Femto-second FEL Generation with Very Low Charge at LCLS

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1 Femto-second FEL Generation with Very Low Charge at LCLS Yuantao Ding, For the LCLS commissioning team X-ray Science at the Femtosecond to Attosecond Frontier workshop May 18-20, 2009, UCLA SLAC-PUB-13525; PAC09, WE5RFP040 ( with C. Pellegrini ). 1 1 Yuantao Ding

2 Outline Introduction; Measurements and simulations of 20 pc beam at injector and main linac; Expected FEL from simulations; FEL performance on charge dependence. 2 2 Yuantao Ding

3 Introduction Original design parameters are based on 1 nc. 1 nc is typical for some other XFEL projects. 3 3 Yuantao Ding

4 Introduction 200 pc operation mode: Many of the most challenging issues, such as emittance generation, wake fields, CSR are associated with high charge. The resulting performance from simulations is more stable, with expected FEL x-ray pulse of 70 fs FWHM, 10^12 photons using optimized taper. 4 4 Yuantao Ding

5 Introduction 1 pc scheme: Full compression at compressors; Preserve the small emittance to undulator entrance; It is very interesting to operate XFEL at very low charge; We choose the charge of 20 pc in this low charge study, which is almost at the limit with the present LCLS diagnostics (BPMs, ) 5 5 Yuantao Ding

6 LCLS layout Impact-T Elegant Genesis (Slice) emittance and bunch length measurements at OTR2; Measure emittance using wire scanners after BC1 and BC2; Measure bunch length signal after BC1, BC2 and PR55; Start-End simulations to evaluate FEL performance. 6 6 Yuantao Ding

7 Experiments and simulations on electrons at after BC Yuantao Ding

8 LCLS Injector: diagnostics Quad-scan to measure emittance; Quad-scan + TCAV0 to measure slice emittance; TCAV0 + OTR2 to measure bunch length. OTR2 8 8 Yuantao Ding

9 Emittance at injector : 20 pc Transverse cavity and Quad-scan method are used to measure the slice emittance at OTR2 ( 1 um thick aluminum screen). emittance at the central slice time-sliced emittance Impact-T simulations are based on the measured thermal emittance. laser phase: 30 deg, laser spot 0.6 mm, Gaussian temporal shape of 4 ps (fwhm). 9 9 Yuantao Ding

10 Emittance at 10 GeV : 20 pc Laser phase at -15 deg to get velocity bunching, rms bunch length of 260 um at OTR2; No laser heater; R56: BC1 = mm, BC2 =-24.7 mm. Four wire scanners to measure projected emittance; In simulations, thermal emittance is based on measurements, LSC and CSR are included; An rf phase shift of -1.5 deg to fit the data. OTR Yuantao Ding

11 Bunch length after BC2 : 20 pc Photodiode (1-2.5 µm) signal collected from OTR22 Elegant Simulations: L2 = deg L2 = - 35 deg Integrate the bunch form factor over µm from simulated particles at OTR22. Different temporal shapes lead to the asymmetry of the photo diode signal. OTR Yuantao Ding

12 FEL studies Expected nm One preliminary measurements at 1.5 Å with 20 pc FEL performance on charge dependence Yuantao Ding

13 14 GeV, 20 pc : Elegant and Genesis simulations, Over-compression-1 (L2 = deg) UNDBEG(14 GeV) Longitudinal phase space Current profile head Average FEL power along undulator X-ray FEL power 120 m 2 fs head 2.8e11 photons Yuantao Ding

14 14 GeV 20 pc : Elegant and Genesis simulations, Over-compression-2 (L2 = -35 deg) At undulator entrance (14 GeV): Longitudinal phase space Current profile head Average FEL power along undulator FEL power 120 m 5 fs e11 photons 14 Yuantao Ding

15 4.3 GeV 20pC : Elegant simulations, Over-compression-2, L3 off laser heater to 5 kev energy spread; Linac-3 off, tracking down to undulator (not yet fully optimized for single longitudinal FEL spike); Slice emittance At undulator entrance (4.3 GeV): σ z = 1.99 µm head Yuantao Ding

16 1.5 nm: Genesis simulations Average FEL power along undulator Radiation power head Yuantao Ding

17 Power profile varies from shot to shot due to noisy startup Examples of 4 shots. Average photon number: 2.4x10 11, with 20% fluctuation. Estimated time-bandwidth product ~ 3 times Fourier-transform limit Yuantao Ding

18 Preliminary measurements at 1.5 Å, 20 pc Preliminary FEL measurements show an FEL gain over 5 orders, and the electron energy loss due to FEL is ~ 60 µj. Absolute bunch length and FEL power haven t measured yet, and more studies will be done Yuantao Ding

19 1.5 Å : FEL performance vs charge For different user requests different x-ray pulse length, changing the charge is an option; At some charge, it could provide x-ray for some special applications, like single molecule imaging with 100 pc Yuantao Ding

20 Summary Measured low emittance and short bunch with 20 pc; Expected ultrashot x-ray pulses with hundreds of GW; Such high-power, ultrashort x-ray pulses may open up new applications; The achieved beam may enable a more compact design of a future x-ray FEL; Thanks to SLAC engineering, controls, operations,and RF support groups; thanks to R. Fiorito, C. Pellegrini, G. Stupakov and D. Xiang for many discussions. Thanks Paul Emma for providing many slides Yuantao Ding

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