Introduction to Aircraft Flight. Mechanics

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1 Introduction to Aircraft Flight. Mechanics i Performance, Static Stability, Dynamic Stability, Classical Feedback Control, and State-Space Foundations Second Edition Thomas R. Yechout with contributions by Steven L. Morris David E. Bossert Wayne F. Hallgren James K. Hall.0 ihcjrlm AIM EDUCATION SERIES Joseph A. Schetz, Editor-in-Chief Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. ^Jk mmm m &AMr%At 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, Virginia

2 CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments xv xvii Chapter 1 A Review of Basic Aerodynamics Fundamental Concepts and Relationships The Standard Atmosphere Airfoil Fundamentals Finite Wings Aircraft Aerodynamics Historical Snapshots 55 References 61 Problems 62 Chapter 2 A Review of Basic Propulsion Types of 65 Propulsion Systems 2.2 Propulsion System 2.3 Historical Snapshot-Aircraft Performance Modeling Characteristics 71 and the Learjet Model Reference 83 Problems 83 Chapter 3 Aircraft Performance Airspeed Equations of Motion for Straight, Level, and Unaccelerated Flight Thrust and Power Curves Takeoff and Landing Performance Gliding Flight Climbs Endurance Range 123 x/'

3 xii Introduction to Aircraft Flight Mechanics 3.9 Turn Performance and V-n Diagrams Energy Maneuverability Historical Snapshots 152 References 157 Problems 157 Chapter 4 Aircraft Equations of Motion Aircraft Axis Systems Coordinate Transformations Aircraft Force Equations Moment Equations Longitudinal and Lateral-Directional Equations of Motion Kinematic Equations Historical Snapshots 187 References 192 Problems 193 Chapter 5 Aircraft Static Stability Static Stability Overview Stability, Control Power, and Cross-Control Derivatives, and Control Deflection Sign Convention Longitudinal Applied Forces and Moments Longitudinal Static Stability Lateral-Directional Applied Forces and Moments Lateral-Directional Static Stability Summary of Steady-State Force and Moment Derivatives Historical Snapshots 252 References 259 Problems 260 Chapter 6 Linearizing the Equations of Motion Small Perturbation Approach Developing the Linearized Aircraft Equations 6.3 First-Order Approximation of Applied Aero Forces of Motion 267 and Moments First-Order Approximation of Perturbed Thrust Forces and Moments Recasting the Equations of Motion in Acceleration Format Historical Snapshots 317 References 323 Problems 323

4 Contents xiii Chapter 7 Aircraft Dynamic Stability Mass-Spring-Damper System and Classical Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations Root Representation Using the Complex Plane Transforming the Linearized EOM to the Laplace Domain Dynamic Stability Guidelines Cooper-Harper Ratings Experimental Determination of Second-Order Parameters Historical Snapshots 406 References 413 Problems 413 Chapter 8 Classical Feedback Control Open-Loop Systems, Transfer Functions, and Block Diagrams Closed-Loop Systems Closed-Loop Analysis of a Second-Order System Closed-Loop Transfer Functions Time Response Characteristics Root Locus Analysis Historical Snapshots 457 Reference 460 Problems 460 Chapter 9 Aircraft Stability and Control Augmentation Inner-Loop Stability and Control Outer-Loop Autopilot/Navigation Control Compensation Filters Combined Systems Historical Snapshots 498 References 505 Problems 506 Chapter 10 Bode, State Space, and Special Topics System Type and Steady-State Error Frequency Response Digital Control Advanced Control Algorithms 577

5 xiv Introduction to Aircraft Flight Mechanics 10.5 Reversible and Irreversible Flight Control Systems Spins State-Space Approach Historical Snapshot F-16 Fly-by-Wire System 602 Reference 606 Problems 606 Chapter 11 A-10 Insights Background Engine Placement Wing Placement Gun Placement Main Landing Gear Tail Configuration Wing Airfoil Sections Manual Reversion System Rivets Slats and Fuselage Fences 621 References 622 Appendix A Conversions 623 Appendix B Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere 625 Appendix C Airfoil Data 633 Appendix D T-38 Performance Data 645 Appendix E Selected Laplace Transforms 657 Appendix F Cramer's Rule 659 Appendix G Development of Longitudinal and Lateral-Directional Transfer Functions 661 Appendix H Stability Characteristics of Selected Aircraft 665 Bibliography Index 683 Supporting Materials ,J

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