newton s Second Law of Motion CHECK YOUR ANSWER As the skydiver falls faster and faster through the air, air resistance A. increases. B. decreases. C. remains the same. D. not enough information Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

40 Newton s Second Law of Motion CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR As the skydiver continues to fall faster and faster through the air, net force A. increases. B. decreases. C. remains the same. D. not enough information Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

41 Newton s Second Law of Motion CHECK YOUR ANSWER As the skydiver continues to fall faster and faster through the air, net force A. increases. B. decreases. C. remains the same. D. not enough information Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

42 Newton s Second Law of Motion CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR As the skydiver continues to fall faster and faster through the air, her acceleration A. increases. B. decreases. C. remains the same. D. not enough information Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

43 Newton s Second Law of Motion CHECK YOUR ANSWER As the skydiver continues to fall faster and faster through the air, her acceleration A. increases. B. decreases. C. remains the same. D. not enough information Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

44 A situation to ponder CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Consider a heavy and light person jumping together with the same-size parachutes from the same altitude. Who will reach the ground first? A. the light person B. the heavy person C. both will reach at the same time D. not enough information Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

45 A situation to ponder CHECK YOUR ANSWER Consider a heavy and light person jumping together with the same-size parachutes from the same altitude. Who will reach the ground first? A. the light person B. the heavy person C. both will reach at the same time D. not enough information Explanation: The heavier person has a greater terminal velocity. Do you know why? Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

46 Newton s Third Law

47 Newton s First Law (Law of Inertia) F 0 An object will remain at rest or in a constant state of motion unless acted upon by net external forces.

48 Newton s 2nd Law Fnet ma a F net m The acceleration of object is directly related to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

49 Newton s 3rd Law F hand on wall F wall on hand To every force there is an equal but opposite reaction force.

50 Newton s 3rd Law F hand on wall F wall on hand You can t TOUCH without being TOUCHED back!!

51 Newton s 3rd Law F hand on wall F wall on hand This is an INTERACTIVE Universe.

52 An interaction requires a pair of forces acting on two objects.

53

54 Gravity is an Interaction F Earth on Rock F Rock on Earth

55 Gravity is an Interaction The Earth pulls on you, you pull on the Earth. You fall to the Earth, the Earth Falls to you. You accelerate towards the Earth with g = 10m/s 2. With what acceleration is the Earth falling towards you? F Earth on You mg a E 662N F M a mg M You on Earth a 1.1x10 22 m / s 2 E 5.98x10 24 kg E E E

56 Force is not Acceleration F Earth on You F You on Earth The forces are equal but the accelerations are not!

57 Free Fall Is the acceleration due to gravity zero?

58 Free Fall You feel weightless in free fall because there is no floor pushing up against you.

59 Bug Splat A bug and bus have a head on collision. Compared to the FORCE that acts on the bug, how much force acts on the bus? More Same Less Newton s 3rd Law: F bus bug F bug bus

60 Bug Splat Which undergoes the greater acceleration? a F m Bug Same Bus Which suffers the greatest damage? Bug Same Bus

61 Action Reaction Pairs kick Gun Pushes Bullet out. Bullet Pushes back on Gun (& Man)

62 Rocket Thrust Rocket Pushes Gas Out. Gas Pushes Back on Rocket.

63

64

65 Action-Reaction Pairs If ACTION is A acting on B, then REACTION is B acting on A.

66 Action-Reaction Pairs (Work Book page 23 & 24!)

67 Action-Reaction You push a heavy car by hand. The car, in turn, pushes back with an opposite but equal force on you. Doesn t this mean the forces cancel one another, making acceleration impossible? Why or Why not? Action-Reaction pairs act on different objects. For F = ma, all the forces act on the same object.

68 Newton s Third Law of Motion CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR When you step off a curb, Earth pulls you downward. The reaction to this force is A. a slight air resistance. B. nonexistent in this case. C. you pulling Earth upward. D. none of the above

69 Newton s Third Law of Motion CHECK YOUR ANSWER When you step off a curb, Earth pulls you downward. The reaction to this force is A. a slight air resistance. B. nonexistent in this case. C. you pulling Earth upward. D. none of the above

70 Newton s Third Law of Motion Action and Reaction on Different Masses cannonball: F/m = a cannon: F/m = a the same force exerted on a small mass produces a large acceleration the same force exerted on a large mass produces a small acceleration

71 Newton s Third Law of Motion CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR When a cannon is fired, the accelerations of the cannon and cannonball are different because the A. forces don t occur at the same time. B. forces, although theoretically the same, in practice are not. C. masses are different. D. ratios of force to mass are the same.

72 Newton s Third Law of Motion CHECK YOUR ANSWER When a cannon is fired, the accelerations of the cannon and cannonball are different because the A. forces don t occur at the same time. B. forces, although theoretically the same, in practice are not. C. masses are different. D. ratios of force to mass are the same.

73 Newton s Third Law of Motion A situation to ponder Consider a high-speed bus colliding head-on with an innocent bug. The force of impact splatters the unfortunate bug over the windshield.

74 A situation to ponder CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Which is greater, the force on the bug or the force on the bus? A. bug B. bus C. both are the same D. cannot say

75 A situation to ponder CHECK YOUR ANSWER Which is greater, the force on the bug or the force on the bus? A. bug B. bus C. both are the same D. cannot say Comment: Although the forces are equal in magnitude, the effects are very different. Do you know why?

76 Newton s Third Law of Motion CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Two people of equal mass on slippery ice push off from each other. Will both move at the same speed in opposite directions? A. yes B. yes, but only if both push equally C. no D. no, unless acceleration occurs

77 Newton s Third Law of Motion CHECK YOUR ANSWER Two people of equal mass on slippery ice push off from each other. Will both move at the same speed in opposite directions? A. yes B. yes, but only if both push equally C. no D. no, unless acceleration occurs Explanation: However they push, the result is equal-magnitude forces on equal masses, which produces equal accelerations; therefore, there are equal changes in speed.

78 Vector quantity Vectors has magnitude and direction is represented by an arrow example: velocity, force, acceleration Scalar quantity has magnitude example: mass, volume, speed

79 Vectors Resultant the sum of two or more vectors for vectors in the same direction, add arithmetically for vectors in opposite directions, subtract arithmetically two vectors that don t act in the same or opposite direction use parallelogram rule two vectors at right angles to each other use Pythagorean theorem: R 2 = V 2 + H 2

80 Vectors Vector Components vertical and horizontal components of a vector are perpendicular to each other determined by resolution (Work Book page 25, 26, 29!)

81 Vectors CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Referring to the figure, which of the following are true statements? A. 50 N is the resultant of the 30 and 40-N vectors. B. The 30-N vector can be considered a component of the 50-N vector. C. The 40-N vector can be considered a component of the 50-N vector. D. All of the above are correct.

82 Vectors CHECK YOUR ANSWER Referring to the figure, which of the following are true statements? A. 50 N is the resultant of the 30 and the 40-N vectors. B. The 30-N vector can be considered a component of the 50-N vector. C. The 40-N vector can be considered a component of the 50-N vector. D. All of the above are correct.

83 Vectors CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Referring to the figure, which of the following are true statements? A. 100 km/h is the resultant of the 80 and 60-km/h vectors. B. The 80-km/h vector can be considered a component of the 100-km/h vector. C. The 60-km/h vector can be considered a component of the 100-km/h vector. D. All of the above are correct.

84 Vectors CHECK YOUR ANSWER Referring to the figure, which of the following are true statements? A. 100 km/h is the resultant of the 80 and 60-km/h vectors. B. The 80-km/h vector can be considered a component of the 100-km/h vector. C. The 60-km/h vector can be considered a component of the 100-km/h vector. D. All of the above are correct.

85 Vectors CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR You run horizontally at 4 m/s in a vertically falling rain that falls at 4 m/s. Relative to you, the raindrops are falling at an angle of A. 0. B. 45. C. 53. D. 90.

86 Vectors CHECK YOUR ANSWER You run horizontally at 4 m/s in a vertically falling rain that falls at 4 m/s. Relative to you, the raindrops are falling at an angle of A. 0. B. 45. C. 53. D. 90. Explanation: The horizontal 4 m/s and vertical 4 m/s combine by the parallelogram rule to produce a resultant of 5.6 m/s at 45.

87 Summary of Newton s Three Laws of Motion Newton s first law of motion (the law of inertia) An object at rest tends to remain at rest; an object in motion tends to remain in motion at constant speed along a straight-line path. Newton s second law of motion (the law of acceleration) When a net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate. The acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass. Newton s third law of motion (the law of action and reaction) Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.

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